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on South East Asia |
| By: | Rismawati, Wini; Napasintuwong, Orachos; Kuldilok, Kulapa |
| Abstract: | The world’s population has climbed significantly which has triggered a rise in global food demand in the past two decades. Achieving food security emerges as a crucial target, with fisheries and aquaculture standing out as one of the significant sources for meeting food supply needs. Shrimp is one of the most popular aquaculture products in Southeast Asia, especially in Indonesia and Thailand. Shrimp farming has developed well in Indonesia and Thailand which contributes to economic development and helps sustainably feed the growing human population. However, shrimp farming production in both countries was still expectations due to many challenges. Therefore, the objectives of this study are: (1) compare the production of shrimp farming between Indonesia and Thailand and (2) map the value chain of shrimp farming in Indonesia and Thailand. The results show that the trend in shrimp farming production in tonnes and USD in both countries was upward with some minor decreases in Indonesia and a drastic decrease in Thailand. In addition, the challenges in shrimp production in both countries are similar, they are disease and production cost, Thailand was facing a more severe disease that caused significant loss of shrimp farming production. Meanwhile, regarding the value chain, both countries have a similar flow of value chain however the price margin received in each actor involved in the chain is much higher in Thailand, due to higher productivity and quality of shrimp which brings to higher price. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Supply Chain |
| Date: | 2024–12–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:kuaewp:356563 |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Indonesia is exposed to both climate change transition risks and physical risks. With primary energy supply heavily dominated by fossil fuels, like many other countries, and as a major exporter of coal and liquefied natural gas, Indonesia is exposed to risks from the transition toward a carbon-neutral economy. Moreover, Indonesia is vulnerable to natural hazards, such as floods, droughts, and wildfires. With global temperatures rising, the frequency and severity of such events is expected to rise as well. |
| Date: | 2025–02–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2025/051 |
| By: | Cuong Viet Nguyen; Quynh Thien Thi Pham; Tung Duc Phung |
| Abstract: | In this study, we examine whether a nudging intervention increases eyeglass use among primary and lower-secondary students in Vietnam through a randomized controlled trial. Students with refractive errors in 34 schools in one province were provided with free eyeglasses. Half of the schools were randomly selected, allowing students in these schools to choose from 10 available eyeglass frames. Six months after receiving their eyeglasses, we assessed the impact of frame choice. We find no significant effect of frame choice on students' eyeglass-wearing behavior. |
| Keywords: | Education, Health, Randomized Control Trial, Nudge, Vietnam |
| JEL: | I12 I20 C93 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1605 |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Thailand’s cyclical recovery is underway, though it has yet to become broad-based. Growth is projected to accelerate moderately, reaching 2.7 percent in 2024 and 2.9 percent in 2025, supported by the rebound of tourism-related activities and fiscal stimulus. The slow recovery, weaker than in ASEAN peers, is rooted in Thailand’s longstanding structural weaknesses and emerging headwinds that also contribute to a muted inflation trajectory. Significant uncertainty in the external environment and downside risks cloud the outlook. |
| Date: | 2025–02–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2025/045 |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | The 2017 FSAP focused its recommendations around strengthening and clarifying the mandates of the authorities. The FSAP noted that the multiple objectives of the organizations, together with the fact that there was no defined framework for cooperation and the separate control over prudential tools, created the risk that policies implemented by both agencies might come into conflict or have undesirable consequences and blur accountability lines. |
| Keywords: | IMF-World Bank Financial Sector Assessment Program; Macroprudential liquidity incentive; Indonesia FSAP; Macroprudential intermediation ratio; financing ratio; Financial sector stability; Macroprudential policy; Systemic risk; Stress testing; Global |
| Date: | 2025–02–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2025/052 |
| By: | Snower, Dennis; Ortega, Fernanda (Global Solutions Initiative) |
| Abstract: | The experience of rapid economic growth and transition to high-income status in Asian countries has brought about significant improvements in material well-being and aggregate economic prosperity. This article examines the degree to which economic prosperity is the "great enabler" of social and environmental prosperity. We provide conceptual reasons why this is not necessarily the case and empirical evidence that the escape from the middle-income trap in three Asian high-income countries – Japan, Singapore and South Korea – was a mixed blessing, linked to challenges regarding social solidarity, personal and collective agency and environmental stewardship. Under these circumstances, traditional prescriptions for escaping the middle-income trap are insufficient. Without success in the social and environmental spheres, social fragmentation and environmental disruption is likely to occur, possibly leading to political instabilities, economic fragmentation and social conflict. This paper investigates this problem for the three Asian high-income countries, based on empirical measures of solidarity (S), agency (A), material gain (G) and environmental stewardship (E) that are consistent through time and across countries. On this foundation, policy recommendations are considered that are meant to run alongside the standard prescriptions to make the resulting package socially and environmentally acceptable. |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:amz:wpaper:2024-09 |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | 2024 Selected Issues |
