|
on South East Asia |
| By: | Paul Neilmer Feliciano; Manuel Leonard Albis |
| Abstract: | The agricultural trade between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) has seen substantial and sustained growth, with total trade of USD 14 billion in 2004 to USD 68 billion in 2018. This expansion in trade is attributed to the ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement-Agreement on Trade in Goods (ACFTA-ATIG), which was signed on 29 November 2004 between the parties and came into force on 1 January 2005. Ahead of this, an Early Harvest Program was instituted on 6 October 2003 to accelerate trade by immediately removing tariffs on selected agricultural goods. The involved parties are the PRC and all ASEAN members—Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. This paper examines how ASEAN trade in the agriculture sector benefited from such an agreement, using trade data of the parties. Employing an augmented gravity model with 51 economies and 24-year time series with 75.9 million data points, the empirical results provide evidence of trade creation effects on agricultural commodities via two channels: (1) intra-trade among ASEAN members and the PRC and (2) ASEAN exports to the rest of the world. Country-level analysis, however, shows that Vietnam, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, and the Philippines demonstrated trade creation effects to varying degrees and channels, while the rest of ASEAN shows either no trade effects or diversionary trade effects. Policymakers and trade authorities can use the results of our study to recalibrate their respective country strategies in the agriculture sector. Moreover, lessons learned from Vietnam, which has benefited the most from the ACFTA, can be explored further by economies that have yet to maximize the benefits arising from the agreement. |
| Keywords: | free trade agreement, ACFTA-ATIG, ASEAN integration, Asia, Southeast Asia |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sag:seadps:2025:601 |
| By: | Chao Li (Kyushu University and aiESG, Inc.); Alexander Ryota Keeley (Kyushu University and aiESG, Inc.); Shunsuke Managi (Kyushu University and aiESG, Inc.); Satoru Yamadera (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations are becoming increasingly vital in corporate decision-making, especially for global companies, and in evaluating corporate performance and investments. This study examines the ESG tendencies of the companies with the largest market values in eight East Asian and Southeast Asian countries through the analysis of 480 corporate reports published in 2023. Our findings reveal that among the various ESG topics, economics and governance risk were the most frequently mentioned in the corporate disclosure reports, though significant variations exist across the region. |
| Keywords: | environmental; social; and governance; corporate report; pre-trained transformer; deep learning; Eas |
| JEL: | G30 M14 O16 Q56 |
| Date: | 2025–07–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:021404 |
| By: | Belghith, Nadia Belhaj Hassine; Fernandez, Francine Claire Chang; Lavin, Benjamin Aaron |
| Abstract: | Despite significant progress in reducing poverty, the Philippines continues to face high inequality, which stayed elevated in the early 2000s as the economy grew. Although inequality has gradually declined since 2012, it remains among the highest in Southeast Asia. This paper examines how changes in education levels and occupational structure have shaped the wage distribution over the past two decades, particularly how changes in the relative supply of skills and the structure of employment have influenced wage gaps in recent years.Using two decades of labor force survey data, the paper examines the wage premium and the supply of skilled workers in the Philippines, finding that the slow growth in college-educated workers has sustained high wage premium for skilled workers. Unconditional quantile regressions reveal that returns to both college education and high-skill occupations increase monotonically over the wage distribution, contributing to the persistence of inequality. Changes in occupational structure have also influenced income distribution. Low- and middle-skilled jobs saw relative wage gains from 2002 to 2012, but middle-skilled occupations experienced the highest growth from 2012 to 2016—a key driver behind falling wage inequality. Employment trends followed a similar pattern, with middle-skilled job growth peaking in 2012-2016. Recent trends suggest a shift away from middle-skilled jobs, though it remains uncertain whether this reflects structural changes in the labor market or temporary disruptions. |
| Date: | 2025–06–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11163 |
| By: | Tomoki Fujii (Singapore Management University); Christop Waibel (Construction Robotics and Innovative Building envelopes (CRIB), Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium); Xinyi Du (Singapore Management University); Zhongming Shi (Chair of Architecture and Building Systems, ETH Zurich, Switzerland) |
