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on South East Asia |
| By: | Allan, R.; Daud, A.; Rosli, A. |
| Abstract: | Pepper, the world's most used spice has been widely used ever since ancient times. This spice has a high value in terms of monetary due to its medicinal properties. This berry-like spice has never lost its popularity as the world's most traded and used spice. In response to its market value, a study was conducted to analyse the market price movement of black pepper among four world major producers – India, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Malaysia. This study addresses the co-movement among these four major pepper-producing markets by setting the world’s top producer Vietnam, as the dependent variable whilst India, Indonesia, and Malaysia are set as the independent variables. Due to the high price fluctuation of this storable commodity and significant price diversity in different markets, market integration among major producers is essential to study. The unison among the global pepper market is important, not only regarding producers and consumers but also in terms of profit maximization and economic risk management. The study uses the Johansen cointegration approach and the vector error correction model to analyse and evaluate the presence and strength of co-movement of price amongst the market, from the perspective of export freight on board price. The study has found that there are co-movements in the market Vietnam, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka, despite obvious price differences and frequent fluctuations. The markets are found to be operating as a single organism. The convergence of pepper prices is found to be significant, and the model is stable for the export of black pepper. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2024–04–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:asea24:344439 |
| By: | Sari, Virgi; Dimova, Ralitza |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates evidence on deficits in economic inclusion, focussing on the labour market in Indonesia. Increasing job polarization and an accompanying rise in earnings inequality on account of technological development and globalisation over the past few decades have augmented concerns about the attainability of governments’ perennial objective of inclusive growth. However, there are circumstances in which declining or levelling earnings gaps may be more of a bane than a boon for a country’s long-term economic health. Using the particularly interesting case of Indonesia, which has reduced and subsequently levelled off its earnings inequality in the midst of impressive growth, this paper studies how structural factors and labour market policies influence dynamics of inequality. The study finds evidence of a strong role of structural characteristics, which appears to indicate that reductions in earnings inequality may be more of a bane than a boon for Indonesia’s long-term prosperity. The paper concludes with broader insights and a discussion on policy implications that extend beyond the Indonesian context. |
| Keywords: | earnings inequality; minimum wage; quantile decomposition; Indonesia; Springer deal |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2024–07–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:124051 |
| By: | Lubis, D.; Dewi, M.R.; Asmara, A. |
| Abstract: | Indonesia, which has the largest Muslim population in the world, is the second largest contributor to food waste worldwide. West Sumatra is famous for its strong Islamic cultural tradition, and Padang City, the capital of the province, is the largest contributor to food waste in West Sumatra Province. This study analyzed the factors influencing food waste behavior among Generation Z in Padang City, Indonesia. The research used a survey of 210 respondents, the data collected from February to April 2023 using a web-based questionnaire. The collected data were processed using structural equation modeling with smart-PLS software (SEM-PLS) to determine the effect of exogenous variables on endogenous variables. The results showed that attitude, perceived behavior control (PBC), and religious norms significantly influence the intention to avoid food waste. Habits have a significant influence on food waste behavior. Other variables such as subjective norm, lack of concern, and intention not to waste food did not significantly influence. Religious norms, habits, and PBC can prevent food waste behavior; therefore, it is necessary to increase religious understanding in respecting food, as well as education about the dangers of food waste behavior for the environment, economy, and food security of a country. This research can be a reference in formulating policies to prevent food waste behavior in the younger generation. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2024–04–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:asea24:344459 |
| By: | Kubitza, Christoph; Eckert, Sandra; Lay, Jann |
