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on South East Asia |
| By: | Zanello, Giacomo; Srinivasan, Chittur S.; Haenssgen, Marco |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Agricultural and Food Policy, Health Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343737 |
| By: | Albert, Jose Ramon G.; Domingo, Sonny N.; Mahmoud, Mohammad A.; Cabalfin, Deanne Lorraine D.; Guadalupe, Roselle F. |
| Abstract: | This study examines public perceptions of climate change and emerging climate finance mechanisms in the Philippines through an analysis of the Asian Development Bank's (ADB) 2024 Climate Change Perception Survey and key informant interviews with institutional stakeholders. The research reveals that the Philippines demonstrates exceptionally high levels of climate concern, with 90 percent of respondents considering climate change a serious problem—the highest among 14 surveyed Asian economies. Strong public support exists for infrastructure investment (59%) and adaptation measures, particularly flood protection, which aligns with the institutional priorities of the Climate Change Commission (CCC). The analysis identifies significant institutional capacity for climate finance development through the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas' (BSP) sustainable finance framework, the CCC's coordination mechanisms, and active regional engagement in ASEAN taxonomy development. However, critical constraints include a legal prohibition on BSP developmental financing mandates, capacity gaps in accessing international climate funds, and a need for enhanced climate risk integration in financial stability assessments. Key findings demonstrate a positive alignment between public climate awareness and institutional development efforts, with public preferences for progressive and transparent climate finance mechanisms providing political support for policy implementation. The study recommends removing legal constraints on central bank climate finance intervention, strengthening capacity to access international climate funds, developing adaptation-focused finance mechanisms aligned with public priorities, and establishing regular climate perception monitoring systems. The research contributes to understanding how public perception analysis can inform climate finance policy development in climate-vulnerable developing countries, highlighting the importance of aligning institutional capacity building with social acceptance factors for effective climate finance mobilization. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | climate change perceptions;climate finance;Philippines;central banking;adaptation finance;ASEAN;sustainable finance;institutional capacity;public policy;regional cooperation |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2025-37 |
| By: | Le, Loan T. (School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam); Phung, Trieu N. (An Giang University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City and School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam) |
| Abstract: | In this study, we aim to estimate the causal effects of LLL on input usage and yield and use the results on treatment effect as inputs for the incremental cost benefit analysis in paddy production in the Mekong Delta region, Vietnam. The findings affirm the economic feasibility of the LLL technique, as indicated by both private and social analyses. |
| Keywords: | Laser land leveling; GHG emissions; social cost; paddy production; Mekong Delta; Vietnam |
| JEL: | Q15 |
| Date: | 2025–12–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2025_004 |
| By: | Pantig, Ida Marie T.; Ulep, Valerie Gilbert T.; Rey, Anne Marie T.; Conjares, Ma. Norma Thea Madeline M.; Talamayan, Jann Trizia B.; Wong, Jomelle John Anthony V.; Evangelista, Aliyah Lou A. |
| Abstract: | This paper integrates three studies that collectively assess the current state of the health information system (HIS) in the Philippines and identify strategic directions for its enhancement. In the first study, we examine the critical role of the HIS within the health system, emphasizing the challenges and opportunities associated with digitalization. Using a mixed-methods approach, we evaluate the HIS through a process-people-product framework, focusing on key health sector actors: regulators (government), purchasers (PhilHealth), providers (health workers and facilities), and consumers (patients and communities). We analyze how these interactions influence data generation, use, and decision-making. In the second study, we focus on the technical and technological design of the Department of Health’s HIS. Drawing on an extensive review of existing literature and policies, we identify systemic barriers to interoperability and effective data management. Our analysis reveals deficiencies in data standardization, limited adoption of interoperable platforms, and fragmented data management practices. We recommend adopting national data standards, migrating to a centralized data warehouse, and enhancing data governance to improve accessibility, security, and utility. Building on these findings, our third study proposes a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework to assess health system performance as a determinant of health. Drawing from international frameworks, we situate the Philippine health system within the context of ongoing universal health care reforms. The proposed framework highlights key performance dimensions such as quality, efficiency, responsiveness, and equity, underscoring the need for a robust HIS to generate high-quality data for continuous system monitoring and accountability. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | health information system;process-people-product;technological design;data warehouse;interoperability;digitalization;monitoring and evaluation;hefp;Health Economics and Finance Program |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2025-31 |
