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on South East Asia |
| By: | Cuong Viet Nguyen; Finn Tarp |
| Abstract: | This study provides an introduction to major discussions and core findings on inequalities in Viet Nam, drawing on a review of recent research, consideration of how inequality is discussed in legal documents, and an analysis of inequality using household survey data from Viet Nam. Inequality is widely mentioned in legal documents. As of May 2024, there are 443 legal documents that mention the term 'gap between the poor and the rich' and 2, 200 legal documents mentioning the term 'social equity'. The term 'gender equality' is mentioned in 6, 744 legal documents. |
| Keywords: | Inequality, Equity, Income distribution, Gini coefficient, Viet Nam |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2024-61 |
| By: | Travis Baseler (University of Rochester) |
| Abstract: | Online appendix for the Review of Economic Dynamics article |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:red:append:24-54 |
| By: | Carstensen, Jeanette (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Seibert, Holger (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Wiethölter, Doris (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany) |
| Abstract: | "The health and care sector is one of the employment areas that has grown particularly strongly in recent years. In view of the acute need for workers in the nursing professions, it is particularly important that foreign employees have been making a significant contribution to meeting the personnel requirements in the nursing professions for several years. Our study provides an overview of the development of foreign employees in the nursing professions - differentiated by nationality (EU and third countries) and the level of requirements of the job. With the further development of the Skilled Immigration Act (2023), legal changes to the labor migration of people from third countries came into force in Germany from November 2023. In Germany, however, a formal recognition process to check the equivalence of the foreign professional qualification is still necessary for nursing staff, as for other regulated professions (Bushanska et al. 2023: 19). More and more people from countries outside the EU are now working in nursing, with many nursing employees having nationality from the nursing recruitment countries (including Bosnia-Herzegovina, the Philippines, Vietnam) and European countries outside the EU (Turkey, Serbia, Albania). In nursing, the proportion of skilled workers is high, especially among employees from the Western European EU countries (EU-14 countries 2). Among geriatric nurses, people from the nursing recruitment countries and Turkey in particular are relatively frequently employed as skilled workers. The job market in the nursing sector is still dominated by women and part-time workers. 82 percent of employees are female and a good half of nursing staff work part-time (part-time rate of employees overall: 30 %). The wages of employees in geriatric nursing are still significantly lower than those of nursing staff. In comparison, nursing staff from the EU-14 countries receive the highest salaries. These people are comparatively often employed as specialists in hospitals - here the remuneration is generally higher than in the area of inpatient and outpatient geriatric care. The effects of demographic change are also reflected in the increase in older employees in nursing. As can be seen from the age structure and nationality of the nurses, foreign nursing staff are significantly counteracting the unfavourable demographic development among German nursing staff. The number of older employees at assistant and specialist level with German nationality has increased sharply in the last ten years. At the same time, the proportion of young employees among all employed foreigners has increased significantly. Foreign specialists are rarely represented in nursing. But due to the high percentage increase in older German employees, the shortage of skilled workers in this group is likely to become even more severe in the coming years. At the same time, the regional importance of foreign employees in nursing and geriatric care professions varies. In eastern Germany, foreign nursing staff are underrepresented almost everywhere, apart from Berlin and the districts close to Berlin. In the western districts, the distribution is more even overall. The majority of foreign nurses and geriatric care workers work in metropolitan and urban regions (e. g. Munich, Frankfurt/Main, Stuttgart, Nuremberg)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) |
| Keywords: | IAB-Open-Access-Publikation |
| Date: | 2024–10–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabfob:202422 |
| By: | Chen, Jen-Eem; Ahmad, Mahyudin; Mohd Zulkifli, Shaliza Azreen; Tan, Yan-Ling; Mustofa, Moh. Solehatul |
