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on South East Asia |
| By: | Britwum, Kofi; Demont, Matty |
| Keywords: | Marketing, Consumer/ Household Economics, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343802 |
| By: | Guanie Lim (National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, Tokyo, Japan); Nhat Anh Nguyen (National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, Tokyo, Japan) |
| Abstract: | This paper delves into the transformation of East Asia's economic landscape post-World War Two, with a special emphasis on Vietnam's developmental path in the context of regional shifts. It evaluates the effects of the 'doi moi' reforms initiated in 1986, which, despite some successes, have led to limited advancements in fostering sustainable internal capabilities and in establishing a robust export-oriented manufacturing sector. The paper points out a notable trend: leading Vietnamese firms, including state-owned enterprises, predominantly engage in protected, non-tradable sectors such as real estate and finance, rather than in manufacturing. A critical examination reveals that Vietnam's governance structure and industrial policy approach contribute to its mixed economic performance. The absence of a dominant coordinating body or ministry in Vietnam, unlike the models seen in earlier East Asian industrializers, has resulted in ineffective policy execution and a governance model marked by decentralization and inefficiency. The paper concludes with a poignant argument: Vietnam's economic journey only loosely mirrors that of the early East Asian industrializers. The concern of Vietnam falling into a middle-income trap looms large, as its largest firms lack the dynamism to compete internationally. Promises of reform, while welcome, have also not been as forthcoming or consequential as initially expected. The paper calls for a radical overhaul in governance and policymaking to steer Vietnam away from mediocrity and towards a more promising economic future. |
| Keywords: | Development, Industrialization, Industrial Policy, East Asia, Vietnam, Governance, State-Business Relations |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ngi:dpaper:24-01 |
| By: | Zanello, Giacomo; Srinivasan, Chittur S.; Haenssgen, Marco |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Agricultural And Food Policy, Health Economics And Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343737 |
| By: | Esa A. Asyahid (Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics & Business, Universitas Gadjah Mada); Elan Satriawan (The National Team for Acceleration of Poverty Reduction (TNP2K)) |
| Abstract: | The dualistic market model suggests that self-employment in developing countries should be seen as a survival strategy that is taken by those who are locked out of the formal labour market rather than as a manifestation of entrepreneurial spirit. This study aims to provide empirical evidences on the nature of self-employment in Indonesia, and whether it is more appropriately seen as an entrepreneurial activity or merely as a survival mechanism, by examining self-employed workers’ characteristics and the determinants of entry and exit into the self-employment sector. Utilising individual-level panel data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey, this study finds that the self-employment sector in Indonesia is indeed better characterised as a survival strategy as in the dualistic market model. Moreover, entry into the self-employment sector arises in times of economic crisis, implying that it acts as an employment option, namely as a last resort. Consequently, instead of focusing on growing the business of self-employed workers, policies should be directed toward the relaxation of formal labour market entry constraints‒providing more decent jobs and protecting the livelihood of existing self-employed workers. |
| Keywords: | Self-Employment, Indonesia, Dualistic Market Model |
| JEL: | E26 J46 O17 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gme:wpaper:202403002 |
| By: | Ghozi Naufal Ali (Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics & Business, Universitas Gadjah Mada); Ester Dwi Sabtu (Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics & Business, Universitas Gadjah Mada); Muhammad Putra (Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics & Business, Universitas Gadjah Mada); Qisha Quarina (Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics & Business, Universitas Gadjah Mada) |
| Abstract: | Pollution (in this term, air pollution) is an environmental phenomenon that negatively impacts the lives of the broader community and harms all aspects of the human dimension, such as health and the economy. This study aims to quantify the impact of pollution on worker productivity in developing countries using longitudinal data from Indonesia in two periods (2007 and 2014) and utilizing satellite data to represent air pollution data better. This study uses an instrumental variable (IV) approach and expands it by quantifying health aspects as one of the transmissions in the relationship between pollution and productivity. The result is that pollution negatively impacts worker productivity, with a dominant negative effect transmitted by health factors and determines their productivity. For this reason, the government is involved in tackling increasing pollution to minimize the increase in disease cases while minimizing economic losses from this phenomenon in the future. |
| Keywords: | Pollution; Labor Productivity; Instrumental Variable (IV); Mediation Analysis; Developing Country |
| JEL: | J21 J22 J24 Q52 Q53 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gme:wpaper:202403004 |
