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on Sports and Economics |
| By: | Alexander Cardazzi (Old Dominion University); Brad R. Humphreys (West Virginia University); Kole Reddig (West Virginia University) |
| Abstract: | Professional sports teams employ highly paid managers and coaches to train players and make tactical and strategic team decisions. A large literature analyzes the impact of manager decisions on team outcomes. Empirical analysis of manager decisions requires a quantifiable proxy variable for manager decisions. Previous research focused on manager dismissals, tenure on teams, the number of substitutions made in games, or the number of healthy players on rosters held out of games for rest, generally finding small positive impacts of manager decisions on team success. We analyze manager decisions by developing a novel measure of game-specific coach decisions based on a Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) of playing-time distribution across players on a team roster in a game. Evidence from two-way fixed effects regression models explaining observed variation in National Basketball Association team winning percentage over the 1999-2000 to 2018-2019 seasons show a significant association between managers allocation of playing time and team success. A one standard deviation change in playing-time HHI that reflects a flattened distribution of player talent is associated with between one and two additional wins per season, holding the talent of players on the team roster constant. Heterogeneity exists in the impact across teams with different player talent. This is one of the first papers to examine playing time concentration in professional sports. Our results are important for understanding how managerial decisions affect the production of wins in team sports. |
| Keywords: | coach performance; win production; National Basketball Association; Herfindahl Hirschman Index |
| JEL: | D8 I10 I18 L2 Z2 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wvu:wpaper:23-06&r=spo |
| By: | Gilles Pache (CERGAM - Centre d'Études et de Recherche en Gestion d'Aix-Marseille - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - UTLN - Université de Toulon) |
| Abstract: | Le football professionnel français est organisé en "ligues" de deux niveaux différents: la Ligue 1 et la Ligue 2. Un troisième niveau est constitué par un championnat de National de nature hybride (mi-professionnel, mi-amateur). Les dirigeants des clubs de National exercent depuis plusieurs mois une importante pression sur la FFF pour que soit créée à la place du National une Ligue 3 professionnelle bénéficiant des droits TV, uniquement réservés pour l'instant aux clubs de Ligue 1 et Ligue 2. Ces dirigeants agissent collectivement dans ce sens, comme on peut le voir dans les franchises nord-américaines, en vue de défendre les intérêts de tous les clubs du National, pourtant en forte opposition sportive. Il s'agit d'un cas très intéressant de coopétition dans un secteur où règne traditionnellement une compétition féroce. |
| Keywords: | Football, Championnat de National, Ligue 3, Sports professionnels |
| Date: | 2023–11–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04315456&r=spo |
| By: | Picchio, Matteo; Ours, Jan C. van |
| Abstract: | High temperatures can have a negative effect on work-related activities because workers may experience difficulties concentrating or have to reduce effort in order to cope with heat. We investigate how temperature affects performance of professional tennis players in outdoor singles matches in big tournaments. We find that performance significantly decreases with ambient temperature. This result is robust to including wind speed and air pollution in the analysis. There are no differences between men and women. However, there is some heterogeneity in the magnitude of the temperature effect in other dimensions. In particular, we find that the temperature effect is smaller when there is more at stake. Our findings also suggest that the negative temperature effect is smaller if the heat lasts, i.e. there is some adaptation to high temperatures. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, temperatures, tennis, performance, productivity |
| JEL: | J24 J81 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1353&r=spo |
| By: | Ahmed, Ali (Linköping University); Hammarstedt, Mats (Linnaeus University) |
| Abstract: | This study evaluated discrimination against children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) in Swedish sports clubs through a field experiment. Two fictitious fathers sent emails to 193 top-division clubs in football, floorball, ice hockey, and handball, one disclosing his son’s T1DM condition. The investigation focused on disparities in clubs’ responses and information provided. Results indicated no significant difference in positive or comprehensive responses between emails mentioning T1DM and those that did not, suggesting minimal bias at initial contact and an inclusive approach by the clubs towards children with T1DM. |