| Abstract: | Tourism is widely recognized as a key driver of economic growth and development, yet its dependence on the energy sector has raised concerns regarding its environmental impact. Aiming to elucidate the roles of tourism and renewable energy in shaping the environmental outcomes, this study investigates the nexus between tourism development, renewable energy utilization, and environmental quality across 10 ASEAN countries over a 25-year period from 1995 to 2019 by employing panel estimators robust to heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence such as Panel Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE), Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS), and Augmented Mean Group (AMG) that are rarely utilized in the ASEAN context. Our findings reveal that tourism activity contributes to CO2 and greenhouse gas emissions, with a 1% increase in tourist arrivals associated with a 0.1 to 0.3% rise in emissions. Moreover, we observe a significant mitigating effect of renewable energy on tourism-induced emissions. Our analysis also lends strong support to the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, indicating a threshold level of GDP per capita of USD 13, 000, beyond which the adverse environmental impact of GDP turns positive. The common dynamic process in AMG estimator is found to raise emissions, implying the ASEAN strategic policies on sustainable tourism and energy cooperation may not yet come to fruition given the region’s heavy reliance on non-renewable energy sources to sustain tourism and meet population demands. We conclude with policy implications aimed at fostering sustainable tourism and development in the region. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions, Environmental Kuznets Curve, Environmental quality, Renewable energy, Tourism development. |
| JEL: | O13 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:122212 |
| By: | Benjamin A. Olken; Rema Hanna; Phitawat Poonpolkul; Nada Wasi |
| Abstract: | Many government social insurance policies have low take-up. To understand whether this is due to administrative barriers, information, or low valuation of the insurance, we study an unusual policy experiment in Thailand that offered a very large lump-sum incentive for informal workers in selected provinces to enroll in a voluntary workers’ social insurance program. Using administrative data, we find that the temporary enrollment incentive increased coverage by 67 percentage points – from 6 percent of informal workers to 73 percent – within just a few months. However, 12 months later, only 13 percent of these new enrollees remained in the scheme, much lower than the retention rate of those who joined absent the incentive. By using new enrollees’ choices among insurance tiers to back out a revealed valuation of insurance, we find that those who were induced to enroll by the incentives value insurance less than those who enrolled without. Combined, the results suggest that low social insurance enrollment may be the result of low ex-ante valuations of the insurance, rather than administrative barriers. |
| Keywords: | Informal workers; Voluntary social insurance; Cash assistance |
| JEL: | O17 H31 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pui:dpaper:223 |
| By: | Akira Kohsaka (Osaka School of International Public Policy (OSIPP), Osaka University) |
| Abstract: | Despite her recent “unprecedentedly” high and sustained economic growth, China has been long expected to suffer from sudden growth slowdown soon and eventually. We examine her growth pattern in the past three decades as income catching-up processes in developing economies such as those in East Asia, analyzing it in the conventional framework of economic growth based on an internationally comparable macroeconomic database. We find that her growth pattern is not exceptional in any sense, but very parallel with forerunners in East Asia, and that her growth is still in an early stage, so that we argue that her catching -up could be sustained, even if it were for possible short-term growth slowdowns. |
| Keywords: | neoclassical economic growth, growth decomposition, growth paths, China, East Asia |
| JEL: | E10 E2 E20 F3 O4 O40 O53 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osp:wpaper:24e006 |
| By: | Ziky Mustapha (INREDD - Innovation, Responsabilités et Développement Durable - UCA - Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech]); Limam Anas (INREDD - Innovation, Responsabilités et Développement Durable - UCA - Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech]) |
| Abstract: | This article presents a bibliometric analysis of selected literature on Takaful insurance, covering the period from 1983 to 2023. Takaful is an insurance system based on Islamic finance principles, which has recently garnered growing academic interest due to its crucial role in meeting insurance needs in various international contexts. The study is based on rigorously selected English-language articles from the Scopus database, following the PRISMA method, with a final sample of 298 research documents. The primary objective is to quantitatively describe the structure of this literature and to understand future research directions in this field. We also identify the leading academic institutions, countries, journals, as well as authors, coauthor networks, and their positions within these streams. The results show that Malaysia is the most active country in terms of publications, with the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) leading among the most involved institutions. The analysis also reveals a significant increase in interest in Takaful insurance in recent years, particularly between 2017 and 2023, with a peak in publications in 2023. Research on Takaful has also undergone thematic evolution, shifting from topics of corporate governance and Sharia compliance before 2019 to more contemporary themes related to risk management, family Takaful, and purchase intention after 2019, influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. The study concludes by suggesting that future research should focus on the role of Takaful in mitigating economic and financial shocks, as well as on the integration of technological innovations like FinTech into this field. |