| Abstract: | Singapore aims to achieve 30 percent food self-sufficiency by 2030, known as the 30-by-30 target, and this paper reviews Singapore’s changing landscape for urban agriculture and its recent progress towards the 30-by-30 goal, highlighting key challenges such as land constraints, high production costs, and resource limitations. Building-integrated agriculture (BIA), which utilizes building surfaces such as rooftops, façades, and balconies for food production within urban environments, is examined as a potential way to increase self-sufficiency through a simulation. Despite the BIA’s potential, practical issues—including regulatory concerns and infrastructure limitations—must be addressed before it can be implemented at scale. Insights from Singapore’s experience offer valuable lessons for other dense, land-scarce cities around the globe in seeking to enhance local food and sustainable production and strengthen resilience against supply shocks and disruptions. |
| Date: | 2025–03–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:smuesw:021400 |
| By: | Jan Carlo B. PunongbayanD (School of Economics, University of the Philippines Diliman); Jefferson A. Arapoc (Department of Economics, University of the Philippines Los Baños) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the consequences of college students pursuing degree programs that do not align with the tracks and strands they selected in senior high school. We utilize a unique dataset that links admissions and enrollment records from the University of the Philippines Diliman to investigate whether this mismatch affects students’ academic performance. Using propensity score matching, we do not find evidence of a grade penalty for most degree programs. However, we estimate a significant grade penalty specifically for mismatch in science and engineering programs, where a strong background in the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) strand is expected and in fact necessary for academic performance; i.e., students who did not come from the STEM strand tend to perform worse. These findings suggest that the choice of a SHS strand may maLer in some fields more than others, raising important questions about how SHS tracks are offered and how college admissions policies take high school backgrounds into account. |
| Keywords: | college performance; K to 12; mismatch; grade penalty; propensity score matching |
| JEL: | I21 I23 I28 J24 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phs:dpaper:202503 |
| By: | Tilman Börgers (University of Michigan); Jiangtao Li (Singapore Management University); Kexin Wang (Singapore Management University) |
| Abstract: | We study the design of mechanisms when the designer faces multiple plausible scenarios and is uncertain about the true scenario. A mechanism is dominated by another if the latter performs at least as well in all plausible scenarios and strictly better in at least one. A mechanism is undominated if no other feasible mechanism dominates it. We show how analyzing undominated mechanisms could be useful and illustrate the tractability of characterizing such mechanisms. This approach provides an alternative criterion for mechanism design under non-Bayesian uncertainty, complementing existing methods. |
| Keywords: | Robust Mechanism Designl; Undominated Mechanisms; Maxmin Approrach; Regret Minimization; Second-pric |
| Date: | 2025–07–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:smuesw:021402 |
| By: | Shurojit Chatterji (Singapore Management University); Takashi Kunimoto (Singapore Management University); Paul Ramos (Singapore Management University) |
| Abstract: | A social choice function (SCF) is said to be Nash implementable (in pure strategies) if there exists a mechanism in which every pure-strategy Nash equilibrium induces outcomes specified by the SCF. The main objective of this paper is to assess the impact of considering mixed-strategy equilibria in Nash implementation. We define compelling Nash implementation as a case where the implementing mechanism possesses a pure-strategy equilibrium that strictly Pareto dominates any undesired mixed-strategy equilibrium. We show that if the finite environment and the SCF to be implemented jointly satisfy what we call Condition COM, then we can construct a finite mechanism which compellingly implements the SCF. We also identify a class of voting environments that satisfies Condition COM, extend Condition COM to accommodate social choice correspondences, and explore a preliminary stability-based justification for the implementing mechanism. Our mechanism has several desirable features: transfers are completely dispensable; only finite mechanisms are considered; integer games are not invoked; and agents’ attitudes toward risk do not affect implementation. |
| Keywords: | Compelling Implementation; Mechanisms; Mixed Strategies; Nash Equilibrium |
| JEL: | C72 D78 D82 |
| Date: | 2025–03–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:smuesw:021401 |
| By: | Tatjana Schulze; Weining Xin |