| Abstract: | Despite the numerous ‘Western’ initiatives to improve the sustainability of global agricultural supply chains, there is little evidence on whether these initiatives can effectively reduce environmental degradation in tropical cultivation areas at scale. In our study, we analyze patterns in the establishment of oil palm plantations and deforestation on peatlands in Indonesia. We compare plantations established by investors from high-income countries (HIC), many of which are covered by sustainability certification, with plantations established by domestic investors or by investors from other low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Our dataset comprises 386 concessions in Kalimantan and Papua with their investment structure, annual satellite imagery on forest loss and oil palm cultivation, and spatial maps on peatlands. Our results show a divergence in production practices in global agricultural supply chains after 2011, with actors tied to HIC reducing degradation of peatlands within their concessions, while actors from LMIC continued to show no specific protection of these high conservation value areas. While this is good news in terms of the effectiveness of ‘western’ initiatives for sustainable supply chains, companies linked to HIC comprise only 10% of the concession area in the research region compared to companies from LMIC which will limit the overall impact of ‘western’ supply chain initiatives. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344268 |
| By: | Bathan, B.M. |
| Abstract: | Rice markets in the Philippines recently experienced various policy shocks, including the implementation of the Rice Tariffication Law (RTL) in March 2019, and the imposition of price freeze during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, and mandated ceiling prices on milled rice in September 2023. This study aims to examine the spatial price transmission of regular milled rice across 17 regional retail markets. By analyzing monthly price data from January 2012 to December 2023, the study seeks to describe structural breaks in price series, assess the speed and magnitude of price adjustments, determine the nature and direction of price transmissions, and identify factors influencing spatial price transmissions. Various analytical techniques, such as descriptive analysis, unit root and structural break tests, Toda-Yamamoto causality tests, and the autoregressive distributed lag technique, are employed to analyze the price series. The findings reveal significant positive and negative structural breaks. Both Central Luzon, the top producer of paddy rice, and Eastern Visayas, the main consumer of regular milled rice, serve as reference markets. The National Capital Region also functions as a central market. The speed of price adjustments ranges from 1.18 to 3.60 months, while asymmetric price transmission is observed in two out of four spatially integrated regional markets. Cagayan Valley exhibits almost one-to-one price transmission, whereas the other reference markets have an elasticity of price transmission of less than 0.80. The study recommends monitoring prices, disseminating market information, investigating unfair trade practices, improving NFA inventory management, and developing targeted price and market policy measures. |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2024–04–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:asea24:344438 |
| By: | Tho, Le Canh Bich; Umetsu, Chieko |
| Abstract: | The Vietnamese government has developed a strategy for rice production with the goal of reducing export volumes and concentrating on the quality of aromatic and high-quality rice. There are approximately 1 million hectares of aromatic paddy cultivation in the Mekong Delta (MKD) provinces each year, which accounts for about 25% of the total paddy area. Understanding the overall efficiency of aromatic rice in VMKD becomes essential due to the potential development of both domestic and export markets for aromatic rice. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to examine how MKD's farmers produce aromatic rice and determine the factors determining its production efficiency. Primary data were collected through a survey of 247 aromatic rice cultivators. The non-radial data envelopment analysis, a slack-based measure (SBM), was employed to consider the overall efficiency and agrochemical overutilization of each rice farm. In general, aromatic rice production in the MKD achieved an overall efficiency of 63%. In this regard, the RVT variety has the highest SBM score at 0.72, while Jasmine 85 has the lowest SBM score at 0.61. The factors that contribute to household efficiency include obtaining a larger farm size, participating in cooperatives, and practicing eco friendly farming. In addition, aromatic rice producers still use much more than the required amount of inputs for production. The aromatic rice sector should follow climate-smart agricultural practices in order to comply with export standards. This includes a significant reduction in the use of seeds, agrochemicals, and water. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344329 |
| By: | Wrismawati, W. |
