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on South East Asia |
| By: | Boukaka, Sedi Anne; Azzarri, Carlo; Davis, Kristin E.; Dao, The Anh; Vu, Dang Toan |
| Abstract: | The Asia-Pacific region houses 52% of the world's 767.9 million undernourished people. Although the prevalence of undernourishment in Viet Nam nearly halved from 2000 to 2019, progress slowed due to climate change, conflict, and other factors. Some 5.1 million people, or 5.2% of the population in Viet Nam are undernourished (FAO 2021). In rural areas, particularly among ethnic groups, these rates are higher. For instance, household food insecurity in rural districts in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta prevalence was 34.4% and 48.4% in the last month and last year, respectively. The rates of stunting and underweight among children aged under five in ethnic groups in Viet Nam remain at 31.4% and 21% respectively, according to the National Institute of Nutrition (2023). |
| Keywords: | food security; healthy diets; nutrition; sustainability; Asia; South-eastern Asia; Vietnam |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:155400 |
| By: | Seema Narayan (Monash University, Melbourne, Australia) |
| Abstract: | This study evaluates how e-commerce is reshaping international trade in goods for two Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Member States. E-commerce features in the analysis in two forms: (i) as a global trend in the e-commerce transition, measured as the total e-commerce sales as a percentage of total retail sales, and (ii) as the e-commerce ranking of the exporting and importing nations. We examine the relationship between the e-commerce and exports of Indonesia and Malaysia to their 200 or more trading partners, respectively, over 2014–2020. Our results suggest that the global transition towards e-commerce benefits the exports of both nations, although its mediating role for the bilateral supply chain–exports relationship is conspicuous for Indonesia only. Moreover, an increase in the e-commerce ranking of the two nations impacts their exports positively, but a higher e-commerce ranking of the trading partner countries adversely affects exports in Indonesia and Malaysia. We also find that interactions between e-commerce and supply chains can boost exports. However, in many cases, this occurs if e-commerce growth is falling. Our results imply that e-commerce enablers remain underdeveloped, and that cross-border e-commerce activities depend on existing trade enablers such as supply chain drivers. Therefore, the growth of e-commerce may have been partially responsible for the supply chain disruptions in Indonesia and Malaysia. We show that the results vary between Indonesia and Malaysia and by trading partner. We scrutinise our results using an array of robustness tests and provide policy implications for the two ASEAN Member States. |
| Keywords: | : Gravity export model, e-commerce, digital trade, supply chain, COVID-19, Indonesia, Malaysia |
| JEL: | F14 L81 |
| Date: | 2023–12–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2023-22 |
| By: | Donni Fajar Anugrah (Bank Indonesia); Aryo Sasongko (Bank Indonesia); Wahyoe Soedarmono (Sampoerna University); Andi Tiara Putri Marasanti (Bank Indonesia) |
| Abstract: | The foundation of a strong and resilient economy can be done through implementing accelerated policy in various economic sectors to keep the growth trends positive and sustainable. Thus, one of the things that can promote sustainable growth is conducting a comprehensive study about the related topic. Using literature survey method, this study aims to serve a comprehensive literature review from internal Bank Indonesia, and to identify research gaps between studies to help further research. This study mainly discusses and analyses 123 research conducted by Bank Indonesia from 1993 to 2022. These prior findings explained that Indonesia’s economic growth has consistently been promoted by capital, labour, and innovation. Both human capital and research and development (R&D) also positively boost economic growth. Furthermore, Bank Indonesia has also conducted extensive research about growth diagnostic and growth strategy. To complete the findings, this study also included previous research about macroeconomic modelling arranged by Bank Indonesia. |
| Keywords: | Economic Growth, Macroeconomic Model, Literature Survey |
| JEL: | O40 O42 O47 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idn:wpaper:wp082023 |
| By: | Arnita Rishanty (Bank Indonesia); Donni Fajar Anugrah (Bank Indonesia); Dian Rahmawati (Bank Indonesia) |
