Abstract: |
Corruption in sports represents an important challenge to their integrity.
Corruption can take many forms, including match fixing by players, referees,
or team officials. Match fixing can be difficult to detect. We use a unique
data set to analyze variation in bet volume on Betfair, a major online betting
exchange, for evidence of abnormal patterns associated with specific referees
who officiated matches. An analysis of 1,251 Bundesliga 1 football matches
from 2010/11 to 2014/15 reveals evidence that bet volume in the Betfair
markets in these matches was systematically higher for four referees relative
to matches officiated by other referees. Our results are robust to alternative
specifications and are thus suggestive of potentially existing match fixing
and corruption in the German Bundesliga. |