| By: | Quimba, Francis Mark A.; Barral, Mark Anthony A. |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the potential of ASEAN to emerge as a global power by evaluating its composite capabilities, strategic positioning, and the multifaceted challenges it faces in an increasingly multipolar world. Using a framework that utilizes Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO)-regularized ordinal logistic regression, the paper quantifies ASEAN's economic, political, cultural, and technological positioning relative to existing global powers. Findings suggest that ASEAN collectively aligns most closely with emerging powers but exhibits statistical tendencies bordering polar status under refined LASSO models. ASEAN centrality enhances its leverage in regional and inter-polar cooperation, particularly in trade, diplomacy, and digital governance. However, internal asymmetries, limited strategic autonomy, and institutional inertia pose barriers to its ascent. Policy implications call for deeper integration, green and digital leadership, and normative assertiveness to sustain ASEAN’s trajectory toward polar influence. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | AEC;ASEAN;ASEAN centrality;consensus-building;cooperation;DEFA;digital economy;digital transformation;geopolitics;international relations;institutional framework;multiporality;norm-entrepreneurial;polarity;power;strategic partnerships |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2025-38 |
| By: | Lim, Valerie L.; Marasigan, Arlyne C.; Sinsay-Villanueva, Leih Maruss; Garcia, Glenda Darlene V.; Tanyag, Ivan Harris; Berroya, Jenard D.; Monteverde, Richard P.; Mejia, Ivy P.; De Vera, Jayson L.; Castulo, Nilo J.; Tenorio, Alvin D.; De Pano, Cathlene P. |
| Abstract: | Mismatches between teacher specialization and the subjects they teach continue to be an ongoing challenge in the Philippine education system. It affects both pedagogical effectiveness and student learning outcomes. This study sought to investigate the degree of subject-taught mismatch, its influence on student performance, and the underlying factors that contribute to this misalignment. It employed a mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative analysis of the extent of teachers’ specialization and subject-taught mismatch and its relationship with student examination scores, along with qualitative data from teacher interviews and surveys. The methodology encompasses an examination of existing datasets, the collection of primary data through surveys and interviews, and the statistical analysis of student performance metrics. Results showed a moderate positive relationship between teacher specialization alignment and students’ examination scores, suggesting that learners taught by specialized teachers generally exhibit higher levels of achievement. Findings also revealed that teachers frequently encounter multiple misalignments, rather than a single mismatch, between their specialization and assigned subjects. Furthermore, qualitative feedback indicated that teachers teaching outside their field of specialization experienced difficulties, including decreased confidence, heightened preparation time, and challenges in addressing student misconceptions. The study highlights significant policy implications, such as the necessity for systematic teacher recruitment and assignment procedures that promote specialized alignment, improved professional development programs for out-of-field teachers, and reinforced collaboration among educational institutions. To alleviate the adverse consequences of subject mismatch, educational organizations must establish specialized training programs, enhance workforce planning, and cultivate supportive learning environments for educators and learners. This is crucial for enhancing teaching quality, improving student outcomes, and developing a more effective approach to aligning teacher specialization with subject assignments within the school realities in the Philippines. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | educational policy;professional development;subject-taught mismatch;student learning outcomes;teacher specialization |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2025-33 |
| By: | Thi Thanh Ha DOAN; Asei ITO; Changyuan LUO; Hongyong ZHANG |
| Abstract: | Utilizing comprehensive parent-affiliate matched data on Japanese multinational firms, this study investigates how geopolitical risks affect global supply chain configurations, with a focus on East and Southeast Asia during the period 2009–2022. We construct firm-level exposure to geopolitical risk in China using data on trade and foreign direct investment. First, Japanese multinational firms tend to respond to geopolitical shocks by diversifying their supply chains away from China and toward the Association of Southeast Asian Nations’ (ASEAN) economies. This response is particularly pronounced among firms that depend heavily on imported inputs from China or maintain substantial production operations there. Second, such diversification typically does not entail drastic within-firm relocation (“friend-shoring†) of supply chains. Third, Japanese multinational firms tend to increase their capital investment in Japan while maintaining their existing production bases in China. These results suggest that firms favor a strategy of supply chain diversification—rather than outright relocation / reshoring or abrupt decoupling—as a means of mitigating geopolitical risks. |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:25112 |