| Abstract: | This research is to explore socio-economic impact of energy transitions of coal phasing out in Indonesia, a rich resource developing country. First, we measure and analyze the potential transition risks faced in the future particularly from the decline of the coal industry using granular mining companies’ data in Indonesia. Second, we explore qualitatively the preparedness of stakeholders including workers in facing the coal phase-out to achieve just transition. This study finds that assuming current policies surrounding domestic coal pricing in Indonesia persist, fewer coal mines will be economically viable in a global transition and will be forced to shut down. The financial consequences will be borne by the government, coal mining companies and the coal supply chain. This study also finds that job losses in the coal mining sector could be severe. This signifies the role of banks (hence, central bank) to finance local economic transitions and to support the regional sectoral rebalancing (a shift from coal-producing communities to a more inclusive sector such as service or trade sectors). |
| Keywords: | Product Just Transition, Transition Risk, Socioeconomic Impact, Indonesia |
| JEL: | Q43 J68 L72 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idn:wpaper:wp042023 |
| By: | Nasrum, Muhammad |
| Abstract: | This article presents an anthropological study on credit card use in Indonesia. It focuses on cultural and social knots that mutually influence financial knowledge and experience using the concepts of performativity and temporality in relation to the rapid process of financialization. By focusing on the credit card community in Indonesia, this article explains how they strategize their financial algorithms in the credit card management cycle. This article contributes to anthropological research on the unequal impact of credit card use by exploring the complex relationship between access to financial and ethical justice, variations in cultural contexts, and social hierarchies. The research examines how financial temporality is created through material and institutional practices. The findings presented in this article underscore the importance of considering credit card activities within a broader framework of financialization and complex social dynamics in contemporary Indonesia and other similar contexts. This study contributes to theoretical discussions on the social and cultural elements of financialization by providing an in-depth and specific narrative analysis of credit and debt. |
| Date: | 2024–10–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:4wjzv |
| By: | Zaw Oo; Ngu Wah Win |
| Abstract: | Myanmar’s commitment to the Blue Economy is driven by the Sustainable Development Goals, and it has developed a long-term plan to guide its efforts in reaching these goals. Myanmar’s vision of a Blue Economy involves various sectors, such as fisheries, tourism, and energy. However, the sustainable development of these sectors is facing many challenges, such as conflicts in coastal townships and the departure of foreign businesses. Myanmar must actively seek international cooperation with neighbouring countries and organisations such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to form a stronger framework for sustainable use of ocean resources; invest in research, data collection, and capacity building; and strengthen the governance of Marine Protected Areas. |
| Date: | 2024–01–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:pb-2023-14 |
| By: | Nasrum, Muhammad |
| Abstract: | This study examines the moral and value-based framing of credit cards as an important tool of Indonesian financial perceptions and practices. By exploring the concept of ‘moral alchemy’, the transformation of cultural values and ethical perspectives on debt and credit is embodied and materialized in credit cards. Using a dynamic mix of multisite ethnography and netnography, I examine how credit card communities in Indonesia are reshaping the use of credit cards from a symbol of risky privileges to tools for financial empowerment. This research combines three areas of interest: Cultural economics, sociocultural perspectives on ethics, and value theory to provide a comprehensive understanding of this phenomenon. My findings show how consumers who are part of the largest community of credit card users in Indonesia actively reshape their moral beliefs to adapt to new financial practices, illustrating the complex interaction between global financial products and local cultural contexts. Such communities represent more than just the adoption of new financial instruments. They also represent a fundamental shift in how consumers and businesses interact with modern financial instruments. This research makes a valuable contribution to the growing literature on financial and economic practices based on socio-cultural perspectives and offers interesting insights into how innovative financial products are adopted and reinterpreted based on moral preferences and values that enable financial returns. |
| Date: | 2024–10–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:q9y7d |
| By: | Mini P. Thomas (Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Telangana, India); Archana Srivastava (Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Telangana, India); Keerti Mallela (Grassroots Research and Advocacy Movement, Karnataka, India) |