| Date: | 2025–02–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2025/046 |
| By: | Li, Ruoxuan |
| Abstract: | This review investigates Singapore’s emergence as a carbon credit trading hub and its evolving role in shaping Southeast Asia’s climate finance architecture. Drawing on a narrative-integrative methodology, the paper synthesizes grey literature, government policy, institutional reports, and verified academic sources to critically assess how Singapore constructs and governs its carbon market platform. The analysis is structured around three interrelated questions: (1) how Singapore builds its institutional and financial infrastructure to mediate carbon flows; (2) how public and private actors coordinate to establish authority and credibility within a hybrid governance model; and (3) how the platform-based architecture produces both opportunities and asymmetries across the ASEAN region. Conceptually, the paper engages with theories of platform capitalism, soft market regulation, and green financial intermediation to interpret Singapore’s infrastructural strategy. The findings suggest that Singapore’s market-oriented approach—anchored by mechanisms such as Climate Impact X, Article 6 bilateral agreements, and green financial instruments—functions not only as a facilitator of decarbonization but also as a gatekeeper of regional participation. While this model enables cross-border interoperability and enhances access to global climate finance, it also introduces risks of institutional dependency and normative concentration. The paper concludes by identifying gaps in current scholarship and proposing a future research agenda focused on comparative carbon governance, platform power, and the political economy of Article 6 implementation in Asia. |
| Date: | 2025–04–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:2j5nd_v1 |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | The FSAP team undertook a thorough top-down corporate and bank solvency, bank liquidity stress tests as well as analysis of interconnectedness using mid-2023 data. This note covers the methodology and results of the scenario-based solvency test, the single factor sensitivity analysis, the liquidity test, and interconnectedness analysis. The stress test exercise was carried out on a sample of 105 commercial banks. The analysis is heavily dependent on supervisory data on individual banks’ positions shared by the OJK and BI as well as publicly available information on corporate sector. While FSAP results are not directly comparable to the authorities’ own stress testing results due to differences in scenarios, methodologies, and objectives, they provide an assessment of the system-wide resilience of the Indonesian banking sector at the current juncture. |
| Date: | 2025–02–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2025/053 |
| By: | Sydney Eck; Trang T. Hoang; Devashish Mitra; Hoang Pham |
| Abstract: | Many developing and developed countries have experienced a declining labor share of national output in recent decades (Karabarbounis and Neiman, 2014). Some blame the decline on globalization, although it is surprisingly unclear whether and how globalization is a key contributing factor (Grossman and Oberfield, 2022). |
| Date: | 2025–03–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgfn:2025-03-31-1 |
| By: | Yang Jiao (School of Economics, Singapore Management University); Ohyun Kwon (School of Economics, Drexel University); Saiah Lee (Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the internationalization of Renminbi (IoR) since 2006 by examining its increased utilization among Korean exporters to China. Employing proprietary data from Korean customs, which includes detailed invoicing information, our analysis reveals that products invoiced, either fully or partially, in RMB have experienced more rapid export growth. Furthermore, firms adopting RMB invoicing also exhibit faster export growth to China after controlling for relevant observables. Our findings remain robust when employing an instrumental variable approach to address potential endogeneity concerns. With the help of a currency invoicing model that demonstrates different impact channels, we show that the increased trade volume is due to Chinese importers facing lower currency costs when purchasing RMB-invoiced products compared to USD-invoiced products. |
| Keywords: | RMB internalization, invoicing currency, international trade |
| JEL: | F14 F31 D22 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drx:wpaper:202521 |
| By: | Tan , Yeng-May (Xiamen University Malaysia); Amorós , José Ernesto (EGADE Business School, Tecnológico de Monterrey); Autio , Erkko (Imperial College London); Fu , Kun (Loughborough University); Park, Donghyun (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | This study explores the relationship between digitalization and entrepreneurial innovation across developing economies. We assess whether higher levels of digital technology development within a country enhance the innovation potential of its entrepreneurial ventures and how this impact varies between Asia and other regions. Using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (2013–2022) and the Global Innovation Index along with its subindexes, we examine 11 developing economies in Asia and 57 developing economies in other regions. We find that digital technology development generally boosts entrepreneurial innovation. However, our results reveal a significant regional variation. The impact on product innovation is significantly stronger in developing economies outside Asia. This suggests that while digitalization supports innovation generally, its effects may be more transformative in regions outside Asia. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers seeking to leverage digitalization to drive innovation and economic growth. |
