|
on South East Asia |
| By: | Navarro, Adoracion M. |
| Abstract: | This study assesses the adequacy of school infrastructure in the Philippine basic education sector while benchmarking it against developmental targets and other countries’ performance. It finds that with respect to classrooms, there has been progress in decongesting schools, but spatial inequality in the classroom-student ratio persists and requires attention. Spatial inequality is evident, given the congested classrooms in some administrative regions. Moreover, additional classrooms are needed, given that school buildings in certain remote areas do not meet quality and safety standards, enrollment is increasing, and existing classrooms deteriorate due to wear and tear and natural calamities. In terms of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities, the gaps are huge and become more evident when benchmarked against other countries. The Philippines is lagging behind most Eastern and South-Eastern Asian countries in providing WASH facilities to schools, even when compared to neighboring countries with lower per capita incomes. Schools’ access to electricity is also an issue. Many countries in the Eastern and South-Eastern Asia region have already achieved universal access, yet the Philippines still struggles to complete the electrification of schools. This challenge is compounded by the need to upgrade the electricity connections of schools to stabilize electric current fluctuations and meet digital learning requirements. Information and communications technology (ICT) access is another area where the gaps are huge. Computer package delivery targets were not met, and to make things worse, the percentage of schools with computer packages declined. Philippine schools have low computer and internet access rates, unlike those in neighboring countries that have achieved universal access to computers and the internet. Moreover, efforts to increase computer and internet access rates have been marred by poor implementation of programs for ICT infrastructure in schools. All these imply the need to invest more in school infrastructure and pursue policy improvements. Both the public and private sectors must assume responsibility for improving the students’ learning environment through adequate and quality school infrastructure. After all, a good learning environment is a good investment, resulting in better student learning outcomes, higher productivity of workers in the future, and higher potential for endogenous economic growth. |
| Keywords: | human capital;school infrastructure;school buildings;WASH facilities;electricity access;ICT access |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:rpseri:rps_2024-06 |
| By: | Hisaki Kono KONO; Bich-Ngoc T. PHAM |
| Abstract: | Ray and Genicott (2023) proposed a new metric for upward mobility, which also captures the concept of inclusive growth. We proposed several decomposition analyses of this metric using household-level data, which can help identify the factors that contributed to the observed inclusive growth. We applied these methods to Vietnam, a country that experienced rapid and equitable economic growth. Our findings reveal that rural residents, who were initially left behind, experienced more inclusive growth than urban residents, contributing to overall national-level inclusive growth. The impact of household demographic factors such as education levels and job status was relatively minor in explaining inclusive growth in Vietnam. Instead, regional economic performance emerged as a key driver of inclusive growth. The limited impact of education improvement is likely because the poor tended to be low-educated elderly people who would not directly benefit from the improvement of education. These findings underscore the importance of economic growth and expansion of social security systems, such as old-age pension programs, to achieve inclusive growth. |
| Keywords: | Intergenerational income mobility |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kue:epaper:e-24-003 |
| By: | Yoshida , Kenichi (Kyushu University); Xie, Jun (Kyushu University); Managi, Shunsuke (Kyushu University); Yamadera, Satoru (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | This study investigated environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance and its financial impacts across 38 economies from 2013 to 2022, with a special focus on firms in Asia. The main findings are as follows. First, notable disparities in ESG assessments were found across major rating agencies due to a lack of commensurability in ESG elements and evaluation methods. Second, the multilevel model analysis demonstrated considerable space for enhancing the ESG performance of companies in Asia, in contrast to that of their counterparts in Europe. Notably, the ESG practices of firms in Southeast Asia have stronger positive relationships with financial performance. Finally, inclusive wealth significantly moderates the financial impacts of ESG practices and can serve as a valuable sustainability indicator at the national level to inform ESG practices specific to different regions. |
| Keywords: | ESG performance; comparative CSR; inclusive wealth; multilevel regression model |
| JEL: | M14 M41 O16 |
| Date: | 2024–09–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0741 |
| By: | Kokas, Deeksha (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore); Roche Rodriguez, Jaime Alfonso (World Bank); Lopez-Acevedo, Gladys (World Bank); Robertson, Raymond (Texas A&M University); Karamba, Wendy (World Bank) |