| By: | Muhammad Rafi Prakoso (Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics & Business, Universitas Gadjah Mada); Elan Satriawan (Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics & Business, Universitas Gadjah Mada) |
| Abstract: | Due to time constraints, mothers’ working may influence their child’s growth positively or negatively. However, previous studies have shown that the net effect remains varied. This study expands the limited literature in Indonesia, utilizing the last three waves of the IFLS as primary data by exploring maternal working status in the present and past, specifically during the child’s critical window, to see whether the results diverge. We overcome the potential endogeneity in mothers’ working status by using the number of small industries and cluster average of women’s employment rate in the subdistrict as instruments. Results show that the present working status does not affect the child’s growth. However, pregnant mothers’ employment has adverse effects on their children. Moreover, the detrimental impact of past working status also occurs in rural areas and, interestingly, in the upper 60% of households. This confirms that the effect does differ in each time frame. |
| Keywords: | Maternal Working Status, Child’s Growth, Stunting, Instrumental Variable |
| JEL: | C26 I15 J22 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gme:wpaper:202403003 |
| By: | Muhammad Akmal Farouqi (Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics & Business, Universitas Gadjah Mada); Gigih Fitrianto (Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics & Business, Universitas Gadjah Mada) |
| Abstract: | The existence of heterogeneity in size and response in each sector cannot be neglected. Moreover, there is an interaction between sectors in the form of trade between intermediate input and intermediate output. This research offers a framework to mathematically and empirically prove the existence of systemic effects on intersectoral linkages in the economy. This research is the first to interpolate data by scaling and updating the IO table using the RAS procedure to obtain quarterly IO datasets from 2001 to 2022 timeframe. Mathematically, on simple deductive proofs that combine Cobb–Douglas and Leontief’s production function, research has revealed the propagation of systemic risk. Furthermore, by utilizing a previous literature model with data from Indonesia, empirical approaches simulate shocks, namely, crude oil prices and business confidence, by using the SVAR procedure. In this regard, the empirical results indicate that systemic effects on intersectoral linkages in Indonesia do exist. |
| Keywords: | Systemic Effect, Intersectoral Linkages, Input‒Output¸ SVAR |
| JEL: | D57 C67 C53 L16 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gme:wpaper:202403001 |
| By: | Aya Suzuki (University of Tokyo); Susan Olivia (University of Waikato); Vu Hoang Nam (Faculty of International Economics, Foreign Trade University); Guenwoo Lee (Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences) |
| Abstract: | Disease outbreak is a major issue in aquaculture sector that may lead to a significant economic loss. While the source of disease is difficult to trace, understanding how it occurs is important in mitigating the problem. One important factor that has not received sufficient attention is the presence of spillover among fish farmers who are connected by waterways. In this paper, we examine the presence of spillover among shrimp farmers in Southern Vietnam based on the primary data. In particular, we quantify the effects of water pollution spillover of disease outbreak in one farm to another farm and the peer effects of farming practices among the neighbors. We solve the reflection problem posed by Manski (1993) by employing a method developed by Bramoullé et al. (2009) in social network analyses. Our findings indicate that neighbors' farming practices indeed positively affect a farmer's practices and the disease outbreak in neighbors' ponds affects the disease outbreak in a farmer's pond, even after controlling for contextual peer effects and correlated effects. The magnitude of negative effects from neighbors' ponds on disease outbreak may offset the positive effects from farmers' good farming practices, suggesting the importance of considering neighboring farmers as a group in addressing the issue of disease control. |
| Keywords: | peer effect; shrimp farming; Vietnam |
| JEL: | O12 Q10 Q56 D62 |
| Date: | 2024–07–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wai:econwp:24/04 |
| By: | Ho, Christine (School of Economics, Singapore Management University); Wang, Yutao (School of Economics, Singapore Management University); Zuo, Sharon Xuejing (Fudan University) |
| Abstract: | Daughters may be less likely to migrate with parents because they tend to have more sib-lings in societies with strong son preference. Exploiting exogenous variation in twinning as an instrument, we find that a one unit increase in family size decreases the probability that a daughter migrates by 12.5 percentage points but has negligible effects on sons in China. The negative associations for daughters are stronger when migration restrictions are more stringent. The results are indicative of gendered family size trade-offs in a novel aspect of parental in-vestment and highlight the need to relax migrant children’s education constraints. |
| Keywords: | Child Migration; Family Size Trade-offs; Son Preference; Parental Investment |
| JEL: | D13 J13 J16 O15 |
| Date: | 2024–01–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:smuesw:2024_001 |
| By: | Taneja, Garima; Buisson, Marie-Charlotte |