| Abstract: | So-called “connector” countries have been argued to benefit from the US-China trade tensions, given their rising share in US imports. This paper draws an important distinction between trade reallocation—countries increase domestic production to substitute for declining Chinese exports to the US—and trade rerouting—countries serve as one-stop place for transshipment of Chinese exports to the US. Leveraging granular data on trade and FDI flows and global input-output linkages, focusing on six Asian countries, we first document that the connector role of these countries may reflect their growing domestic markets and Chinese supply chain reconfiguration, beyond trade rerouting from China to the US. We then zoom in on value-added components and deploy a synthetic control approach to disentangle trade reallocation from trade rerouting. While the evidence remains elusive for five of the six countries, Vietnam appears to have benefited from trade reallocation, with increased domestic content in its exports to the US in strategic sectors, instead of facilitating significant transshipment of Chinese exports to the US. Such domestic production expansion also helped increase domestic content in Vietnam’s exports to the rest of the world, and may be partly due to Chinese firms relocating to Vietnam through greenfield FDI. Despite potential short-term gains, trade reallocation increases connector countries’ vulnerability to geoeconomic fragmentation with losses to all countries in the long run. |
| Keywords: | Geoeconomic Fragmentation; Trade Reallocation; Trade Rerouting; US-China Trade Tensions; Connector Countries |
| Date: | 2025–06–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2025/129 |
| By: | Rhomir S. Yanquiling |
| Abstract: | The People’s Survival Fund (PSF) is the Philippine government’s flagship climate adaptation finance program. Publicly financed, the fund is designed to integrate adaptation activities to resilience building, disaster risk reduction, and poverty alleviation in poor and vulnerable local communities. Since the signing into law of the PSF (Republic Act 10174) on 16 August 2012, only a few local government units have been able to access  the fund. Institutionally linked barriers and governance gaps in the implementation and disbursement of the fund seem to negate the benefits accruing from the direct access nature of the fund and the decentralized implementation of adaptation activities at the local level. Using a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods, this study assessed the legal-policy framework upon which the PSF operates and mapped out the barriers that hinder its implementation. At the macro level, the PSF Law is not a policy in isolation but a policy that is embedded in an existing policy constellation. The PSF Law, along with its surrounding legal-policy framework, is generally compliant with all the principles of good governance on climate finance delivery (i.e., implementability, coherence, and legitimacy). Moreover, fundamental institutional architecture and processes are in place at the national level. Barriers identified for the effective implementation and delivery of the PSF include those on policy, institutional, and operational. Improving the PSF’s governance and institutional architecture is still a work in progress. The findings of this study deduce policy implications that strike at the heart of fundamental governance and institutional policy areas.  |
| Keywords: | climate change local policy, people's survival fund, Philippines, climate change adaptation, climate change funding |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sag:seadps:2025:606 |
| By: | Edison D. Macusi; Erna S. Macusi |
| Abstract: | The Davao Gulf in the Philippines has diverse marine resources on which the coastal fishing communities crucially depend for their food and livelihood. Recent studies have shown that resource depletion in the country’s fishing grounds is due to overfishing and destruction of the aquatic environment. In 2014,  a joint administrative order by the Department of Interior and Local Government and the Department of Agriculture was implemented in the Davao Gulf to establish a three-month closed fishing season to reduce the annual fishing effort by 20 percent. This study aimed to validate the effectiveness of the closed season fishing policy; identify the factors that influenced the positive response in implementing the fishing policy; understand how it influenced the fishing strategies, movement patterns,  and effort allocation of small-scale fishers; and determine the possible impacts of the policy on main commercial markets. The results of the study showed that the unabated capture of wild fish can impact the marine ecosystem if not allowed to replenish itself. Recent advancements in fishing technology using GPS and sonars,  coupled with increasing fish demands from a fast-growing population, have resulted in widespread depletion of global fish stocks. Other findings from this study revealed the cooperation of fishers and fishing communities toward its implementation and provided evidence for economic motivation, informed communication, better organization, and perceived negative consequences of violations such as the impounding of fishing gear and boats and the scale of operation promoted by the government. |