| Abstract: | The rapid global population increase significantly contributes to environmental and natural resource exploitation. This phenomenon happens in Indonesia with a high population reached 278 million people in mid-2023. As the population grows, there is a heightened demand for essential resources, particularly in Bogor Regency, which faces challenges in providing sufficient clean water due to its high population density. The Ciburial spring, the largest and oldest raw water source in Bogor Regency, has experienced a 62% decline in discharge over the past two decades. This reduction is attributed to anthropogenic factors affecting land use change in the recharge area. To ensure water availability, particularly in preserving the green coverage of the Ciburial spring recharge area, effective land cover management is crucial. This research aims to assess the water provisioning services of green ecosystems in the recharge area, with specific objectives of measuring the water yield and estimating the economic value of water provisioning services in the Ciburial spring recharge area. This study is based on the InVEST Seasonal Water Yield (SWY) model and market-based approach. The results show that the potential of water yield or groundwater supply in the Ciburial spring recharge area fluctuated in the past decade, reaching 32, 613, 565.97 m3 in 2020. The InVEST SWY model also projects water yield for the next 10 years, considering climate scenarios like SSP370 and SSP585. In line with the first objective, the economic value of water provisioning services in the Ciburial spring recharge area was estimated at IDR 30, 855, 042, 497.22 in 2020. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–04–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:asea24:344445 |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Selected Issues |
| Date: | 2024–07–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2024/256 |
| By: | YAHATA, Tomonori; NAKATANI, Tomoaki; NAKASHIMA, Yasuhiro; SENDA, Tetsuji; FUJIE, Takeshi |
| Abstract: | The objective of this article is to analyze total factor productivity (TFP) change and its components of paddy farming that produces multiple outputs under policies controlling the production of food rice in Japan from 2004 to 2014. Using a parametric estimation technique of the Malmquist productivity index with a stochastic input distance function and farm-level panel data, we measure TFP change and decompose it into technical changes, a technical efficiency change, and scale efficiency changes. Results show that the TFP of paddy farming in Japan stagnated through the period, with moderate technological progress offset by deteriorating technical efficiency. The existence of technological progress and technical inefficiency is also confirmed by statistical testing. Technical change has some bias toward changing the output mix. Moreover, scale efficiency is also deteriorating, but all the farms produce under increasing returns to scale technology. Our results suggest that technical efficiency improvement and exploitation of scale economies are essential, as well as keeping an expansion of the technological frontier for Japanese paddy farming to recover its productivity growth. A historical process of Japanese agriculture would provide beneficial insights for other Monsoon Asian countries likely to experience social and economic transitions similar to those in Japan. |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344326 |
| By: | Htwe, A.Y.; Soe, T.T.; Myint, T.; Khaing, K.T. |
| Abstract: | Agri-processing and value addition are expanding recently, focusing on rice value added products based on the diversification of rice varieties. This study aimed to explore information about marketable rice varieties and commonly used rice varieties for marketed snacks and noodle in four markets, Nay Pyi Taw. Based on the findings, the top five marketed rice varieties were Manawthukha, Shwebo Pawsan, Pyapon Pawsan, Machando, and Ayeyar Padaethar in Nay Pyi Taw. Among the strengths of rice market, the major strength was the high demand for quality rice (88.67%), while the major weakness was price fluctuation (66.04%). Approximately 42.86% of the samples used two types of rice varieties, including Pawsan and Manawthukha, Pawsan and Pawsanhmwe, Manawthukha and Sticky rice, Machando and Sticky rice for rice snacks. Mostly, sample rice noodle mills used one type of rice variety such as Manawthukha, Byawt Tun and Byawt Thukha for rice noodles. According to the results, head rice and aged rice types were mainly used for rice snacks and rice noodle. Popular marketed rice varieties and commonly used rice varieties for snacks and noodle will be useful for farmer's decision making in the selection of rice varieties to grow. Moreover, information about rice varieties will be useful for rice breeding programs and distribution strategies as the demand driven plan formulation for the future research of rice industry in Myanmar. |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2024–04–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:asea24:344442 |
| By: | Mohammad Haroon Asadi; Mohammad Reza Farzanegan; Mohammad Reza Farzanegan |
| Abstract: | This study investigates men's attitudes toward women’s education in Afghanistan, focusing on primary, secondary, and tertiary levels, as well as studying in another province or abroad, through the lens of identity theory and the intra-household bargaining framework. We use data from Afghan surveys conducted by the Asia Foundation from 2014 to 2021 across 34 provinces and apply multivariate regression analysis with a comprehensive set of covariates. Our findings reveal that men’s attitudes toward women's education are predominantly negative, notably in rural areas. However, women's contributions to household income significantly mitigate these negative attitudes, particularly toward secondary education, followed by tertiary education, and studying in other provinces or abroad. Moreover, fear of insecurity in society amplifies the negative attitudes of men toward women’s education. This research underscores the potential of increased financial contributions by women to transform gender attitudes and promote educational equality in Afghanistan. |