| Abstract: | Cambodia's rapid economic growth in the past few decades has coincided with trade liberalization and structural transformation. This growth has been extensively associated with more employment, higher wages, shared prosperity, and poverty reduction. By combining two complementary approaches, the Gravity model and the Bartik model, this paper estimates: (i) the relationship between trade agreements and trade flows, and (ii) the relationship between trade exposure and various local labor market outcomes. Our gravity estimates show that trade agreements between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) are positively related with trade flows, and that Cambodia's specific gains from these increases in trade have been larger than for the average trade agreement. This has led to better results for workers in Cambodia's local labor markets. Our shift-share Bartik results suggest that increases in trade exposure in Cambodian districts between 2009 and 2019 correlate with reduced informality and an increase in hours worked, with more positive effects for female workers. |
| Keywords: | trade policy, exports, trade exposure, employment, informality, wages |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17209 |
| By: | Karina Mukanova (IUM - International University of Monaco); Christopher Hautbois; Michel Desbordes (CIAMS - Complexité, Innovation, Activités Motrices et Sportives - UO - Université d'Orléans - Université Paris-Saclay) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this paper was to analyze factors affecting collaboration outcomes such as organizational learning of Joint Hosting Alliances (JHAs) of major sports events. The research questions are: 1.What are the drivers and motives of JHAs are (formation phase)? 2.What is the event delivery model that manages JHAs (management phase)? 3.What are the organizational learning outcomes and the factors affecting these outcomes (outcomes phase)? This study analysed the collaboration of multiple hosts in co-hosting sporting event which had been a recent one-off monosport event hosting trend in the last 20 years. We referred to their partnership as Joint Hosting Alliances (JHAs) as we relied on strategic alliance, Interorganizational relationships (IOR) and interorganizational learning theoretical frameworks (Babiak & Willem, 2017; Byun et al., 2019; Malo & Elkouzi, 2001). The research employed a single case study of the International Basketball Federation (FIBA)'s Eurobasket Women 2021 event co-hosted by Spain and France. The data were collected from two sources: semi-structured interviews (n=12) and event governance documents (i.e. bid regulations, workshop meetings minutes). The data analysis included a mix of deductive and inductive coding approaches through MAXQDA software. We also performed an analysis of the frequency of ties to measure the intensity of collaboration. We learned that inter- and extra-organizational learning are not the areas that are financed and therefore controlled by either JHA members or event owners which explains the lack of strategic planning for such organizational learning outcomes. Future studies should focus on understanding the role of the public sector in being involved in planning and managing such organizational learning outcomes as they turned out to be incremental in supporting such outcomes. Practitioners will also benefit from this study's findings: a) event organizers should focus on building the match based on alliance formation and the national factor recommendations that could facilitate learning opportunities; b) event owners should be more aware of how their formalization tools affect the frequency and quality of interactions that can be conducive to learning. To conclude, this work was a small and modest contribution to understanding how sporting events can be harnessed for international dialogue, understanding, and peace. The main takeaway message of this research lies in highlighting that JHAs are not necessarily strategic partnerships, but rather transactional. Due to the high event velocity and differences in legal, administrative, and financial background, this study proved that such events could not be platforms of intense collaboration that can lead to specific strategic social legacy outcomes or planned interorganizational and extraorganizational learning outcomes. Although social impacts, unfortunately, remain an area that is not yet regarded as important in such alliances, the contribution of this study is that we identified the start. As more and more International Federation of Basketball's (FIBA) sporting events and other monosport events are co-hosted (e. g. FIBA World Cup in 2023 by Japan, Indonesia, and the Philippines or most of the latest FIBA Eurobasket events) and the Olympics Games are allowed to go beyond one host city concept as per Agenda 2020+5, these findings prove to be relevant for the Olympic world and its federations in understanding the collaborative patterns between the co-hosts, be it multiple venues, cities and/or countries. |
| Date: | 2024–08–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04676739 |
| By: | Trang T. Hoang; Devashish Mitra; Hoang Pham |
| Abstract: | We examine the impact of an export market expansion created by the US-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) on labor market competition among Vietnamese manufacturing firms. We measure distortionary wedges between equilibrium marginal revenue products of labor (MRPL) and wages nonparametrically and find that the median firm pays workers 59% of their MRPL. The BTA permanently decreases labor market distortion in manufacturing by 3.4%, mainly for domestic private firms. The median distortion is 26% higher for women than men, and the decline in distortion for women drives the overall distortion reduction. We shed some light on the mechanisms for these results. |