| Keywords: | Davao Gulf, small-scale fisheries, Philippines, fisheries |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sag:seadps:2025:603 |
| By: | Yen Thi Hai Nguyen; Truc Ngoc Hoang Dang; Brian Buh; Isabella Buber-Ennser |
| Abstract: | Due to strong filial piety, parents(-in-law) play an important role in their adult daughtersâ fertility decisions in Vietnam; women feel pressured to fulfil their duties to produce a male descendant for the family. However, rapid urbanisation and industrialisation mean that multigenerational households are becoming less common, despite having been the standard household structure for centuries. Based on the 2020â21 Vietnam Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, we investigate if women who coreside with the parental generation are more likely to desire additional children. In an industrialised economy, grandparents may be an important source of childcare while simultaneously exerting pressure on their adult children to have additional children. Further, we explore the association of the sex of previous child(ren) to capture the pressure associated with son preference. Multivariate regressions reveal an association between coresiding with parents and the desire for a second child, regardless of the sex of the first child. Among women with two children, third-child desires do not appear to be associated with coresiding with parents but are substantially related to having two daughters. Given the strong two-child norm in Vietnam and previous policies implying negative consequences for parents with three or more children, few women show a desire for a third child. Those women who report a desire for a third child mostly have two daughters, reflecting societal norms about the need for a male heir. |
| Keywords: | Coresiding with parents, Desire for additional children, Son preference, Vietnam Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vid:wpaper:2303 |
| By: | Lee Crawfurd (Center for Global Development) |
| Abstract: | Despite rapid increases in access to school in low- and middle-income countries, learning outcomes remain extremely poor. This has led to calls for a new policy focus on ensuring foundational literacy and numeracy skills. Yet we have little direct, causal evidence on the long-term effects of investing in foundational skills in the early years of school. In this paper, we estimate the relationship between early-grade skills and adult earnings, using longitudinal data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey. Individuals are tested in foundational literacy and numeracy between the ages of 7 and 12 and then followed through multiple survey rounds to adulthood between the ages of 24 and 29. After adjusting for family background in childhood, a one standard deviation difference in foundational skills is associated with an 11 percent increase in adult earnings. This effect is mediated in part but not primarily by completed schooling. Those with higher foundational skills as children are less likely to have had children themselves by age 24-29. We don’t see correlations with other health outcomes. If the associated relationship can be interpreted as causal, this magnitude of returns implies a large positive benefit-cost ratio for investments in foundational skills. |
| Date: | 2025–07–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:wpaper:722 |
| By: | Lund, Michael Borchgrevink; Munoz, Ismael G.; palloni, alberto |
| Abstract: | Do grandparents continue to play a vital role in their grandchildren’s lives even in societies where child health is no longer a primary concern? This study explores how the involvement of grandparents, traditionally associated with reproductive success, has evolved to support human capital formation. Drawing on the human capital framework, we rigorously model both grandparental and parental investments, examining their joint effects on cognitive development over time. Additionally, we explore how early nutritional status and cognitive abilities may influence subsequent investments. Using longitudinal data from the Young Lives study, which tracks children in Ethiopia, India, Vietnam, and Peru, we model the joint effect of support from grandparents and parental investments on children’s cognitive ability. We find that early childhood investments have a lasting impact on developmental outcomes. Our results demonstrate that grandparents’ involvement significantly enhances cognitive development in early childhood, with effects reaching nearly half the magnitude of parental investments. Moreover, these early influences indirectly shape cognitive outcomes later in childhood. Notably, their contribution amounts to half a year of schooling indirectly in Ethiopia, one-quarter in India, and around one month in Peru and Vietnam. |
| Date: | 2025–06–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:x853n_v1 |
| By: | Natalia I. Valdez-Gonzalez (Universitat de Barcelona); Adriana Gaviria (Universidad Loyola); Antonio M. Espin (Universidad de Granada; Chapman University) |