| Abstract: | loyment in tourism and allied sectors of Indonesia; and to throw light on how low-, medium, and high-skilled employment have been impacted during the coronavirus disease(COVID-19) pandemic. We include both transport service exports and travel service exports within the ambit of tourism exports. Digitalisation is defined in terms of digitally deliverable services. The study classifies employment at varying skill levels on the basis of educational qualifications, and occupation-based skill classification is used as a robustness check. The COVID-19 pandemic is captured with the help of a time dummy variable and also using the Stringency Index. The study estimates the bound testing approach to the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model using quarterly time series data, and the autoregressive moving average with exogenous variable (ARMAX) model using monthly time series data, to understand the nature of the long-run relationship and short-run dynamics amongst the variables of interest. The study establishes the presence of cointegration amongst employment, tourism exports, digitalisation, and other control variables in all four cases – total employment, and low-, medium-, and high-skilled employment. We find tourism exports to have a positive and significant impact on employment, except high-skilled employment. Digitalisation of tourism exports is found to have a significant but negative impact on the total, low-skilled and medium skilled employment. The COVID-19 pandemic is also found to have a negative and significant impact on total employment in Indonesia, with low-skilled employment being the worst affected. |
| Keywords: | Tourism exports, digitalisation, employment, skilled employment, COVID-19 |
| Date: | 2023–12–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2023-19 |
| By: | Nasrum, Muhammad |
| Abstract: | A credit card is a symbol of different types of consumer credit. Their use to satisfy consumer needs can trigger impulsive spending, often leading to addiction and even debt bondage. This study follows the activities of a credit card community in Indonesia and includes ethnographic fragments in which credit cards are not used for consumptive purposes but rather as productive business capital. Temporality, as a concept in the anthropological study of debt and credit, is used as a research framework as well as a strategy to comprehensively analyse the credit card algorithm from a cultural perspective, including the characteristics and functions of credit cards that are reflected in the decision-making of community members throughout the life cycle of the credit card, from application to business use, which enables this financial facility to provide benefits and maintain trust. |
| Date: | 2024–10–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:mzr8y |
| By: | Lontoh, Syaronika Patricia |
| Abstract: | Ketimpangan sosial ekonomi antara pedesaan dan perkotaan merupakan isu kompleks yang terus terjadi di berbagai negara, termasuk Indonesia. Ketidakseimbangan dalam distribusi sumber daya, akses layanan publik, dan peluang ekonomi menyebabkan perbedaan signifikan antara kualitas hidup masyarakat pedesaan dan perkotaan. Masyarakat perkotaan cenderung memiliki akses yang lebih baik terhadap infrastruktur, pendidikan, kesehatan, dan lapangan kerja, sementara masyarakat pedesaan sering terhambat oleh keterbatasan ini. Kondisi ini memicu migrasi dari desa ke kota, namun memperburuk masalah pengangguran di perkotaan dan depopulasi di pedesaan. Untuk mengurangi ketimpangan ini, diperlukan kebijakan inklusif yang fokus pada pemerataan pembangunan melalui investasi di sektor pendidikan, kesehatan, dan pemberdayaan ekonomi lokal di wilayah pedesaan. Hal ini bertujuan agar pertumbuhan ekonomi dapat dirasakan secara merata oleh seluruh masyarakat. |
| Date: | 2023–10–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:sfzak |
| By: | Adi Nugraha (UnPad - Universitas Padjadjaran = Padjadjaran University); Raphael Paut (Agronomie - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Ari Ganjar Herdiansah (UnPad - Universitas Padjadjaran = Padjadjaran University); Susanti Withaningsih (Agronomie - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Parikesit Parikesit (UnPad - Universitas Padjadjaran = Padjadjaran University); Oekan S Abdoellah (UnPad - Universitas Padjadjaran = Padjadjaran University) |
| Abstract: | This study examined the social and economic feasibility of urban farming in Bandung, indonesia, from the viewpoint of the actors. observations, semi-structured and in-depth interviews with key informants including urban farmers, urban farming community leaders, traders, and government representatives in Bandung were used to collect data. according to the remarks of the interviewees, urban farming in Bandung is not economically motivated because the practices are not economically profitable for the actors. Rather, social factors, such as social collectivity and personal aspirations have propelled some of the urban farming movement's continuity in Bandung. This paper concludes that the city government has to start taking social motives into account when designing future urban farming programs rather than only highlighting its profitability, which can lead to future disappointments. This suggestion can contribute to the betterment of future urban farming activities in Bandung and cities with similar characteristics around the world. |
