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on Sports and Economics |
| By: | ARAKI Shota; MORITA Hiroshi |
| Abstract: | We examine the effect of social pressure on the outcomes of football matches by assessing those matches that did not have spectators as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. From the results of 768 matches with 43 unattended matches in Japan's top two divisions for the 2020 season, we find significant evidence of referee bias due to social pressure by the home team's supporters. With spectators in the stadium, the number of fouls awarded to home teams decreases significantly by about 1.05. In addition, we find that the absolute number of spectators is more dominant as a cause of referee bias than the share of the home team's supporters in the stadium, by estimating a model that considers the restricted stadium capacity amid the pandemic. |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:21095&r= |
| By: | Dirk Bethmann (Korea University; Department of Economics; Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu; Seoul 02841); Jae Il Cho (Vanderbilt University; Department of Economics; 010-back Calhoun Hall, Nashville, TN, 37240, United States) |
| Abstract: | In June 2002, South Korea and Japan jointly hosted the 17th FIFA World Cup. Stunning match results made Korean people gather in large crowds to cheer for their national team. In the subsequent spring, Korea experienced an increase in the fertility rate. Through a difference-in-differences design, we show that children born approximately 10 months after the World Cup tend to underperform in school. |
| Keywords: | FIFA World Cup, quantity-quality trade-off, difference-in-differences, academic performance |
| JEL: | I20 J13 R23 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iek:wpaper:2201&r= |