| Keywords: | International Trade; Export Market Access; Labor Market Distortion; Misallocation; Income Distribution; Labor Share; Gender Inequality; Monopsony; Oligopsony |
| JEL: | F16 F63 O15 O24 J42 J16 |
| Date: | 2024–08–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgif:1394 |
| By: | Pagel, Jeffrey; Sileci, Lorenzo |
| Abstract: | One potential nature-based solution to jointly address poverty and environmental concerns is large-scale tree planting. This study examines the National Greening Program (NGP) in the Philippines, a major tree planting initiative involving 80, 522 localized projects that directly or indirectly generated hundreds of thousands of jobs. Utilizing a dynamic difference-in-differences approach that leverages the staggered implementation of the NGP, we find a significant and sizable reduction in poverty, measured via traditional and remotely sensed indicators. The NGP also spurred structural shifts, notably decreasing agricultural employment while boosting unskilled labor and service sector jobs. Our analysis estimates that the NGP sequestered 71.4 to 303 MtCO2 over a decade, achieving a cost efficiency of $2 to $10 per averted tCO2. These findings underscore the potential of tree planting as a dual-purpose strategy for climate mitigation and poverty alleviation. |
| JEL: | N0 R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2024–07–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:124551 |
| By: | Irving G\'omez-M\'endez; Chainarong Amornbunchornvej |
| Abstract: | Poverty is a serious issue that harms humanity progression. The simplest solution is to use one-shirt-size policy to alleviate it. Nevertheless, each region has its unique issues, which require a unique solution to solve them. In the aspect of spatial analysis, neighbor regions can provide useful information to analyze issues of a given region. In this work, we proposed inferred boundaries of regions of Thailand that can explain better the poverty dynamics, instead of the usual government administrative regions. The proposed regions maximize a trade-off between poverty-related features and geographical coherence. We use a spatial analysis together with Moran's cluster algorithms and Bayesian hierarchical regression models, with the potential of assist the implementation of the right policy to alleviate the poverty phenomenon. We found that all variables considered show a positive spatial autocorrelation. The results of analysis illustrate that 1) Northern, Northeastern Thailand, and in less extend Northcentral Thailand are the regions that require more attention in the aspect of poverty issues, 2) Northcentral, Northeastern, Northern and Southern Thailand present dramatically low levels of education, income and amount of savings contrasted with large cities such as Bangkok-Pattaya and Central Thailand, and 3) Bangkok-Pattaya is the only region whose average years of education is above 12 years, which corresponds (approx.) with a complete senior high school. |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2408.09760 |
| By: | M Yamin (Universitas Sriwijaya); Eka Mulyana (Universitas Sriwijaya); Dini Damayanthy (Universitas Sriwijaya); Amin Rejo (Universitas Sriwijaya); Shendy Y. Heartiana (Universitas Sriwijaya) |
| Abstract: | Improved agricultural technology adoption has the potential to increase the productivity of rice and maximize profit farming. However, the farmers who cultivate swamp land have many limitations to adopting all of the rice technology. The aims of this study were (1) to analyze, and its impact on productivity and (2) to analyze the influence of socio-economic characteristics on the level of technology adoption of rice farming in swampy land. The sampling method used was the simple random sampling method, and data was collected through direct interviews with 90 rice farmers. The collection of data used includes primary and secondary data. Processing data using simple linear regression and multiple regression. The results showed that farmers had adopted technology in the form of tractors, organic fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers, pesticides, combined harvesters, superior varieties of seeds, and rice threshing machines. The level of technology adoption is in the high category. There is Pattern A (tractor, organic fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, insecticide, HYV, combine harvester) which has a proportion of farmers of 62.2% and a productivity of 3, 187 kg/ha. The variables age, education level, land area, experience, income, interaction with extension workers, availability of facilities and infrastructure, and institutional roles all affect the adoption rate. Farmers should own or raise livestock such as goats or cows. To be able to adopt organic fertilizer technology that can increase productivity by Pattern C (tractor, organic fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, insecticide) with low variable costs. |
| Keywords: | rice farming, productivity, swamp land, technology, adoption. |
| JEL: | A10 A14 A19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iefpro:14416219 |
| By: | Ansari, Dawud; Gehrung, Rosa Melissa; Pepe, Jacopo Maria |
| Abstract: | Derzeit verschärft sich der Wettbewerb um die CO2-Abscheidung und ‑Speicherung sowie ‑Nutzung (CCS/CCU). Bislang (noch) von Nordamerika dominiert, sind es nun insbesondere Akteure im Großraum Asien - von Saudi-Arabien bis Japan -, die diese Technologien vorantreiben. In deren sich abzeichnender Geopolitik geht es (für Energie-Geopolitik untypisch) weniger um Rohstoffe, sondern eher um Technologie, Geologie und vor allem Industrieführerschaft. Einerseits erfordern die Entwicklungen, dass Deutschland und Europa ihr klimaaußenpolitisches Verständnis wie auch ihre Instrumente pragmatisch anpassen. Andererseits sollte mit der Technologie proaktiv umgegangen werden, um in Technologie und Industrie nicht den Anschluss zu verlieren. |