| Abstract: | Cet article présente une analyse bibliométrique de la littérature sélectionnée sur l'assurance Takaful, couvrant la période de 1983 à 2023. Le Takaful est un système d'assurance fondé sur les principes de la finance islamique, qui a récemment suscité un intérêt académique croissant en raison de son rôle crucial dans la satisfaction des besoins en assurance dans divers contextes internationaux. L'étude repose sur des articles en anglais rigoureusement sélectionnés dans la base de données Scopus, selon la méthode PRISMA, avec un échantillon final de 298 documents de recherche. L'objectif principal est de décrire quantitativement la structure de cette littérature et de comprendre les orientations futures de la recherche dans ce domaine. Nous identifions également les principales institutions académiques, les pays, les revues, ainsi que les auteurs, les réseaux de co-auteurs et leur position au sein de ces courants. Les résultats montrent que la Malaisie est le pays le plus actif en termes de publications, avec l'International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) en tête des institutions les plus impliquées. L'analyse révèle également une augmentation significative de l'intérêt pour l'assurance Takaful ces dernières années, notamment entre 2017 et 2023, avec un pic de publications en 2023. La recherche sur le Takaful a également connu une évolution thématique, passant des sujets de gouvernance d'entreprise et de conformité à la Charia avant 2019, à des thèmes plus contemporains liés à la gestion des risques, au Takaful famille et à l'intention d'achat après 2019, sous l'influence de la pandémie de COVID-19. L'étude conclut en suggérant que les recherches futures devraient se concentrer sur le rôle du Takaful dans l'atténuation des chocs économiques et financiers, ainsi que sur l'intégration des innovations technologiques comme la FinTech dans ce domaine. Mots clés : Finance islamique, Assurance Takaful, Assurance, Bibliométrie. Abstract This article presents a bibliometric analysis of selected literature on Takaful insurance, covering the period from 1983 to 2023. Takaful is an insurance system based on Islamic finance principles, which has recently garnered growing academic interest due to its crucial role in meeting insurance needs in various international contexts. The study is based on rigorously selected English-language articles from the Scopus database, following the PRISMA method, with a final sample of 298 research documents. The primary objective is to quantitatively describe the structure of this literature and to understand future research directions in this field. We also identify the leading academic institutions, countries, journals, as well as authors, co-author networks, and their positions within these streams. The results show that Malaysia is the most active country in terms of publications, with the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) leading among the most involved institutions. The analysis also reveals a significant increase in interest in Takaful insurance in recent years, particularly between 2017 and 2023, with a peak in publications in 2023. Research on Takaful has also undergone thematic evolution, shifting from topics of corporate governance and Sharia compliance before 2019 to more contemporary themes related to risk management, family Takaful, and purchase intention after 2019, influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. The study concludes by suggesting that future research should focus on the role of Takaful in mitigating economic and financial shocks, as well as on the integration of technological innovations like FinTech into this field. Keywords : Islamic Finance, Takaful Insurance, Insurance, Bibliometrics. |
| Keywords: | Islamic Finance, Takaful Insurance, Insurance, Bibliometrics, Finance islamique, Assurance Takaful, Assurance, Bibliométrie |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04698041 |
| By: | Suphanit Piyapromdee; Tanisa Tawichsri; Nada Wasi |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the effects of the introduction of a nationwide minimum wage in Thailand on earnings and sorting. Using Thai matched employer-employee data, we first show that there is a great degree of mobility differential even among workers with similar wages and this relationship is complex. To evaluate the policy and understand its mechanism, we therefore adopt a flexible semi-parametric framework from Lentz et al. (2023) that allows for double-sided heterogeneity in workers and firms in both wages and mobility. Our results show that there is no disemployment effect on workers who were employed before the policy took place. However, there is an adverse effect on workers who were not employed for a period of time before the policy where their re-employment probability declined. Sorting among new employment matches after the policy became less positive. Low type or less productive firms exited the market and workers reallocated from these firms to more productive ones. Overall, we find that the minimum wage raised earnings for all worker types but with variation in sizes of the gains. We use the model to decompose sources of earnings gains. We find that mobility accounts for a substantial fraction of earnings gains in the short-term, but post policy job-to-job transitions can affect earnings of some worker types negatively. This makes the long-term income implication of the policy unclear as mobility evolves over time. We therefore use the model to simulate the net present value of lifetime income of workers. Despite the negative effect of mobility, the long-term gains on net present value of lifetime income over 20 years are substantial. |