| Keywords: | education, gender gap, attitudes, education inequality, security, Afghanistan, survey |
| JEL: | C83 D63 I24 I25 J16 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11244 |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Following a slowdown in 2023, growth is projected to recover gradually to 2.1 percent in 2024. After reaching 6.1 percent in 2022, inflation has steadily declined to 2.7 percent in April 2024. The pace of disinflation has nonetheless been gradual, with signs of persistent price pressures including from a tight labor market. With risks to global growth now broadly balanced, downside risks to growth outlook have diminished relative to last year, but Singapore remains vulnerable to a deepening of geoeconomic fragmentation. Inflation risks remain tilted to the upside. |
| Date: | 2024–07–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2024/255 |
| By: | Soe, T.T.; Myint, T.; Aye, H.M.; Moh, M.; Hnin, C.H. |
| Abstract: | The health crisis has posed a threat not only to people’s health but also to their well-being after the COVID-19 pandemic. It has prompted a shift in dietary patterns and drinking habits based on people’s preference toward healthier behaviour and items with affordable prices. The objective of this research is to assess the drinking water and beverage intake among selected households in Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar. Based on the selected respondents (n=400), majority of selected households were from the public sector, with a high level of education. On the average, food costs constituted 70% of the total expenditure and 60% of the income. An observed intake is that a significant percentage of households allocate spending to drinking water, coffee, and tea mix, excluding alcohol. In contrast to the average monthly per capita consumption, drinking water, coffee and tea mix and alcohol are commonly consumed. The commonly purified drinking water among the selected respondents leans toward a healthy food system and signifies a positive preference. Consequently, it is proposed that preferences and for various types of drinking water and coffee and tea mix be strengthened to meet local demand, thereby enhancing household health and nutrition. This behavioural and preference could also accelerate a healthy lifestyle for everyone. For further research and development, the accessibility of purified drinking water and beverages could be promoted to improve a healthy lifestyle and sustainable intake. |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2024–04–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:asea24:344454 |
| By: | Emokpae, O. P.; Okoruwa, V.O. |
| Abstract: | The welfare of smallholder farmers in developing economies is often compromised by a dearth of basic livelihood amenities. This resource constraint problem even among beneficiaries of inputs subsidy interventions may override their incentives to adequately utilize improved agricultural technologies for better livelihood outcomes. We therefore explored the technology utilization pattern and the corresponding welfare outcomes of a cross-section of rice farming households in Nigeria under the auspices of the Anchor Borrower Programme. Data analysis was accomplished via mixed methods. Inferential statistics was employed to provide an extensive overview of their technology utilization patterns and welfare outcomes. The instrumental-variable probit regression model was used to consistently analyze the factors that influence rice farmers’ probability of participating in the ABP. Lastly, thematic analysis was used to analyze ancillary qualitative information. Our findings show that rice farmers utilize various mix agricultural technologies and the highest proportion was observed for those who opted for inorganic fertilizers and crop protection chemicals marginally and jointly. Their welfare outcomes appear to vary contingent on the choices of technologies utilized. While social group membership is the strongest factor that influences rice farmers’ decision to participate in the ABP, diversification of cropping activities proved to be the strongest impediment. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344266 |
| By: | Aye, H.M.; Myint, T.; Soe, T.T.; Moh, M.; Hnin, C.H. |
| Abstract: | Eating the nutrients of both plant and animal origin that the human metabolism needs is essential to maintaining a healthy and balanced lifestyle. Fish is the primary food source of animal proteins. Humans require diets rich in high-quality proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, especially those found in fish. Numerous researches have investigated fish's nutritional value and role in the human diet from various perspectives. However, there is still a lack of research activities that calculate the fish consumption rate of households. The purpose of this study is to ascertain how much fish each household in Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar, consumes on a per capita basis. In November 2021, 390 sample households were interviewed. After the data collection, data entry was done using Microsoft Excel, and STATA statistical software was used for analysis. The most popular fish across all sample households were mrigal, featherback, small fish, common catfish, and short-headed catfish. The household level average annual fish intake in the study area was 9.80 kg, which was substantially below than the per capita fish consumption rate (30 kg) indicated by World Fish Myanmar. The research findings provide valuable insights for policy makers who formulate policies about the nation's fish export and production. It would also be helpful to researchers looking into the nation's nutritional status. |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, International Relations/Trade, Livestock Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2024–04–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:asea24:344446 |
