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on Sports and Economics |
| By: | Steven J. Brams; Mehmet S. Ismail |
| Abstract: | We introduce a novel system of matching and scoring players in tournaments, called Multi-Tier Tournaments, illustrated by chess and based on the following rules: 1. Players are divided into skill-based tiers, based on their Elo ratings. 2. Starting with one or more mini-tournaments of the least skilled players (Tier 1), the winner or winners -- after playing multiple opponents -- move to the next-higher tier. 3. The winners progress to a final tier of the best-performing players from lower tiers as well as players with the highest Elo ratings. 4. Performance in each tier is given by a player's Tournament Score (TS), which depends on his/her wins, losses, and draws (not on his/her Elo rating). Whereas a player's Elo rating determines in which mini-tournament he/she starts play, TS and its associated tie-breaking rules determine whether a player moves up to higher tiers and, in the final mini-tournament, wins the tournament. This combination of players' past Elo ratings and current TS's provides a fair and accurate measure of a player's standing among the players in the tournament. We apply a variation of Multi-Tier Tournaments to the top 20 active chess players in the world (as of February 2024). Using a dataset of 1209 head-to-head games, we illustrate the viability of giving lower-rated players the opportunity to progress and challenge higher-rated players. We also briefly discuss the application of Multi-Tier Tournaments to baseball, soccer, and other sports that emphasize physical rather than mental skills. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2407.13845 |
| By: | Rachidi Yasser El Mekki (ENCG, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20000, Morocco); Rharib Abderrahim (ENCG, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20000, Morocco) |
| Abstract: | Foreign direct investment (FDI) in football clubs has grown significantly in recent years. However, Moroccan clubs seem to be excluded from this dynamic. Hence the need to identify barriers to foreign capital entry and to propose strategic recommendations to make football clubs more attractive and accessible to foreign investors. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with five national experts. The thematic analysis of this exploratory qualitative study highlighted five key factors: (historical, legal-legislative, management, economic-commercial and socio-political). The results affirmthat the attractiveness of CMF to foreign investors depends on a profound and multidimensional transformation of the Moroccan football landscape. Keywords: Foreign direct investment (FDI), football clubs, Moroccan football clubs (MFC), foreign capital, foreign investors. |
| Abstract: | Résumé Les investissements directs étrangers (IDE) dans les clubs de football ont connu une croissance significative ces dernières années. Cependant, les clubs marocains semblent être exclus de cette dynamique. D'où la nécessité d'identifier les barrières qui entravent l'entrée de capitaux étrangers et de proposer des recommandations stratégiques visant à rendre les clubs de football plus attrayants et accessibles aux investisseurs étrangers. A cette fin, des entretiens semi-structurés ont été menés avec cinq experts nationaux. L'analyse thématique, de cette étude qualitative exploratoire, a mis en évidence cinq facteurs clés : (historiques, juridiques-législatifs, de gestion, économiques -commerciaux et sociopolitiques). Les résultats suggèrent que l'attractivité des CMF auprès des investisseurs étrangers est tributaire d'une mutation profonde et multidimensionnelle du paysage footballistique marocain. Mots clés : investissements directs étrangers (IDE), clubs de football, clubs marocains de football(CMF), capitaux étrangers , investisseurs étrangers. Abstract Foreign direct investment (FDI) in football clubs has grown significantly in recent years. However, Moroccan clubs seem to be excluded from this dynamic. Hence the need to identify barriers to foreign capital entry and to propose strategic recommendations to make football clubs more attractive and accessible to foreign investors. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with five national experts. The thematic analysis of this exploratory qualitative study highlighted five key factors: (historical, legal-legislative, management, economic-commercial and socio-political). The results affirm that the attractiveness of CMF to foreign investors depends on a profound and multidimensional transformation of the Moroccan football landscape. Keywords: Foreign direct investment (FDI), football clubs, Moroccan football clubs (MFC), foreign capital, foreign investors. |
| Keywords: | football clubs, Moroccan football clubs (MFC), foreign capital, foreign investors, African Scientific Journal, investissements directs étrangers (IDE), clubs de football, clubs marocains de football(CMF), capitaux étrangers , investisseurs étrangers., investissements directs étrangers (IDE) clubs de football clubs marocains de football(CMF) capitaux étrangers investisseurs étrangers Foreign direct investment (FDI) football clubs Moroccan football clubs (MFC) foreign capital foreign investors, capitaux étrangers, investisseurs étrangers Foreign direct investment (FDI) |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04648420 |
| By: | Mario Lackner |
| Abstract: | We analyse evaluation biases caused by physical attributes. Using data from German elite soccer, we find that referees are more inclined to sanction players when the difference in body size is sufficiently large. Moreover, we document an ‘inverse Napoleon effect’ in situations when the referee is confronted with smaller players, suggesting that sanctions are used as a substitute for authority gained by stature in the industry. Further analyses reveal that referees discriminate less against more talented players and teams with a higher concentration of these players. Finally, we find that the bias is reduced but still exists for the group of more experienced referees. |
| Keywords: | evaluation, discrimination, social dominance, referee bias, soccer |
| JEL: | J71 L83 Z20 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jku:econwp:2024-06 |
| By: | Jacob Morrier; Amine Mahmassani; R. Michael Alvarez |
| Abstract: | This article seeks to provide accurate estimates of the causal effect of exposure to toxic language on player engagement and the proliferation of toxic language. To this end, we analyze proprietary data from the first-person action video game Call of Duty: Modern Warfare III, published by Activision. To overcome causal identification problems, we implement an instrumental variables estimation strategy. Our findings confirm that exposure to toxic language significantly affects player engagement and the probability that players use similar language. Accordingly, video game publishers have a vested interest in addressing toxic language. Further, we demonstrate that this effect varies significantly depending on whether toxic language originates from opponents or teammates, whether it originates from teammates in the same party or a different party, and the match's outcome. This has meaningful implications regarding how resources for addressing toxicity should be allocated. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2407.09736 |
| By: | Hongjian Wang; Aaditya Ramdas |
| Abstract: | Testing by betting has been a cornerstone of the game-theoretic statistics literature. In this framework, a betting score (or more generally an e-process), as opposed to a traditional p-value, is used to quantify the evidence against a null hypothesis: the higher the betting score, the more money one has made betting against the null, and thus the larger the evidence that the null is false. A key ingredient assumed throughout past works is that one cannot bet more money than one currently has. In this paper, we ask what happens if the bettor is allowed to borrow money after going bankrupt, allowing further financial flexibility in this game of hypothesis testing. We propose various definitions of (adjusted) evidence relative to the wealth borrowed, indebted, and accumulated. We also ask what happens if the bettor can "bargain", in order to obtain odds bettor than specified by the null hypothesis. The adjustment of wealth in order to serve as evidence appeals to the characterization of arbitrage, interest rates, and num\'eraire-adjusted pricing in this setting. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2407.11465 |