nep-spo New Economics Papers
on Sports and Economics
Issue of 2022‒01‒31
three papers chosen by
Humberto Barreto
DePauw University

  1. Analyzing the effectiveness of UEFA's financial fair play regulations: A comparative study of the French Ligue 1 and the English Premier League By Aurélien François; Nadine Dermit-Richard; Daniel Plumley; Robert Wilson
  2. Are Student-Athletes Exploited? By Heckman, James J.; Loughlin, Colleen P.
  3. Facilities Management of Sports Infrastructure in Tanzania: A Case Study of the Stadia in Dar Es Salaam By Peris Gerald Leguna; Charles Lucian

  1. By: Aurélien François (CETAPS - Centre d’études des transformations des activités physiques et sportives - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - IRIHS - Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Homme et Société - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université); Nadine Dermit-Richard (CETAPS - Centre d’études des transformations des activités physiques et sportives - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - IRIHS - Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Homme et Société - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université); Daniel Plumley (Sheffield Hallam University); Robert Wilson
    Abstract: This article assesses the effectiveness of the UEFA Financial Fair Play (FFP) regulations, one of the few financial regulatory tools for open leagues in Europe in two top divisions in Europe. The objective of FFP borrows from the theoretical concept of ‘soft budget constraint' in sport finance and regulation literature. Introduced by UEFA in 2011 and fully implemented from 2013, FFP requires clubs qualifying for European competitions to comply with the financial concept of "break-even", where football expenses should not exceed football revenues. This study uses the French Ligue 1 (L1) and the English Premier League (PL) as a case study for analysing the effectiveness of FFP and includes thirteen clubs (seven French and six English) in total. The selection of clubs was guided firstly by data access but was also restricted to clubs regularly participating in European competitions between 2011, when FFP came into effect, and 2018. The scope of the study enabled us to measure the effect of FFP with regard to the break-even rule and the payroll ratios before and after its full application by comparing the periods 2008-2013 and 2013-2018 using descriptive statistics and tests of comparisons. The results are contrasted according to the national context of the clubs studied and the indicators analysed. First, they show a general improvement in the profitability of the clubs in the sample, although the results are statistically significant only in the case of the PL. Concerning the payroll ratios, the first measure (payroll/operating expenses) decreased significantly for all clubs, with significant differences found comparatively in the case of the L1. The second measure (payroll/operating income) also decreased, but the decrease was only significant at the sample level when the trading activity was included in operating income. From a theoretical perspective, this contribution makes it possible to compare the conclusions obtained with existing works, be it predictive or empirical in nature. From a managerial point of view, it calls for UEFA to remain vigilant in respect of FFP. While the results appear to suggest that FFP has been effective in improving the financial equilibrium of clubs and their payroll ratios, the link between better financial health and good governance remains a key challenge for the industry moving forward.
    Abstract: Cet article ambitionne d'évaluer l'efficacité du système de Fair-play financier (FPF), un des rares outils de régulation des ligues ouvertes en Europe. Elle s'inscrit dans le cadre de la régulation financière des ligues de sports collectifs en empruntant des éléments théoriques au concept de « contrainte budgétaire lâche ». Instauré par l'UEFA en 2011 et pleinement appliqué à partir de 2013, le FPF impose aux clubs qualifiés en coupes d'Europe de respecter une règle d'équilibre financier limitant leurs montants de dépenses issues de l'activité football à ceux de leurs recettes, sans l'aide d'apports extérieurs. Pour parvenir à cet objectif, nous avons retenu sept clubs évoluant en Ligue 1 française (L1) et six en Premier League anglaise (PL). Cette sélection a d'abord été guidée par l'accès aux données et a été restreinte aux clubs participant régulièrement aux compétitions européennes entre 2011, année d'entrée en vigueur du FPF, et 2018. Le périmètre ainsi constitué nous a permis de mesurer l'effet du FPF au regard de la règle d'équilibre et des ratios de masse salariale avant et après sa pleine application en comparant les périodes 2008-2013 et 2013-2018 à partir de statistiques descriptives et de tests de comparaisons. Les résultats sont contrastés en fonction du contexte national des clubs étudiés et des indicateurs analysés. Ils montrent d'abord une amélioration générale de la profitabilité