| By: | Albert, Jose Ramon G.; Mahmoud, Mohammad A.; Cabalfin, Deanne Lorraine D.; Monterola, Sheryl Lyn C. |
| Abstract: | The magnitude of out-of-school children (OOSC) in the Philippines has shown both progress and challenges in recent years. While the national OOSC rate decreased from 5.9 percent (1.64 million children) in 2017 to 4.1 percent (1.16 million children) in 2022, and further improved to 4.9 percent in 2023, troubling increases emerged at both ends of the age spectrum: among 5-year-olds who should be in kindergarten and among senior high school-aged children (16–17 years). This study employs a mixed-methods approach, analyzing Philippine Statistics Authority surveys, including the Annual Poverty Indicator Survey, the Family Income and Expenditure Survey, and the Labor Force Survey, alongside Department of Education (DepEd) administrative records. The study combines descriptive statistical analysis with econometric modeling using logistic regression to identify the determinants of school non-participation. It also provides estimates of children in seven dimensions of exclusion, which include both children currently not in school and those at risk of dropping out. Primary data collection involves key informant interviews with DepEd field staff, school heads, teachers, parents, and learners, including those who are OOSC. The study reveals remarkable system resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic, with recovery to below pre-pandemic levels by 2022, while new age-specific barriers have emerged that require targeted interventions. Logistic regression results identify work status as the strongest predictor of non-attendance among high school-aged children (35 percentage point effect), followed by marriage (67 percentage point effect), while household income effects strengthened during the pandemic period, particularly for younger children. Female children consistently show a lower probability of being out of school across all age groups, and substantial regional variation persists even after controlling for household characteristics. Fieldwork from four study sites identified factors exacerbating these risks, including digital distractions and peer pressure among older youth (e.g., late-night gaming leading to chronic absenteeism), documentation barriers delaying kindergarten entry, and geographic isolation in rural areas. Policy recommendations are anchored in a comprehensive seven-pillar approach designed to holistically address OOSC challenges across age groups, sexes, and regions. The first pillar focuses on School Age Entry Advocacy, addressing the "too young" barrier through targeted campaigns that recognize disparities, particularly affecting 79 percent of boys and 77 percent of girls. The second pillar, Child Find, implements systematic mapping to enable precise, targeted interventions. Modern Pedagogy forms the third pillar, integrating educational technology with engaging teaching methods to make learning more accessible. The fourth pillar, HTHT (Human-Technology-Human Touch), emphasizes technology-enhanced learning with critical human connections. Economic Rebalancing constitutes the fifth pillar, directly addressing work-versus-education trade-offs that disproportionately impact different demographic groups. The sixth pillar, Enhanced Accelerated Education, provides condensed timelines, skills training, and internships to recapture and reintegrate out-of-school children. The final pillar, Supportive Ecosystems, can buffer barriers to schooling that are hidden from surveys. This multifaceted approach recognizes the complex, intersectional nature of educational exclusion, offering nuanced strategies to address systemic barriers across different age groups, genders, and regional contexts. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | out-of-school children;education access;kindergarten;senior high school;Philippines;educational policy |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2025-34 |
| By: | David Raitzer (Asian Development Bank); Rita Abdel Sater (Agence Française de Développement); Odbayar Batmunkh (Asian Development Bank); Julia Girard (Agence Française de Développement); Lennart Reiners (Asian Development Bank); Amir Jilani (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | We present the findings of a pilot that randomized provision of structured electronic food vouchers to poor households in the Philippines, which was designed to inform a new national food voucher program. The study utilized a matched pair cluster-randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of vouchers plus nutrition education sessions. It involved 4, 883 poor households across five provinces, randomly assigned to the control group or to receive nutrition education and monthly electronic food vouchers worth PHP3, 000 ($55) with pre-allocated shares for different food groups. After 6 months, statistically significant improvements are found in household food expenditure, dietary diversity, and food security, although the dietary and food security effects are modest on average. Food expenditure responses to voucher allocations are strongest for proteins and for fruits and vegetables, whereas the carbohydrate allocations are more fungible. Notably, dietary effects are more pronounced in highly urban areas, in households enrolled in an existing conditional cash transfer program, in those with better nutrition knowledge at baseline, in smaller-sized households, and in those that had more recently redeemed the voucher. This suggests that effectiveness could be enhanced by adjusting voucher allocation ratios towards underconsumed food groups, increasing the voucher amount, increasing redemption frequency, and improving nutrition education. |