| Keywords: | Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus; Discrimination; Sports clubs; Field experiment |
| JEL: | J14 J71 |
| Date: | 2023–12–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:iuiwop:1480&r=spo |
| By: | Jan Hanousek Jr. (Fogelman College of Business Economics, University of Memphis, United States of America); Jan Hanousek (Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; CEPR, London, UK); Jakub Mikulka (CERGE-EI, Prague, Czech Republic; Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic); Jared Williams (University of South Florida, United States of America) |
| Abstract: | We examine how people’s risk attitudes are affected by prior outcomes using an extensive dataset consisting of over 45 million sports bets placed by over 100, 000 customers across seven years. We find that past successes increase future risk-taking, and we show that most (77-84%) of this effect is driven by the house money effect, while the rest (16-23%) is driven by risk-takers updating their beliefs about their ability. Finally, we provide evidence that risk-takers appear to have very short memories – only very recent successes are strong predictors of future risk-taking. |
| Keywords: | risk attitudes, house money effect, near-miss effect, sports betting |
| JEL: | G41 D90 C31 Z23 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:men:wpaper:90_2023&r=spo |
| By: | Boris Helleu (NIMEC - Normandie Innovation Marché Entreprise Consommation - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - ULH - Université Le Havre Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - IRIHS - Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Homme et Société - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université); Yann Abdourazakou; Quentin Dezitter |
| Abstract: | As unique digital identifiers based on blockchain technology, NFTs help record ownership of sports memorabilia in a virtual space. Until now, consumers could only own non-digital items, such as trading cards, branded clothing and various types of print content (Wilson et al., 2021). Blockchain technology applied to non-fungible tokens (NFTs), is revolutionizing the way content is created, exchanged, stored and authenticated for content creators and their fans (Malhotra et al., 2021). Sport offers exceptional ground from the point of view of supply and demand from collectors and brands. We interviewed five major players in the French NFT market in 2023. As a new marketing tool, they offer an additional avenue to explore to boost the relationship with consumers while promoting different innovative sports experiences based on a deeper digital engagement with fans. Each community being different, the challenge remains to articulate an NFT strategy with the marketing approach of the brand. |
| Abstract: | Les NFT, identifiants numériques uniques basés sur la technologie blockchain, permettent d'enregistrer la propriété des souvenirs sportifs dans un espace virtuel. Jusqu'ici, les consommateurs ne pouvaient posséder que des articles non numériques, tels que les cartes à collectionner, vêtements de marque et divers types de contenus imprimés (Wilson et al., 2021). La technologie blockchain appliquée aux jetons non fongibles (NFT), révolutionne la façon dont le contenu est créé, échangé, stocké et authentifié pour les créateurs de contenu et leurs fans (Malhotra et al., 2021). Le sport offre un terrain singulier du point de vue de l'offre et de la demande des collectionneurs. Nous avons interrogé cinq acteurs majeurs du marché français des NFT en 2023. En tant que nouvel outil marketing, les NFT constituent une option supplémentaire pour dynamiser la relation avec les consommateurs. Ils valorisent aussi différentes expériences sportives innovantes basées sur un engagement numérique plus poussé avec les fans. Chaque communauté étant différente, l'enjeu reste d'articuler une stratégie NFT avec l'approche marketing de la marque. |
| Keywords: | NFT, brands, sport marketing, fan experience, marques, sport, marketing sportif |
| Date: | 2023–11–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04293196&r=spo |