| By: | Michael A. Clemens (Peterson Institute for International Economics) |
| Abstract: | South Korea faces an unprecedented economic crisis driven by rapid population aging, as it approaches a future of negative economic growth. This paper examines the full range of possible policy responses with the potential to restore dynamism to the Korean economy. Contrary to many prior analyses, the author finds that enhanced labor migration to Korea is necessary, sufficient, and feasible. Migration is necessary because in the best forecasts we have, no other class of policy has the quantitative potential to meaningfully offset aging. Migration is sufficient because enhanced temporary labor migration by itself would offset most of Korea's demographic drag on growth over the next 50 years. And migration is feasible because the levels of migration and timescale of the transition would resemble that already carried out by Malaysia and Australia. Many advanced economies will follow in Korea's demographic footsteps in decades to come, and have much to learn from the decisions that the Korean government makes now. |
| Keywords: | Migration, South Korea, Labor, Demography, Economic Growth, Population Aging |
| JEL: | F22 J15 K37 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iie:wpaper:wp24-18 |
| By: | Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Kishore, Avinash; Kumar, Anjani |
| Abstract: | The fertilizer response of yield has been one of the major indicators of agricultural productivity in both developed and developing countries. Filling the evidence gap remains vital regarding fertilizer response in Asia, particularly in South Asia, given the evolution and emergence of new challenges, including intensifying climate shocks. We aim to partly fill this knowledge gap by investigating the associations between climate shocks and fertilizer response in Bangladeshi rice production. Using three rounds of nationally representative farm household panel data with plot- level information, we assess fertilizer response functions regarding rice yield and how the shapes of these response functions are heterogeneous in relation to anomalies in temperatures, droughts, and rainfall. We find robust evidence that climate anomalies have adverse effects on fertilizer responses, including higher temperatures for the Boro and the Aman irrigated systems and higher temperatures and droughts for the Aman rainfed systems. These findings hold robustly under various fertilizer response function forms, i.e., polynomial function and stochastic Linear Response Plateau. Furthermore, results for stochastic Linear Response Plateau are also consistent for both switching regression type models and Bayesian regression models. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344280 |
| By: | Lin, E.T.; Than, T.; Tun, Y.Y.; Thu, Y.M.; Myint, T. |
| Abstract: | As rice is the most important income crop in Myanmar and the direct seeded rice production method is the most commonly used in Nay Pyi Taw Union Territory. The objectives of the study were to observe economic analysis and factor shares of direct seeded rice production and examine the reasons and constraints of the farmers for using direct seeded rice methods in the study area. The survey was conducted in August 2023. A total of 75 direct-seed farmers from three village tracts in Zeyarthiri Township were selected by using the purposive sampling method, only DSR farmers. Descriptive, economic analysis and factor shares were used to fulfill the objectives of the study. In terms of cost and return analysis, the benefit-cost ratios were 1.79 for wet DSR, 1.74 for dry DSR and 2.21 for DSR with drum seeder indicating that the sampled farmers profit from their DSR methods. Higher input costs were the major constraints faced by the DSR methods of the sampled farmers. The reasons for changing DSR methods are low cost than transplanting, labor scarcity at peak season. The major constraints were loss of seeds in the fields, high price of fertilizers and labor scarcity at peak season. To achieve increased productivity DSR with drum seeder method should be encouraged for getting more profits and farm mechanizations also should be supported in time to farmers who are faced with labor scarcity problem. And the availability of adequate irrigated water sources should be provided for rice production. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Labor and Human Capital, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2024–04–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:asea24:344457 |
| By: | Jawoo, Koo; Manning, Matt; Angus, Dawn |