| Abstract: | Mangrove forests are one of the most impactful carbon-trapping ecosystems, they are effective at locking away vast amounts of "blue carbon" and the IPCC (IPCC, 2022) report encourages the protection of coastal vegetative ecosystems as part of integrated coastal resource management. Mangrove also strengthens resilience to climate change by reducing the impacts of sea level rise, saltwater intrusion, cyclones, and floods. Mangrove forests in Vietnam are currently under threat from expansion of shrimp aquaculture. However, their role in the food systems of coastal and island communities is often ignored. For instance, they provide woods for cooking, its fruits (from the keora trees) are collected and sold especially by women, and it also hosts a rich ecosystem including aquatic foods and acts as breeding and nursery ground for economically and nutritionally important fish species. Mangrove afforestation programs can, in that sense, be considered as Low Emission Food Systems technologies, including in MITIGATE+ target countries like Vietnam. This report reviews the literature on mangrove afforestation programs globally to identify the enablers and drivers of scaling. Specifically, the programs are characterized to identify the technologies and innovations in place, and the governance models and institutional drivers are assessed. Thus, the report is divided into four sections. The first section presents a global overview of mangrove plantations, their historical and present status, the drivers of mangrove deforestation globally and at country level. The second section reviews mangrove afforestation programs, the inception of these programs, their objectives and the governance and institutional models followed. The third section focuses on mangroves in Vietnam, it features some of the successful examples implemented in the country and analyses the supporting government policies. The last section is the conclusion which draws lessons on the factors required for successful mangrove restoration programs. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2023–12–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iwmwpb:344120 |
| By: | Chen, Shuai (University of Leicester); Powdthavee, Nattavudh (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore); Wiese, Juliane V. (Warwick Business School) |
| Abstract: | We study whether the model minority stereotype about Asian Americans (e.g., hard-working, intelligent) reduces people's attention to inequality that adversely affects Asians. In a nationally representative US sample (N=3, 257), we find that around 90% of the participants either moderately or strongly believe that Asians work harder and are more economically successful compared to other ethnic minorities. We then demonstrate that an increase in the model minority belief has a dose-response relationship with people's tendency to overestimate incomes for Asians but not for Whites and Blacks. In a basic cognitive task, people are more likely to see an equal distribution of resources between Asians and people of other races when Asians have less than others by design. Although there is little evidence that a marginal increase in the model minority belief significantly reduces people's attention to inequality that adversely affects Asians in a pattern detection hiring task, we find that people who hold a strong model minority stereotype are only more likely to naturalistically point out unfair hiring practices when Whites are discriminated against. Our results offer new insights into the possible mechanisms behind why many Americans are relatively more apathetic toward Asians' unfair treatment and negative experiences compared to those of other races. |
| Keywords: | Asian Americans, model minority, stereotype, inequality, attention, redistribution |
| JEL: | D63 D91 J15 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17087 |
| By: | James A. Roumasset (Department of Economics, University of Hawaii at Manoa) |
| Abstract: | Assertions of pervasive inefficiency in the behavior and organization of developing agriculture are found to be based on unsound methodologies. Models apparently based on expected utility theory are theoretically flawed and use highly restrictive assumptions that make them largely irrelevant for explaining actual decisions. When a more appropriate model is applied to the case of the green revolution in the Philippines, the hypothesis that loss aversion impedes adoption of new technology is rejected. Common assertions about the inefficiency of agricultural institutions are also found wanting. The risk-bearing theory share- tenancy, which is thought to imply high agency costs associated with effort shirking, cannot explain observed tenant shares. Once the disadvantages of fixed-lease contracts are recognized, sharing is plausibly second-best efficient. The purported inefficiency implied by the inverse relationship between farm size and yield per hectare also dissipates once the endogeneity of farm size is accounted for. In as much as efficiency can explain the stylized facts of behavior and organization in developing agriculture, policy recommendations based on misplaced exogeneity should be viewed with considerable skepticism. |
| Keywords: | Loss-aversion, uncertainty, share tenancy, developing agriculture, nature of the firm |
| JEL: | D01 G22 J43 O12 Q12 Q15 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hai:wpaper:202403 |
| By: | Sitadhira Prima Citta (Ritsumeikan University); Takuro Uehara (Ritsumeikan University); Mateo Cordier (CEARC - Cultures, Environnements, Arctique, Représentations, Climat - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay); Takahiro Tsuge (Kanagawa University); Misuzu Asari (Kyoto University) |