| Keywords: | Abscheidung, Speicherung, Nutzung von CO2, CC(U)S (Carbon Capture (Utilisation) and Storage, Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS), blauer Wasserstoff, Energiewende, Pariser Abkommen, arabische Golfstaaten, Australien, Japan, Korea, Indonesien, Malaysia, China, USA, Kanada, "technopolitics", Geopolitik, Energie-Geopolitik, Industrieführerschaft, Technologie-Wettbewerb, Klimaaußenpolitik, Lieferketten |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:swpakt:302117 |
| By: | Maria Teresa Punzi (Singapore Management University) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the effectiveness of macroprudential policy on macro-financial fluctuations when the government enforces carbon pricing to reduce carbon emissions and achieve the net-zero target. A carbon tax policy alone can reduce carbon emissions by 2030, but at the cost of a deep and prolonged recession, with consequential financial instability due to a higher probability of default on entrepreneurs in the brown sector. This result suggests that carbon pricing should be coupled with complementary policies, such as macroprudential policy. In particular, differentiated LTV ratios and differentiated capital requirements that penalise the brown sector in favour of the green sector tend to decrease the probability of default in the green sector and encourage green lending in supporting the transition to a green economy. However, such policies have little contribution in offsetting the negative impact on the macroeconomy. More stringent levels of prudential regulations are needed to reduce the fall in GDP and consumption. More specifically, the “one-forone†prudential capital requirements on fossil fuel financing can effectively reduce defaults and move to a greener economy. |
| JEL: | E32 E44 E52 G18 G50 |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:svk:wpaper:1107 |
| By: | Guanie Lim (National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, Tokyo, Japan); Chen Li (The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong); Wellington N.K Aweke (Ministry of Finance, Ghana) |
| Abstract: | The newly elected Labour government of the United Kingdom (UK) introduced the National Wealth Fund (NWF) in July 2024, a £7.3 billion ($9.34 billion) initiative aimed at bolstering investment in key infrastructure projects, particularly in industries crucial for the green energy transition. The NWF is intended to attract private sector investment, with the government partly sharing the financial risk of costly projects with long gestation period. Chancellor Rachel Reeves describes the fund as a ‘concierge’ for investors, designed to streamline investment into the UK. However, there is debate about whether the NWF is an orthodox sovereign wealth fund found in countries with budget and/or trade surpluses such as Norway and Singapore. Instead, it appears more akin to a development or strategic sovereign wealth fund, channelling capital towards industries critical to the UK’s long term economic health. The fund’s initial budget, although significant in and of itself, pales in comparison to the world’s largest sovereign wealth funds and may fall short of the estimated £50-60 billion ($64-77 billion) needed annually to meet the UK’s net zero goals. Additionally, concerns have been raised about the fund’s sustainability and whether it can effectively address the UK’s underinvestment malaise, which stems from structural factors such as a blocker-friendly planning system and post-Brexit political uncertainties. |
| Keywords: | Sovereign Wealth Funds, United Kingdom, Net Zero, Public Investment, Market Failure, Critical Industries |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ngi:dpaper:24-09 |
| By: | Shazia Nasir (Greenwich University, Pakistan); Sharifah Muzlia (MARA Technological University, Malaysia); Hamimah Hashim (MARA Technological University, Malaysia); Fatin Aliana (MARA Technological University, Malaysia) |
| Abstract: | This interpretive phenomenological qualitative research study explored the psychological and emotional experiences of parents with children having specific learning disabilities in Pakistan. Focus group discussions with five parents were conducted on Zoom. After the data collection from each of the participants was assessed, a cross-case analysis of the data was completed to develop a list of the themes common among the participants. The sub-themes and the themes originated from the codes are: (1) Parents’ Challenges, with the sub-themes of Parenting Style, Emotional Responses and Sufferings; and (2) Support from Academia with the sub-themes of Relationship with the teachers, Financial Stress and Modifications in Assessments/ Examinations. The themes originated after the focus group discussion with the five parents contain the struggle of the parents of LD children in preparing them to do better academically and socially. The findings revealed that parents of children with learning disabilities have a very challenging and demanding role. Their struggles and challenges are more exhausting emotionally, physically, and financially. Parents struggle to identify academic problems faced by children due to lack of awareness, which adds to their struggle as well as the children. Parents are the primary caretakers and guardians and are responsible for the upbringing of their children. It is not easy being a parent, but the situation gets difficult when children are identified with learning disabilities. |
| Keywords: | learning disabilities, parents, emotional trauma, financial stress |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0405 |