| Keywords: | food assistance;electronic food vouchers;nutrition;social protection |
| JEL: | I12 I18 H23 I38 |
| Date: | 2025–12–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:021825 |
| By: | Saengavut, Voravee; Kim, Man-Keun; Nuam, Cing Khawl |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343760 |
| By: | Xuan, Bui Bich (Nha Trang University, 02 Nguyen Dinh Chieu, Nha Trang, Vietnam); Ngoc, Quach Thi Khanh (Nha Trang University, 02 Nguyen Dinh Chieu, Nha Trang, Vietnam); Armstrong, Claire W. (UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.); Vondolia, Kofi (Department of Applied Economics, School of Economics, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana and Centre for Coastal Management - Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana); Nam, Pham Khanh (University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam) |
| Abstract: | Understanding fishers’ non-compliance behavior is essential for effective management and conservation of small-scale fisheries. Our study took place in Tam Giang Lagoon, central Vietnam, where Territorial Use Rights for Fisheries (TURFs) have been established since 2009. To estimate the proportion of artisanal fishers engaging in illegal fishing, we used a randomized response technique alongside direct questioning to investigate this type of sensitive behavior. We also employed a binary logistic regression model to analyze the factors influencing non-compliance. A combination of RRT and other methods such as direct questioning and regression model gives a more comprehensive understanding of the drivers behind illegal fishing behavior, allowing for tailored interventions that address specific issues within fisheries. Our findings show that awareness of the negative impacts of illegal fishing and the perceived legitimacy of regulations significantly affect compliance, while instrumental incentives and norms do not have statistically significant impacts. Additionally, certain fishers’ characteristics are determinants of noncompliance, such as younger fishers and more experienced fishers are more likely to violate regulations, while those with higher education show better compliance. We also discuss policies to enhance compliance within TURFs. This study enriches the literature on fishing regulation compliance and provides valuable insights for policy design and implementation aimed at improving adherence to regulations. |
| Keywords: | Non-compliance; fishing regulations; randomized response technique; TURF; Vietnam. |
| JEL: | D63 Q22 Q28 |
| Date: | 2025–05–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2025_002 |
| By: | Le, Loan T. (School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam); Tran, Luan D. (Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam); Phung, Trieu N. (An Giang University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City) |
| Abstract: | This research investigates the empirical effects of the laser land leveling (LLL) adoption on irrigation water and water efficiency in paddy production in the Mekong Delta region (MDR), using the randomized controlled trial (RCT) approach incorporated into input demand function models. The descriptive analysis highlights the potential for water reuse through farmers' drainage practices. However, the dependence on experiential methods for applying technology in paddy production poses challenges that could compromise long-term sustainability. The regression results indicate that the LLL treatment leads to savings of 1, 975 m3 ha-1 and 1, 299.35 m3 ha-1 in irrigation water and net water use in paddy production, respectively, compared to the control. These savings account for 20.52% of total irrigation water use and 28.64% of net water use. The projected savings on average of 375.51 and 247.05 million m³ respectively for irrigation water and net water use with 5% implementation of the technology in the MDR. The research highlights the environmental benefits of the LLL technology and underscores the need for its promotion to achieve water conservation in paddy production, offering policymakers insights to enhance sustainable agriculture amid climate change and water scarcity. The study addresses significant gaps in existing literature by providing an in-depth analysis of LLL technology's impact on irrigation water and efficiency by extending the drainage performance within the paddy mono-cropping context and employing RCT methodology combined with input demand function models to comprehensively evaluate its impact on irrigation water usage. |
| Keywords: | Precision Agriculture; Water Demand Modeling; Drainage Performance; Water Efficiency; Randomized Controlled Trials; Sustainability |
| JEL: | Q15 |
| Date: | 2025–05–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2025_005 |
| By: | Win, Myat Thida; Maredia, Mywish K.; Kanee, Sarah; Thwal, Nyein Soe |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, International Development, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:344009 |