| Abstract: | Plastic pollution is a global issue that endangers both human health and the ecosystem. Although interest in sustainable alternatives to single-use plastics has grown, their adoption has been insufficient, and menstrual products are no exception. Disposable menstrual products, such as sanitary napkins, continue to dominate over sustainable options like menstrual cups (MCs). Although studies on women's perceptions and attitudes toward menstrual hygiene management have abounded, there is a lack of research on the development of promotional strategies for sustainable menstrual products. This study aims to fill this research gap by investigating consumers' decision-making process in the face of a real-life option regarding menstruation products. In this comparative study, we conducted a labeled discrete choice experiment on consumers in Japan ( n = 1, 929), Indonesia ( n = 2, 031), and France ( n = 2, 067) to reveal their preferences for sanitary napkins, tampons, and MCs. The respondents from each country were divided into three groups (one control group and two treatment groups with information provided). The results showed that in all countries, the information regarding the cost-effectiveness of MCs (i.e., per-use cost) was unequivocally significant, whereas information about their health and environmental benefits was not. Access to free MCs can contribute to their adoption and alleviation of period poverty in all countries, with a relatively moderate acceptance in Japan. The results also showed variations across countries in consumer characteristics (attitude toward menstruation, innovation-friendliness, and green consumption) and the use and perceptions of MCs. Hence, tailored promotional strategies should be considered for each market. |
| Keywords: | Plastic, Menstrual cup, consumer, discrete choice experiment, period poverty, sanitary napkin, Tampon |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04625228 |
| By: | Armand, Alex (Nova School of Business and Economics); Atwell, Paul (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid); Gomes, Joseph (University of Navarra); Musillo, Giuseppe (Tilburg University); Schenk, Yannik (Universidade Nova de Lisboa) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the role of mass media in shaping racial tolerance and advancing civil rights in the post-WWII United States. We study the first attempt in the history of mass media to use a radio broadcast targeted at children to promote an inclusive American society. In 1946, amid persistent racial divisions, the popular radio series The Adventures of Superman launched Operation Intolerance, a sequence of new episodes promoting equality, rejecting racial discrimination, and exposing the KKK's bigotry. Using digitized historical data on U.S. radio stations and state-of-the-art radio propagation models, we compute geographic exposure to the broadcasts. Exploiting exogenous exposure to the broadcasts, we employ a cohort study design to analyze individual-level data from 1964 to 1980–a crucial period for civil rights activism and legislation in the United States. We find lasting impacts on those exposed as children, including increased support for civil rights, improved interracial relations, and more progressive political attitudes. These effects translate into greater alignment with the Civil Rights Movement, evidenced by increased support for protests and diminished institutional trust, and further manifested by reduced participation in the Vietnam War. Additionally, county-level panel data illustrate how areas covered by the broadcast in 1946 evolve towards less segregationist attitudes, a lower presence of the KKK, and an increase in civil rights activism and prominence in discourse. |
| Keywords: | mass media, radio, segregation, Ku Klux Klan, superman, intolerance, civil rights, racism, protest |
| JEL: | D7 D83 I24 J15 L82 N32 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17098 |
| By: | Rainald Borck; Peter Mulder |
| Abstract: | We study the effect of energy and transport policies on pollution in two developing country cities. We use a quantitative equilibrium model with choice of housing, energy use, residential location, transport mode, and energy technology. Pollution comes from commuting and residential energy use. The model parameters are calibrated to replicate key variables for two developing country cities, Maputo, Mozambique, and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. In the counterfactual simulations, we study how various transport and energy policies affect equilibrium pollution. Policies may be induce rebound effects from increasing residential energy use or switching to high emission modes or locations. In general, these rebound effects tend to be largest for subsidies to public transport or modern residential energy technology. |
| Keywords: | pollution, energy policy, discrete choice, developing country cities |
| JEL: | Q53 Q54 R48 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11152 |
| By: | Laura E. Boudreau; Rocco Macchiavello; Virginia Minni; Mari Tanaka |
| Abstract: | Social movements are catalysts for crucial institutional changes. To succeed, they must coordinate members’ views (consensus building) and actions (mobilization). We study union leaders within Myanmar’s burgeoning labor movement. Union leaders are positively selected on both personality traits that enable them to influence others and ability but earn lower wages. In group discussions about workers’ views on an upcoming national minimum wage negotiation, randomly embedded leaders build consensus around the union’s preferred policy. In an experiment that mimics individual decision-making in a collective action set-up, leaders increase mobilization through coordination. Leaders empower social movements by building consensus that encourages mobilization. |
| JEL: | C93 D23 D70 J51 J52 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32619 |