| Keywords: | community gardens, food production, sustainability, initiatives, Urban farming |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04728228 |
| By: | Kolaric, Sascha; Kiesel, Florian; Schiereck, Dirk |
| Date: | 2024–06–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:150229 |
| By: | Zhou, Alex (Department of Economics, University of Warwick,); Mahadeshwar, Ruchi (Department of Economics, Brown University,) |
| Abstract: | Despite its recognized inefficiency, the persistence of income hiding between spouses remains largely unaddressed in the literature. Our study suggests that one cause of persistency is that this behavior may provide strategic benefits, particularly by affecting labor supply decisions and overall household income. Using a field experiment involving low-income workers in Southeast Asia, we estimate the effects of randomly disclosing spousal income on productivity in a standardized work task. Our findings indicate that income disclosure significantly affects labor productivity compared to a nondisclosure scenario, in which spouses can conceal any income generated. The effects exhibit notable gender differences: when income is disclosed to their spouses, women decrease productivity, while men increase productivity. We introduce a two-stage game model and further empirical tests to demonstrate that these gender differences arise from disparities in bargaining power, with men holding significantly more bargaining power than women. Overall, this study sheds light on the unintended consequences of financial inclusion or pay transparency policies on both productivity and household inequality. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wrk:warwec:1525 |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Growth gathered momentum in 2023 on the back of recovering external demand, but exchange rate depreciation continues and inflation remains persistently high. Labor and FX shortages are intensifying. Public debt is assessed to be unsustainable, despite a tight fiscal stance. FX reserves remain low. |
| Date: | 2024–11–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2024/319 |
| By: | Benjamin Chipperfield (Economics, Monash University); Paulo Santos (Economics, Monash University); Carly Cook (Biological Sciences, Monash University) |
| Abstract: | Reducing the impact of large-scale biodiversity loss on ecosystem functioning and human wellbeing requires understanding which aspects of biodiversity are central to the ecosystem services on which humans rely. Despite this need, the impact of biodiversity on fishing yield in freshwater systems is not well understood. Using detailed data on fish catch and estimates of fish functional diversity in the Mekong River Basin, we build on the ecological notion of the river continuum concept (that links biological diversity with the natural variation in the physical environment along a river) to show that higher levels of diversity lead to economically significant increases in freshwater fish yield. We also show that local fisheries are vulnerable to the extinction of a small number of key species which, if lost, could compromise the productivity of local fisheries. Our analysis suggests that achieving win-win solutions that link biodiversity protection with improvements in economic outcomes in freshwater fisheries may require well targeted conservation efforts. |
| Keywords: | freshwater fisheries, biodiversity, functional richness, river continuum theory, community composition |
| JEL: | Q22 Q57 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mos:moswps:2024-18 |
| By: | Meltem Chadwick (The South East Asian Central Banks (SEACEN) Research and Training Centre); Hulya Saygili (Atilim University) |
| Abstract: | This study addresses a significant gap in the existing literature by examining the association between weather variables, i.e., temperature and precipitation, and food price inflation at monthly frequency. Using a comprehensive panel dataset that spans 23 years of data for 186 countries, we explore this relationship in depth. Furthermore, we employ panel quantile regression techniques to investigate how weather-related variables influence food price inflation across different quantiles of inflation. Our findings reveal three key results. First, we establish that weather variables play a crucial role in explaining inflation, with temperature generally having a negative coefficient with inflation contemporaneously. In contrast, precipitation appears to have a positive coefficient, and the strength of these associations varies across different inflation quantiles. In addition, although the contemporaneous effect is negative, the cumulative inflationary effect of 1â—¦C temperature increase reaches up to 0.6 percentage points. Subsequently, our results demonstrate sensitivity to the method of clustering the panel of countries, indicating the importance of methodological considerations in such analyses. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; Food price inflation; Panel data; Quantile regression |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sea:wpaper:wp55 |