| By: | Daigo Shiraishi (University of Tokyo); Ryuichi Shibasaki (University of Tokyo); Wenru Zhang (University of Tokyo); Yesim Elhan-Kayalar (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | This study examines port terminal efficiency through an empirical analysis of the turnaround times of vessels, trucks, and containers entering and leaving selected Japanese container terminals. Using a comprehensive dataset combining terminal operator records, vessel movement data, and liner service data, we analyze patterns in vessel berthing, truck arrival, truck turnaround, container round trip, and container dwell times across multiple ports. Our findings reveal distinct temporal patterns in terminal operations—with significant variations between import and export containers—and demonstrate that vessel calls, container types, and time of day significantly influence operational efficiency. Regression analyses indicate that turnaround times are primarily affected by terminal controlled factors. Based on these findings, we propose policy recommendations for dynamic scheduling systems, operational standardization, and infrastructure optimization. Our results contribute to the growing literature on port digitalization and provide evidence-based guidance for terminal operators and policymakers seeking to enhance port efficiency through digital integration. |
| Keywords: | port efficiency;digital integration;container terminals;turnaround time;truck appointment systems;terminal operations |
| JEL: | R41 R49 |
| Date: | 2025–12–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:021807 |
| By: | Trang Le; George Kudrna; John Piggott |
| Abstract: | This paper studies how the social norm of intergenerational support, where parents anticipate financial assistance from their adult children in old age, influences fertility and education investment decisions in developing countries. We develop a dynamic life-cycle model with uncertain labor income and endogenous fertility and education choices, incorporating expectations of private transfers driven by this norm. Using data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey, we estimate labor income profiles and income risks, account for parental financial constraints, and document the prevalence of intergenerational transfers in the 2000s. The model is calibrated to match key empirical patterns in fertility and schooling. Counterfactual simulations reveal that a weakening of this social norm leads to declines in both fertility and educational investment, particularly among lower-educated parents. Our findings underscore the central role of intergenerational transfers in shaping demographic and human capital outcomes and provide new insights into the persistence of educational inequality in developing economies. |
| Keywords: | fertility, human capital, education investment, intergenerational transfers, life-cycle model |
| JEL: | J13 J24 J62 D15 |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2025-66 |
| By: | Gupta, Sagnik Kumar; Ojha, Manini; Dhamija, Gaurav |
| Abstract: | We examine whether women's exposure to the internet enhances their economic agency in India. Using nationally representative data and an instrumental variables strategy that exploits plausibly exogenous variation in district-level mobile tower density, we identify the causal effect of internet access on women's financial control and use of formal banks. We find that internet exposure increases women's overall financial autonomy by 10 percentage points. We document improvements in independent mobility, employment, and financial awareness which we consider potential mechanisms of our estimated effects. Disaggregated outcomes show higher likelihood that women have money of their own over which they full control, as well as increased ownership and active use of a bank account. Our results are robust to additional controls and a battery of sensitivity analyses. Heterogeneity analyses indicate that effects are concentrated among women with at least secondary education, and among those from historically disadvantaged social groups. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of digital connectivity in enhancing the usage of financial resources, with important implications for women's autonomy and participation in the formal economy. |
| Keywords: | Internet Exposure, Mobile Tower Density, Financial Autonomy, Instrumental Variable, India |
| JEL: | D13 G20 I31 J16 O12 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1697 |
| By: | Adhikari, Laxmi D.; Katare, Bhagyashree; Marshall, Maria I. |
| Keywords: | Health Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343661 |
| By: | Kuroiwa, Kenichi; Chellattan Veettil, Prakashan; Gupta, Ishika |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, International Development, Labor and Human Capital |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343851 |
| By: | Hideshi Itoh (Waseda Business School, Waseda University, JAPAN); Takashi Shimizu (Graduate School of Economics, Kobe University, JAPAN); Yasuo Takatsuki (Research Institute for Economics and Business Administration, Kobe University, JAPAN) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the interaction between formal and relational enforcement in early modern Japan, focusing on financial relationships between Daimyo (regional lords) and merchants. Due to class distinctions, loans from merchants to Daimyo lacked legal enforceability, while contracts among merchants were court-enforceable. Some merchants built long-term self-enforcing relationships with Daimyo (becoming Tachiiri), whereas others provided short-term formal loans to underfunded Tachiiri. We develop a model with two markets—one that matches Daimyo with merchants, and the other that matches underfunded Tachiiri with lending merchants—and identify conditions for their co-existence in equilibrium. The analysis shows that merchants value becoming Tachiiri for long-term gains, and that the opportunities for short-term formal lending enhance the sustainability of relational contracts between Daimyo and Tachiiri. |
| Keywords: | Relational contracts; Formal contracts; Matching markets; Financial relationships; Early modern Japan |
| JEL: | C73 D53 D83 D86 N25 |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kob:dpaper:dp2025-33 |