|
on South East Asia |
| By: | Yulianti, Andivira |
| Abstract: | Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat pemahaman Mahasiswa Terkait Perbedaan Zakat dan Pajak, serta Regulasi Pemerintah Tentang Zakat Sebagai Pengurang Pajak. Indonesia merupakan negara dengan mayoritas umat muslim terbesar didunia. Fakta bahwa 87% wajib pajak di Indonesia adalah umat Islam tentu saja membuat pemerintah berupaya membuat keputusan yang meminimalkan beban ganda pada umat muslim sehingga keduanya dapat dilaksanakan. Pemerintah kemudian membuat aturan mengenai zakat sebagai tax relief atau keringanan pajak. Aturan tersebut tertuang dalam pasal 22 dan 23 Undang-Undang No.23 tahun 2011 tentang pengelolaan zakat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif, yaitu dengan melakukan teknik wawancara kepada 10 Responden yang merupakan Mahasiswa Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Islam, Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa, secara keseluruhan para responden mengetahui dengan jelas mengenai zakat dan pajak beserta perbedaannya, namun mengenai aturan pemerintah tentang Zakat sebagai pengurang pajak, masih sangat kurang, hal ini dikarenakan mereka kurang literasi dan edukasi mengenai pajak, dan juga mereka belum termasuk wajib pajak sehingga merasa kurang tertarik untuk mengetahui tentang regulasi tersebut. |
| Date: | 2023–07–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:3myqv&r=sea |
| By: | Santoso, Pujo |
| Abstract: | The legal protection of ownership over Big Data has become a crucial issue in this digital era, particularly regarding Big Data and Essential Facility. This research adopts a library research method. In Indonesia, there is currently no specific regulation governing the ownership of Big Data. However, the Digital Economy Principles in Indonesia have acknowledged the need for data protection as a critical asset. This indicates that legal protection of Big Data ownership is an urgent issue. Furthermore, the concept of Essential Facility is also relevant in this context. Essential Facility refers to the infrastructure vital for competitors to operate effectively in specific industries. In the case of Big Data, the platform or infrastructure that stores, manages, and provides access to large-scale data can be considered an Essential Facility. The main challenges in regulating Big Data and Essential Facility lie in the technical complexity and cross-border nature of such data. The limitations of national jurisdiction and the lack of a comprehensive international framework hinder effective regulation of data ownership and access. |
| Date: | 2023–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:wvfbx&r=sea |
| By: | Muthahhara, Ainun |
| Abstract: | Indonesia merupakan Negara yang mayoritas penduduknya beragama Islam. Oleh karenanya, Indonesia memiliki potensi wakaf yang sangat besar pula. Wakaf sangat dibutuhkan sebagai sarana dakwah dan pendidikan Islam, seperti untuk kepentingan ibadah mahdhoh (pembangunan sarana ibadah) dan untuk kepentingan ibadah ammah (umum) yang berhubungan dengan kepentingan masyarakat, seperti pembangunan sarana pendidikan, maupun sarana fasilitas publik, serta untuk peningkatan kesejahteraan dan pemberdayaan ekonomi umat. |
| Date: | 2023–07–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:2mtbc&r=sea |
| By: | Islamiah, Alisha Nur |
| Abstract: | Badan Wakaf Indonesia (BWI) mengatakan, potensi wakaf di Indonesia dapat mencapai Rp. 2.000 triliun sementara potensi wakaf uang di Indonesia dapat mencapai Rp. 180 triliun, perkiraan potensi wakaf uang di Indonesia dapat mencapai Rp. 3 Triliun dalam satu tahun apabila dimobilisasi. Nilai Indeks Wakaf (ILW) secara Nasional secara keseluruhan mendapatkan skor 50, 48 masuk dalam kategori rendah, terdiri dari Nilai Literasi Pemahaman Wakaf Dasar sebesar 57, 67 dan Nilai Literasi Pemahaman Wakaf Lanjutan sebesar 37, 97. Nilai IWN di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan pada tahun 2022 mengalami kenaikan yang signifikan yaitu menjadi 0, 196 (cukup) dibandingkan pada tahun 2021 yang memiliki nilai Indeks Wakaf Nasional (IWN) sebesar 0, 073 (sangat kurang) atau terjadi peningkatan nilai Indeks Wakaf Nasional (IWN) sebesar 169, 73%. Pada tahun 2022 terjadi peningkatan nilai pada faktor regulatory dan impact.2 Melihat keadaan tersebut, kesejahteraan umat melalui wakaf uang dapat terwujud tentu tidak dapat lepas dari manajemen dan pengelolaan dana wakaf oleh nadzir yang profesional. Menurut Rozalinda (2015), pentingnya manajemen yang baik dalam suatu organisasi nirlaba perlu diperhatikan oleh nadzir dalam melaksanakan tugasnya, dimana salah satu tugas terpenting dari seorang nadzir yaitu melaksanakan kegiatan penghimpunan (fundraising). |