des clubs sur l'ensemble de l'échantillon même si, au niveau national, les résultats ne sont statistiquement significatifs que dans le cas de la PL. Concernant les ratios de masse salariale, le premier étudié (masse salariale/charges d'exploitation) a diminué de façon significative sur l'ensemble des clubs même si la significativité des tests de comparaison n'a été constatée, cette fois-ci, que dans le cas de la L1. Le second (masse salariale/revenus d'exploitation) a également diminué mais la baisse n'est significative à l'échelle de l'échantillon que lorsque l'activité de transfert est intégrée aux revenus d'exploitation. D'un point de vue théorique, cette contribution permet de confronter les conclusions obtenues aux travaux existants qu'ils soient de nature prédictive ou empirique. D'un point de vue managérial, elle invite l'UEFA à rester vigilante car, si les résultats sont plutôt flatteurs laissant à penser que le FPF a été efficace dans l'amélioration de l'équilibre financier des clubs et de leurs ratios de masse salariale, le lien entre meilleure santé financière et bonne gouvernance est toutefois interrogé en fin d'article.
    Keywords: Financial Fair-Play,Financial Regulation,Effectiveness,Cross-national comparisons,European Football,Fair-play financier,Régulation financière,Efficacité,Comparaisons internationales,Football européen
    Date: 2021–11–30
    URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03167685&r=
  2. By: Heckman, James J. (University of Chicago); Loughlin, Colleen P. (Compass Lexecon)
    Abstract: The Supreme Court decision NCAA vs Alston (June 2021) heightened interest in the benefits and costs of participating in sports for student-athletes. Anecdotal evidence about the exploitation of student-athletes was cited in the opinion and the media. Using panel data, we follow two different cohorts of students from high school through college and beyond. We examine the accuracy of the anecdotes as descriptions of the actual experiences of student-athletes. We show that, on average, student-athletes either out-perform or perform the same as observationally identical non-athletes in terms of graduation and post-collegiate salaries. Participation in athletics promotes social mobility.
    Keywords: social mobility, sports economics, exploitation
    JEL: Z2 Z22 I31
    Date: 2021–11
    URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14857&r=
  3. By: Peris Gerald Leguna; Charles Lucian
    Abstract: Purpose: The growth of sports industry comes with increased infrastructures which required reliable management for their sustainability. The research aimed at exploring the management of sports infrastructure with special reference to stadia. It assessed the management practice, explored the policies supporting the management of the sports facilities and associated challenges towards suitable management practice in the sports infrastructure in Tanzania.Design/Methodology: The study involved a qualitative research approach with alignment to the case study method. Purposive sampling was used to obtain respondents whereas interview guide and observation were adopted as data collection tools. This paved way for thematic analysis with the help of methods for data presentation.Findings: The research revealed the difference in facilities management practice of stadia facilities and other properties due to peculiarity of installed facilities and the use of the infrastructure. Also, the facilities management was not addressed by the sports development policy; consequently, there were no facility managers which lead to inadequate maintenance plan and threaten sustainability of infrastructure.Research Implications/Limitations: The paper creates a compound eye to researchers on the management of sports infrastructure. The major limitation of the paper was lack of one-to-many relationship (user versus stadia) which has narrowed the probability of one user having visited both stadia.Practical implications: The research guides facilities managers on the stadia management roles and various management aspects for a successful management of the sports infrastructure. Originality/Value of work: The paper makes an original contribution to stadia management practice in association with challenges and policies involved in the process.
    Keywords: Facilities; Management; Sports infrastructure; Stadia
    JEL: R3
    Date: 2021–09–01
    URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2021-017&r=

This nep-spo issue is ©2022 by Humberto Barreto. It is provided as is without any express or implied warranty. It may be freely redistributed in whole or in part for any purpose. If distributed in part, please include this notice.
General information on the NEP project can be found at http://nep.repec.org. For comments please write to the director of NEP, Marco Novarese at <director@nep.repec.org>. Put “NEP” in the subject, otherwise your mail may be rejected.
NEP’s infrastructure is sponsored by the School of Economics and Finance of Massey University in New Zealand.