| Keywords: | digitalization; digital technologies; entrepreneurial innovation; ICT development; developing Asia; developing economies |
| JEL: | L26 O31 O33 O57 |
| Date: | 2025–04–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0776 |
| By: | Nie, Zihan (Beijing Normal University, China); Jiang, Yu (Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, China.); Salazar, César (University of Bío-Bío, Chile); Jaime, Marcela (University of Concepción, Chile.); Ho, Thong (University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.) |
| Abstract: | Harmful algal blooms (HAB) are an increasing global threat to food safety in the seafood industry. The impact of HABs and the losses from policies addressing them are significant. However, little is known regarding the extent to which the perceived risk of HAB affects consumers' preferences for seafood products and how this translates into welfare losses from the demand side. In this paper, we conducted choice experiments in Chile, China, and Vietnam to explore consumers’ preferences for reducing the risk of HAB contamination in a mussel consumption framework. We find that consumers strongly prefer a test that eliminates the risk of purchasing mussels contaminated by the HAB on the market in all three countries. These strong preferences translate into large WTPs. Perceptions towards HAB and mussel’s attributes play a role in explaining heterogeneity in consumers’ preferences. However, the link between perceptions and preferences varies across countries, possibly due to country-specific contexts. These results imply that the increasing occurrence of HAB globally might have caused sizable welfare losses for consumers and that policies to ensure food safety in seafood markets could significantly improve social welfare. |
| Keywords: | mussel aquaculture; harmful algal bloom; choice experiment; consumers’ preferences |
| JEL: | Q22 Q51 Q53 |
| Date: | 2025–04–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2025_001 |
| By: | Ballbach, Eric J. |
| Abstract: | Driven by both political camps in Seoul, relations between South Korea and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) have deepened significantly since their initiation in 2005. While this intensified relationship was shaped to a large extent by geopolitical developments and increasing security concerns, it also reflects the respective priorities and motives of the different South Korean administrations. With another change in administration in South Korea looming, it is important to understand these priorities, and where and why the different administrations' motivations driving the country's relations with NATO intersect and diverge. |
| Keywords: | North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Ban Ki-moon, Yoon Suk-yeol, Moon Jae-in, Republic of Korea (ROK), inter-Korea relations, Russia's war against Ukraine, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), U.S.-China conflict |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:swpcom:315530 |
| By: | Vincent Chatellier (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | World trade in poultry meat (all species, including preparations and cured meats), excluding intra-European Union (EU) trade, reached 22.3 million tce in 2022, worth 31.6 billion euros, the highest level ever. This increase in trade, dominated by exports from Brazil, the United States, the EU and Thailand, is taking place against a backdrop in which global consumption of poultry meat has doubled since 2000. The main importers are China, Japan, the UK and the EU. The EU's poultry meat trade balance remains positive (2.3 billion euros in 2023), thanks to sustained exports to the UK market and despite increased imports from Ukraine. Within the EU, Poland stands out with a four-fold increase in production and a rapid rise in exports in two decades. In France, the sector's economic trajectory is unfavorable, with imports accounting for 44 % of domestic consumption. Using three databases (BACI, COMEXT and French customs), this article summarizes the evolution of world, European and French trade in poultry meat. |
| Abstract: | Le commerce mondial de viande de volailles (toutes espèces confondues, préparations et viandes saumurées incluses), mesuré hors échanges intra-Union européenne (UE), s'est élevé à 22, 3 millions de tec en 2022 pour un montant de 31, 6 milliards d'euros, le plus haut niveau jamais atteint. La hausse de ces échanges, dominés à l'export par le Brésil, les États-Unis, l'UE et la Thaïlande, intervient dans un contexte où la consommation mondiale de viandes de volailles a doublé depuis 2000. Les principaux importateurs sont la Chine, le Japon, le Royaume-Uni et l'UE. La balance commerciale de l'UE en viande de volailles demeure toujours positive (2, 3 milliards d'euros en 2023) grâce aux exportations soutenues vers le marché britannique et en dépit d'importations accentuées en provenance de l'Ukraine. Au sein de l'UE, la Pologne se distingue par un quadruplement de sa production et un essor rapide de ses exportations en deux décennies. En France, la trajectoire économique de cette filière est défavorable avec des importations qui représentent 44 % de la consommation intérieure. En valorisant trois bases de données (BACI, COMEXT et douanes françaises), cet article propose une synthèse sur l'évolution du commerce mondial, européen et français de viande de volailles. |
| Keywords: | Poultry, Trade, Exports, Imports, Competitiveness, Volailles, Echanges, Exportations, Importations, Compétitivité |
| Date: | 2025–03–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04996471 |
| By: | Innocenti, Stefania; Bharadwaj, Preethika (School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford) |