| Date: | 2023–07–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:25jvk&r=sea |
| By: | yahya, silva syahraini |
| Abstract: | Artikel ini mengkaji sejarah birokrasi pemerintahan Indonesia dengan tujuan untuk memahami perkembangan dan perubahan struktur birokrasi sepanjang sejarah Indonesia. Birokrasi pemerintah memainkan peran penting dalam kinerja fungsi pemerintah seperti penyampaian layanan publik, pengambilan keputusan dan implementasi kebijakan. Artikel ini menjelaskan tentang evolusi birokrasi pemerintahan Indonesia dari masa kolonial hingga saat ini. Kami menganalisis dampak pemerintahan kolonial Belanda, yang memperkenalkan birokrasi dan menggunakannya untuk mengkonsolidasikan kekuasaan kolonial. Setelah merdeka pada tahun 1945, Indonesia mengalami perubahan besar dalam struktur dan fungsi birokrasinya untuk memenuhi kebutuhan negara berkembang. Artikel ini juga membahas tentang orde lama, orde baru, reformasi dan perubahan terkini dalam birokrasi pemerintahan Indonesia. Faktor-faktor seperti faktor politik, ekonomi, sosial dan teknologi sangat mempengaruhi perubahan birokrasi selama beberapa dekade terakhir. Ini juga menyoroti tantangan dan peluang yang dihadapi birokrasi pemerintah Indonesia saat ini. Perubahan sosial dan teknologi yang cepat menuntut otoritas untuk menjadi lebih efisien, responsif, transparan, dan akuntabel. Artikel ini memberikan wawasan yang lebih baik tentang sejarah birokrasi pemerintah Indonesia dan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang perubahan dan tantangan yang dihadapi birokrasi dalam kaitannya dengan dinamika sosial dan tuntutan pemerintahan modern. Diperlukan penelitian dan upaya lebih lanjut untuk meningkatkan efektivitas dan kualitas birokrasi pemerintah Indonesia. |
| Date: | 2023–07–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:vycja&r=sea |
| By: | Putri, Elsa Jofri Saskia; Marlius, Doni |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this study was to determine the liquidity ratio at PT Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk for the 2019-2022 period. The method used in this research is quantitative data analysis. The type of data used is secondary data, which is obtained from the publication report of Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk for the 2019-2022 period. The results of this study indicate that the bank's Cash Ratio can be said to be in good condition with an average value of 36.26% because it is in accordance with Bank Indonesia regulations of 4.05%. Quick Ratio can be said to be not good because the average value is 292.70%, while the provisions of Bank Indonesia are less than 50%, which means that the bank's ability to convert current assets into cash is low so that the company's profitability will decrease. Loan to Deposit Ratio is in good condition with an average value of 72.82% which is in accordance with the provisions of Bank Indonesia of 75%. |
| Date: | 2023–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:xud4p&r=sea |
| By: | Aswar, Muhammad |