| By: | Kwabena Donkor (Stanford GSB); Lorenz Goette (National University of Singapore); Maximilian Müller (Toulouse School of Economics); Eugen Dimant (University of Pennsylvania); Michael Kurschilgen (Uni Distance Suisse) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how beliefs and preferences drive identity-conforming consumption or investments. We introduce a theory that explains how identity distorts individuals' beliefs about potential outcomes and imposes psychic costs on benefiting from identity-incongruent sources. We substantiate our theoretical foundation through two lab-in-field experiments on soccer betting in Kenya and the UK, where participants either had established affiliations with the teams involved or assumed a neutral stance. The results indicate that soccer fans have overoptimistic beliefs about match outcomes that align with their identity and bet significantly higher amounts on those than on outcomes of comparable games where they are neutral. After accounting for individuals' beliefs and risk preferences, our structural estimates reveal that participants undervalue gains from identity-incongruent assets by 9% to 27%. Our counterfactual simulations imply that identity-specific beliefs account for 30% to 44% of the investment differences between neutral observers and supporters, with the remainder being due to identity preferences. |
| Keywords: | Identity, Experiment, Structural Analysis |
| JEL: | D91 G41 Z10 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajk:ajkdps:269&r=spo |
| By: | Hideo Konishi (Boston College); Chen-Yu Pan (National Chengchi University, Taiwan); Dimitar Simeonov (Bahçeşehir University) |
| Abstract: | We consider a team contest in which players make efforts to compete with other teams for a prize, and players of the winning team divide the prize according to a prize-sharing rule. This prize-sharing rule matters in generating members’ efforts and attracting players from outside. Assuming that players differ in their abilities to contribute to a team and their abilities are observable, we analyze which team structure is realized by allowing players to move across teams. This inter-team mobility is achieved via head-hunting: a team leader can offer one of the positions to an outside player. We say that it is a successful head-hunting if the player is better off by taking the position, and the team’s winning probability is improved. A team structure is stable if there is no successful head-hunting opportunity. We show that if all teams employ the egalitarian sharing rule, then the complete sorting of players according to their abilities occurs, and inter-team inequality becomes the largest. In contrast, if all teams employ a substantially unequal sharing rule, there is a stable team structure with a small inter-team inequality and a large intra-team inequality. This result illustrates a trade-off between intra-team inequality and inter-team inequality in forming teams. |
| Keywords: | group contest, pairwise stable matching, assortative matching, farsightedness, largest consistent set, effectiveness function |
| JEL: | C71 C72 C78 D71 D72 D74 |
| Date: | 2023–11–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boc:bocoec:1061&r=spo |
| By: | Dieter Verhaest; Stijn Baert (-) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the impact of participation in physical and mental exercise activities on hirability. Besides by comparing both forms of exercising, we innovate against the existing literature by comparing their impact between different types of jobs, where other effects could be expected. To this end, an audit experiment is conducted in which we send 2184 fictitious applications of young job seekers to real job vacancies. On average, the estimated effect of both physical and mental exercise activities is small and statistically insignificant. However, the effect of participation in any exercise activity is significantly positive for jobs combining low cognitive with low physical demands. These findings are not consistent with the common consideration of physical exercise activities being used by employers as signals of physical fitness and appearance. |
| Keywords: | sports, mental fitness, skills, employment, field experiments |
| JEL: | J24 J63 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rug:rugwps:23/1080&r=spo |
| By: | Hideo Konishi (Boston College); Nicolas Sahuguet (HEC Montreal); Benoit Crutzen (Erasmus School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | We analyze contests in which teams compete to win indivisible homogeneous prizes. Teams are composed of members who may differ in their ability, and who exert effort to increase the success of their team. Each team member can obtain at most one prize as a reward. As effort is costly, teams use the allocation of prizes to give incentives and solve the free-riding problem. We develop a two-stage game. First, teams select a prize-allocation rule. Then, team members exert effort. Members take into account how their effort and the allocation rule influence the chance they receive a prize. We prove the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium. We characterize the optimal prize-assignment rule and individual and aggregate efforts. We then show that the optimal assignment rule is generally not monotonic. |
| Keywords: | contest, team, moral hazard |
| JEL: | C72 D72 |
| Date: | 2023–12–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boc:bocoec:1064&r=spo |