| Abstract: | Fossil fuel subsidies pose a significant barrier to achieving decarbonisation goals, yet their removal remains challenging due to concerns about public opposition and the potential impact on vulnerable groups. In Malaysia, where a petrol subsidy reform is underway, we conducted a mixed-methods study to explore strategies to increase public support for the reform. The study combined an incentivised experimental online survey (N=1, 208) and interviews with policymakers (N=12). The survey tested redistributive and environmental framing interventions, while the interviews examined policymakers' perceptions of public support and its interplay with other reform considerations. Results show that emphasising the redistributive benefits of the reform can increase public support by at least 8 percentage points from a baseline of 25%, while the environmental framing increases support by at least 5 percentage points from a 39% baseline among prior opposers. Policymakers acknowledged the challenges posed by the unpopularity of subsidy reforms, but underscored the critical role of strategic communication in addressing public concerns. By crafting transparent and resonant narratives, policymakers can garner greater support for implementing the reform. |
| Keywords: | climate policy, fuel subsidy reform, public support, communication, survey-based experiment, Malaysia |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:amz:wpaper:2025-03 |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Malaysia’s economic performance has significantly improved in 2024, supported by strong domestic and external demand. Disinflation is taking hold and external pressures have eased. The favorable economic conditions provide a window of opportunity to build macroeconomic policy buffers and accelerate structural reforms, especially as risks to growth are tilted to the downside amid an uncertain global outlook. Risks to the inflation outlook are tilted to the upside, including from global commodity price shocks and potential wage pressures. |
| Date: | 2025–03–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2025/057 |
| By: | Ansari, Dawud; Gehrung, Rosa Melissa; Pepe, Jacopo Maria |
| Abstract: | Greater Asia is emerging as a major factor in the global energy transition. This shift is associated with growing independence from external actors such as the European Union and the United States, with unfolding developments increasingly concentrated within the region itself. Key trends include the monopolisation of critical raw materials, the formation of new alliances that intersect with new value chain interdependencies, and the adoption of innovative technologies like small modular nuclear reactors. At the same time, geopolitical tensions and crises have the potential to reshape the region and its energy transition. To remain relevant and effective in Asia, Germany and the EU need to ensure that their engagement is constructive and attuned. |
| Keywords: | Greater Asia, geopolitics, global energy transition, European Union, United States, monopolisation of critical raw materials, value chain interdependencies, adoption of innovative technologies, strategic foresight, geopoliticisation, militarisation |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:swpcom:315527 |
| By: | Eiji Fujii; Xingwang Qian |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the cyclicality of international reserves and their role in macroeconomic stabilization. We challenge two widely held assumptions: (1) central banks typically manage IR counter-cyclically—accumulating reserves during booms and drawing them down during downturns; and (2) such interventionist management is primarily associated with rigid exchange rate regimes. Analyzing data from 179 countries (1972-2022), we find that counter-cyclical IR management is less common than often assumed. However, as a macroprudential policy, counter-cyclical international reserves significantly reduce output volatility, particularly when interacting with de facto flexible exchange rate regimes. This stabilizing effect is especially pronounced in emerging markets between the 1997 Asian financial crisis and the 2008 global financial crisis. |
| Keywords: | international reserves, cyclicality, exchange rate regime, macroprudential policy, output volatility. |
| JEL: | F34 F31 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11800 |
| By: | Peter C. B. Phillips (Yale University); Liang Jiang (Fudan University) |
| Abstract: | This paper develops and applies new asymptotic theory for estimation and inference in parametric autoregression with function valued cross section curve time series. The study provides a new approach to dynamic panel regression with high dimensional dependent cross section data. Here we deal with the stationary case and provide a full set of results extending those of standard Euclidean space autoregression, showing how function space curve cross section data raises efficiency and reduces bias in estimation and shortens confidence intervals in inference. Methods are developed for high-dimensional covariance kernel estimation that are useful for inference. The findings reveal that function space models with wide-domain and narrow-domain cross section dependence provide insights on the effects of various forms of cross section dependence in discrete dynamic panel models with fixed and interactive fixed effects. The methodology is applicable to panels of high dimensional wide datasets that are now available in many longitudinal studies. An empirical illustration is provided that sheds light on household Engel curves among ageing seniors in Singapore using the Singapore life panel longitudinal dataset. |
| Date: | 2025–04–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cwl:cwldpp:2439 |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Brunei's economy remains strong, with its resilience boosted by comfortable buffers and continued prudent macroeconomic policies. The outlook is stable. As in the 2024 Article IV Consultation, risks remain balanced; global policy uncertainty is mitigated, inter alia, by robust commodity prices. |
| Date: | 2025–03–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2025/059 |