| Abstract: | ICTforAg is an annual convening where agricultural stakeholders and technology experts come together to share knowledge, find solutions, and form partnerships to address challenges in agri-food systems across low- and middle-income countries. The main goal of ICTforAg is to grow communities and catalyze meaningful conversations, insights, and collaborations, increase participation of participants from the developing world, promote knowledge sharing and learning, and inspire practitioners to develop inclusive and sustainable ICT solutions. ICTforAg has a strong history since 2015 and owes its success to the contributions made by various organizations to build this community. In 2019, it moved to being hosted by USAID with support from DAI and the Digital Frontiers project. For the first five years, ICTforAg events took place in Washington, DC, with 100–200 attendees annually. The COVID pandemic prompted ICTforAg to become a global online forum, with over 1, 500 participants in 2020 and 3, 000 in 2022. Speaker numbers also grew, from 40 in 2019 to 145 in 2022. In 2023, CGIAR and DevGlobal, in partnership with USAID Feed the Future and DAI Digital Frontiers, jointly implemented ICTforAg 2023 as a global online conference on November 7-9. ICTforAg 2023 engaged 1, 778 attendees and 145 speakers. In 2024, these entities implemented ICTforAg 2024 as a hybrid event on May 28-30 with virtual programming and in-person programming across five locations: New Delhi, India; Nairobi, Kenya; Los Baños, Philippines; Texcoco, Mexico, and Washington, D.C., USA. CGIAR, the world’s largest agricultural research for development organization, and DevGlobal, a world-class professional event management expert, have a track record of jointly organizing online, hybrid, and in-person events and engaging with well-recognized ICTforAg practitioners, academics, researchers, service providers, and users in public and private sectors, including smallholder farmers, across low and middle-income countries. Both organizations are committed to growing ICTforAg communities and catalyzing meaningful conversations, insights, and collaborations. |
| Keywords: | Information and Communication Technologies; agriculture; stakeholders; development |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:151570 |
| By: | Ariffin, H.; Ahmed, O.H.; Jalil, C. |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to review recent literature on bio-fertilizer production in Brunei and identifies different types of food wastes to be utilized for bio-fertilizer production and their benefits to Brunei Darussalam’s agricultural industry. The Systematic Literature Review was carried out through the use of electronic search engines, specifically the Scopus database and Google Scholar for non-Scopus databases. A combination of carefully chosen keywords was done in order to enhance the efficacy of the search. Initially, a total of 19 papers were retrieved on the subject of bio-fertilizer production in Brunei, and 2, 647 papers on organic bio-fertilizer made from food waste. However, after a rigorous screening process, only 2 papers were found to be relevant to bio-fertilizer production in Brunei and 26 papers concerning organic bio-fertilizer made from food waste were deemed eligible for inclusion in this review. Current research indicates that there is a dearth of information about Brunei Darussalam's use and production of biofertilizer, especially organic biofertilizer made from food waste. As a result, there is a need for extensive studies and field research in Brunei Darussalam. Hence, the presented review creates awareness on the need for adopting or introducing bio-fertilizers from food wastes for improving the soil and crop productivity without degrading the quality of the environment in Brunei Darussalam. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–04–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:asea24:344450 |
| By: | Afiq bin Oslan; Ipek Ece Sener |
| Abstract: | Leaders from across the political spectrum are often accused of manipulating the media to their benefit. Contemporary developments have proliferated the number of media sources available to citizens. We argue that new, independent media sources may actually be a boon for leaders looking to control information. Using a simple formal model, we demonstrate a phenomenon of “displacement†—where the presence of alter- native sources of information can actually encourage states to manipulate information. This is because alternative media sources mean that states only need to divert citizen attention without employing full obstruction, reducing the necessary effort expended. This result advances our understanding of how the contemporary state navigates an increasingly complex media landscape. We supplement the model with case studies on the media policies of Malaysian and Turkish governments. |
| Keywords: | public opinion, accountability, media, game theory |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpi:wpaper:tax-mpg-rps-2023-24 |
| By: | Hamdi Ben-Nasr (Qatar University); Sabri Boubaker (VNU - Vietnam National University [Hanoï], Métis Lab EM Normandie - EM Normandie - École de Management de Normandie, Swansea University) |
| Abstract: | We add to the literature on the economic outcomes of government debt and argue that government debt increases crash risk via two channels: (i) hoarding bad news and (ii) tax avoidance. Based on a large international sample, our results indicate that stock crash risk is positively associated with government debt. Our conclusions are robust when we treat endogeneity issues, and our tests confirm the validity of bad news hoarding and tax avoidance as channels through which government debt influences stock price crash risk. |
| Keywords: | Government debt, Fiscal policy uncertainty, Bad news hoarding, Tax avoidance, Crash risk |
| Date: | 2024–02–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04648524 |