| Abstract: | The gender gap in willingness to compete is thought to underlie enduring inequalities in education, career choice, and labor market outcomes. Yet it remains unclear whether the gap reflects true preference differences or results from confounding factors such as task stereotypes, overconfidence, or risk aversion. We test gender differences in competition entry across eight pre-registered studies in seven countries spanning four continents (Dominican Republic, Ivory Coast, El Salvador, Madagascar, Spain, The Philippines, and Uruguay; total n = 1, 833), using an experimental design that systematically minimizes these confounds: (i) based on a non-male-stereotyped task (the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test); (ii) matching participants with an opponent of identical baseline, piece-rate performance to remove strategic uncertainty and the role of beliefs; and (iii) reducing the riskiness of competition. Despite these features—and no consistent gender gap in performance—we find that women enter competition significantly less than men (meta-analytic difference = 6–7 %), with no cross-country heterogeneity. Overconfidence is higher among men and predicts competition entry, but it does not explain the gender gap. Risk preferences play no role. Thus, in a setting designed to equalize opportunity and eliminate known drivers of the gap, gender differences in competition persist. This suggests that a residual preference for competition difference may contribute to gender disparities in high-stakes economic environments across cultures. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chu:wpaper:25-04 |
| By: | Boudreau, Laura; Macchiavello, Rocco; Minni, Virginia; Tanaka, Mari |
| Abstract: | Social movements are catalysts for crucial institutional changes. To succeed, they must coordinate members’ views (consensus building) and actions (mobilization). We study union leaders within Myanmar’s burgeoning labor movement. Union leaders are positively selected on both ability and personality traits that enable them to influence others, yet they earn lower wages. In group discussions about workers’ views on an upcoming national minimum wage negotiation, randomly embedded leaders build consensus around the union’s preferred policy. In an experiment that mimics individual decision-making in a collective action setup, leaders increase mobilization through coordination. |
| Keywords: | leaders; unions; consensus building; mobilization; field experiments |
| JEL: | D91 J38 J51 O15 |
| Date: | 2025–06–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:126113 |
| By: | Zorbas, Christina; Resnick, Danielle; Jones, Eleanor; Suri, Shoba; Iruhiriye, Elyse; Headey, Derek D.; Martin, Will; Vos, Rob; Arndt, Channing; Menon, Purnima |
| Abstract: | Achieving Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG 2), Zero Hunger, by 2030 is in jeopardy due to slowing and unequal economic growth, climate shocks, the COVID-19 pandemic, conflict, lackluster efforts toward investing in food system sustainability and agricultural productivity growth, and persistent barriers to open food trade. Nevertheless, numerous commitments to achieving SDG 2 have been repeatedly expressed by Heads of State and Ministers at diverse global meetings since the SDGs became a focus in 2015. To identify the intensity and degree of convergence of commitments that national governments have collectively made to realizing SDG 2, this paper provides a qualitative assessment of statements from more than 68 global meetings and 107 intergovernmental commitment documents since 2015. Analyzing these commitments against seven critical factors necessary for impact at scale, we find that stated intentions to solve the global food security and hunger challenge have become more pronounced at global meetings over time, especially in the wake of the crises. However, the intent to act is not consistently matched by commitments to specific actions that could help accelerate reductions in hunger. For instance, while increased financing is often recognized as a priority to reach SDG 2, few commitments in global fora relate to detailed costing of required investments. Similarly, many commitment statements lack specificity regarding what and how policy interventions should be scaled up for greater action on SDG 2 or the ways to enhance different stakeholders’ capacities to implement them. While horizontal coherence was mentioned across most global fora, it was only present in about half of the commitment statements, with even less recognition of the necessity for vertical coherence from global to local levels. Despite global acknowledgement of the importance of accountability and monitoring, usually by way of progress reports, we find few consequences for governments that do not act on commitments made in global fora. We discuss the implications of these findings and offer recommendations for how to strengthen the commitment-making process to help accelerate actions that can reduce food insecurity and hunger and augment the legitimacy of global meetings. This work can inform the policy advocacy community focused on SDG 2 and those engaged in catalyzing and supporting intergovernmental action on other SDGs. Our findings reiterate the importance of attention to global governance and the political economy of global meetings—which is necessary to strengthen our focus on delivering outcomes that put the world on a path that brings the solution to the problems of global hunger and food insecurity within reach. |