| Abstract: | Lembaga Amil Zakat di Indonesia yang cukup besar dan memiliki kepengurusan di hampir seluruh wilayah di Indonesia adalah NU Care LAZISNU dan LAZISMU. Kedua lembaga tersebut berada di bawah naungan dua ormas besar di Indonesia. NU Care-LAZISNU berada di bawah naungan Nahdlatul Ulama sedangkan Lazismu berada di bawah naungan Muhammadiyah. Lembaga tersebut memiliki kepegurusan mulai dari tingkat pusat, tingkat provinsi, tingkat kabupaten, sampai di tingkat kecamatan.4 Hal yang sering dipertimbangkan ditengah masyarakat kita adalah kepada siapa zakat harus diberikan. Lebih utama disalurkan langsung oleh muzakki kepada mustahiq, atau sebaliknya melalui amil zakat. Jika disalurkan kepada mustahiq, memang ada perasaan tenang karena menyaksikan secara langsung zakatnya tersebut telah disalurkan kepada mereka yang dianggap berhak menerimanya. Tapi terkadang penyaluran langsung yang dilakukan oleh muzakki 2 tidak mengenai sasaran yang tepat. Oleh karena itu untuk menyalurkan zakat dari muzakki untuk mustahiq diperlukan lembaga penyaluran zakat yang mempunyai tugas khusus menjadi amil zakat yakni mengalokasikan, mendayagunakan, mengatur masalah zakat, baik pengambilan maupun pendistribusiannya.5 |
| Date: | 2023–07–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:eszy7&r=sea |
| By: | Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Many developing countries, including Vietnam, are striving to transform their energy systems into more sustainable ones. They are leveraging initiatives like the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) with the G7. Although Vietnam's participation in the JETP is a vital step in its journey towards clean energy, it also faces certain implementation challenges. This address will delve into Vietnam's energy transition journey, considering five key perspectives: international cooperation, governance structures, considerations of justice and equity, technology solutions, and innovative financing methods. International partnerships are crucial to share knowledge, bear costs, and reap benefits. However, larger agreements sometimes face limitations, and more focused coalitions can assist in overcoming these. Vietnam's Power Development Plan 8 (PDP8) provides a roadmap for the future but will require adjustments and input from different stakeholders to ensure its effectiveness. A just transition demands consideration of several facets of justice, including solutions that are specific to Vietnam and take into account vulnerable communities and workers affected by the transition. Adopting a comprehensive approach that combines foundational research, new technologies, and deployable solutions can spur innovation. Likewise, legal frameworks encouraging private investment can accelerate the transition. In conclusion, while Vietnam's energy transition is progressing, there is still a long way to go. Recommendations include boosting stakeholder engagement, refining the mix of planning and market mechanisms, conducting assessments to ensure equity, investing in applicable technologies, and creating supportive legal and financial structures. Strengthened collaborations, both at multilateral and bilateral levels, can aid Vietnam in its journey towards a sustainable and prosperous energy future. |
| Date: | 2023–07–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04155272&r=sea |
| By: | Farina, Nicolas; Jacobs, Roxanne; Turana, Yuda; Fitri, Fasihah Irfani; Schneider, Marguerite; Theresia, Imelda; Docrat, Sumaiyah; Sani, Tara Puspitarini; Augustina, Lydia; Albanese, Emiliano; Comas-Herrera, Adelina; Du Toit, Petra; Ferri, Cleusa P.; Govia, Ishtar; Ibnidris, Aliaa; Knapp, Martin; Banerjee, Sube |
| Abstract: | Background A core element of the Strengthening Responses to Dementia in Developing Countries (STRiDE) programme was to generate novel data on the prevalence, cost and impact of dementia in low- and middle-income countries, to build better health policy. Indonesia and South Africa are two middle-income countries in need of such data. Aims To present the STRiDE methodology and generate estimates of dementia prevalence in Indonesia and South Africa. Method We conducted community-based, single-phase, cross-sectional studies in Indonesia and South Africa, randomly sampling participants aged 65 years or older in each country. Dementia prevalence rates for each country were generated by using the 10/66 short schedule and applying its diagnostic algorithm. Weighted estimates were calculated with national sociodemographic data. Results Data were collected between September and December 2021 in 2110 people in Indonesia and 408 people in South Africa. The adjusted weighted dementia prevalence was 27.9% (95% CI 25.2-28.9) in Indonesia and 12.5% (95% CI 9.5-16.0) in South Africa. Our results indicate that there could be >4.2 million people in Indonesia and >450 000 people in South Africa who have dementia. Only five participants (0.2%) in Indonesia and two (0.5%) in South Africa had been previously diagnosed with dementia. Conclusions Despite prevalence estimates being high, formal diagnosis rates of dementia were very low across both countries ( |