| Keywords: | Minimum wage; Sorting; Mobility; Lifetime income; Double-sided heterogeneity |
| JEL: | J31 J60 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pui:dpaper:222 |
| By: | Beverly Hirtle; Anna Kovner |
| Abstract: | We analyze 6, 400 letters of recommendation for more than 2, 200 economics and finance Ph.D. graduates from 2018 to 2021. Letter text varies significantly by field of interest, with significantly less positive and shorter letters for Macroeconomics and Finance candidates. Letters for female and Black or Hispanic job candidates are weaker in some dimensions, while letters for Asian candidates are notably less positive overall. We introduce a new measure of letter quality capturing candidates that are recommended to "top" departments. Female, Asian, and Black or Hispanic candidates are all less likely to be recommended to top academic departments, even after controlling for other letter characteristics. Finally, we examine early career outcomes and find that letter characteristics, especially a "top" recommendation have meaningful effects on initial job placements and journal publications. |
| Keywords: | recommendation letters; gender in economics; race and ethnicity in economics; research institutions; professional labor markets |
| JEL: | A11 A23 J15 J16 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedrwp:98967 |
| By: | Danhou Li (Department of Economics, National University of Singapore, Singapore); Ce Matthew Shi (Department of Economics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines theoretically and empirically the welfare effects of differential pricing for Internet traffic in a network market. We begin by analyzing a model of differential pricing by a monopolist Internet service provider (ISP), wherein charges are levied on content providers for traffic flow and on consumers for Internet access. Content providers differ in terms of their demand for Internet traffic and their value to consumers (“network effects†). Under linear demands, we show that compared to uniform pricing, differential pricing based solely on network effects is welfare-enhancing, while purely elasticity-based differential pricing reduces content provider surplus and social welfare. The welfare effects become ambiguous when both network effects and demand elasticities differ across content providers. Using a unique dataset on monthly transactions between a large ISP and major content providers in China (where ISPs legally own Internet traffic services in the form of CDN), we estimate the model and quantify the welfare effects using the demand and cost estimates. Our counterfactual analysis shows that consumer surplus and content provider surplus increase under differential pricing; however, a disproportionate share of the welfare gain is captured by several big content providers, while smaller content providers tend to become worse off. |
| Keywords: | differential pricing; Internet traffic; network industry; welfare |
| JEL: | L12 L86 L96 |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:net:wpaper:2409 |
| By: | Youngho Chang (Singapore University of Social Sciences, SG); Ridwan D. Rusli (Technische Hochschule Köln, DE); Jackson The (Nanyang Technological University, SG) |
| Abstract: | The natural gas supply disruptions and European energy crisis following the Ukraine-Russia war and the West’s economic sanctions made energy security a top priority issue for the German government. We use the 4A framework of energy security to analyze Germany’s energy transition (“Energiewende”) over the last 20 years. While the acceptance of climate change policies is very high among its society and voters, affordability to energy consumers and availability of energy resources have steadily decreased in recent years. High feed-in tariffs and fuel taxes force German households to pay the highest electricity tariffs and among the highest fuel prices worldwide. More of the country’s fiscal capacity is required to support energy-intensive industries and fund energy subsidies. Exit from nuclear and coal electricity production necessitates increasing natural gas imports, requiring new LNG terminals, extensive collaboration with European neighbors and partially undermining the environmental benefits of the coal exit. Moreover, growth in renewables capacity has slowed down, hampered in part by local public resistance and increasing bureaucratic hurdles. The technological leadership of the country’s multinationals and SMEs has been challenged by increasingly sophisticated and efficient competitors, for example from China. To ensure Germany’s energy security the country must accelerate domestic renewables capacity and infrastructure, expand European gasand power interconnector investments and diversify its natural gas supply options. |
| Keywords: | Energy transition; Energy security; 4-A framework; Energiewende; Power interconnector investments; Diversification. |
| JEL: | Q41 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:luc:wpaper:24-09 |