| Keywords: | food security; diet; accountability; food policies; hunger; governance; nutrition |
| Date: | 2024–02–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:gsspwp:138946 |
| By: | Ozili, Peterson K |
| Abstract: | It is common to hear the phrase “I have a bank account, but I rarely use it”. This phrase describes what formal account inactivity means. This study explores formal account inactivity and how it is a setback for financial inclusion. This study relies on the technology acceptance model and the technology impact model, and it draws insight from the 2021 global findex dataset. It was found that formal accounts may remain inactive if adults feel that they have no need for an account, or the bank or financial institution is too far away from them, or they don't have enough money to use an account, or they don't feel comfortable using the account by themselves or they don't trust banks or financial institutions. Women, uneducated people, unemployed people, and poor people are more likely to have an inactive formal account than men, educated, employed and rich people. Asian countries (e.g. India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Lao DPR), African countries (e.g. Ethiopia, Comoros, Morocco), and South American countries (e.g. Ecuador) have higher number of inactive formal accounts. The consequences and costs of formal account inactivity include decrease in the financial and economic empowerment of the accountholder, increased reliance on cash-based transactions, lack of awareness about new financial services and products, increased reliance on exploitative informal financial service providers, decrease in economic growth, insolvency risk for financial service providers, and lower tax revenue for the government. This study contributes to the literature that examines the consequences of financial inclusion. |
| Keywords: | inactive account, formal account, financial inclusion, digital financial inclusion, mobile money account, formal account inactivity |
| JEL: | G21 I31 I38 I39 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:125031 |
| By: | Adil Mansour (UIT - Université Ibn Tofaïl); Hassan El Aissaoui (UIT - Université Ibn Tofaïl) |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses the multiple implications of implementing lifelong learning on a large scale in today's societies. Highlighting its importance for empowering individuals, building communities, and fueling the economy, the research examines systemic obstacles ranging from economic to social to technological. At a microeconomic level, participation in lifelong learning is related to the trade-off between costs (tuition fees, opportunity costs, and time) and benefits (increased employability and enhanced wages). The experience of most people shows that wage returns justify the investment in some cases; however, on the whole, social and economic inequality impedes some individuals and preserves social inequality for others. At the macroeconomic level, lifelong learning drives economic growth, innovation, and social resilience, but the high social costs, particularly in terms of public spending and infrastructure development, present fiscal challenges. One of the main barriers is finance, reflecting ongoing debates about the sources of funding-public sector, private sector, and individuals-indicating differential access and equity. In addition, systemic inequality is exacerbated by the digital divide, which restricts access for the most marginalized to digitally mediated learning programs. Rapid digital transformation and the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) add further complexity to this palette, opening up opportunities for democratization as well as the potential for further deepening social divides. Disadvantaged individuals with low digital literacy skills and/or poor digital infrastructure may be left behind, increasing social stratification. To address this, the article argues for the adoption of broad policy actions that advance inclusive access, equitable financing, and investment in digital infrastructure. The comparative strategy of case studies across Singapore's SkillsFuture and the US free online platforms seeks to highlight the mechanics of how equitable lifelong learning systems can be developed to keep pace with technological changes and to recommend potential policy designs to support the formulation of sustainable and inclusive educational systems, especially in developing countries like Morocco. |
| Keywords: | Lifelong Learning Human Capital skills Digital technologies Artificial Intelligence. JEL Classification: I24 Paper type : Empirical Research, Lifelong Learning, Human Capital skills, Digital technologies, Artificial Intelligence |
| Date: | 2025–06–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05098438 |