| Keywords: | dementia; epidemiology; low- and middle-income countries; outcome studies; statistical methodology; ES/P010938/1 |
| JEL: | C1 |
| Date: | 2023–06–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:119631&r=sea |
| By: | Karen Q. Custodio; Mercedita A. Sombilla |
| Abstract: | Poverty incidence is typically characterized as predominantly agriculture- and rural-based in most developing countries (IFAD 2018). In the Philippines, the proportion of the poor in rural areas, including farmers and fisherfolk, reached 25.7 percent, whereas urban poverty incidence was 11.6 percent only (PSA 2023a). As of 2021, around 2.7 million farmers and fisherfolk, or 30 percent of their population, live below the national poverty threshold (PSA 2023a). Since poverty is primarily concentrated in rural areas, ramping up agricultural and rural development has been a continued focus as a key poverty reduction strategy not only in the Philippines but in developing Asia as a whole. Evidence shows that strengthening rural economies by promoting economic activities rooted in rural areas and enhancing agricultural productivity can significantly reduce poverty and promote inclusive growth (Wickramasinghe 2018). Rural development has been recognized as one of the most powerful and reliable strategies for reducing poverty and effecting inclusive growth in developing countries (IFAD 2016). It primarily involves the intertwined subprocesses of structural transformation and rural transformation, where the latter is embedded within the structural transformation process (Timmer and Akkus 2008). |
| Keywords: | Philippines, rural transformation, agricultural and rural development |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sag:seappr:2023:565&r=sea |
| By: | M Favian Zhavier (Universitas Islam Indonesia); Anas Hidayat (Universitas Islam Indonesia) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship and influence between social media marketing activities, brand awareness, brand image and consumer loyalty. The information used in this study came from survey responses distributed to 250 visitors to the Cosan coffee shop in Indonesia, Yogyakarta. Non-probability sampling with a purposive sampling approach is the sampling methodology used in this study. Purposive sampling was used in this study because it was necessary to meet specific criteria before selecting a sample in order to be able to answer certain research questions in addition to providing a representative value. Testing the hypothesis used in this study using statistical Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the help of the AMOS 24 program. Social media marketing activity variables positively and significantly influence brand awareness at Cosan coffee shops in the city of Yogyakarta, Social media marketing activities have a positive and significant effect on brand image at Cosan coffee shops in Yogyakarta city, Brand image and awareness have a positive and significant effect on consumer loyalty at the Cosan coffee shop in the city of Yogyakarta. |
| Keywords: | Instagram social media marketing activities brand awareness brand image consumer loyalty, Instagram social media marketing activities, brand awareness, brand image, consumer loyalty |
| Date: | 2023–06–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04144896&r=sea |
| By: | Moreno, Frede |
| Abstract: | This study focuses on the implementation of gender-responsive budgeting (GRB) in the Philippines, particularly in Region IX. The study provides a comparative review of the impacts of GRB on the different LGUs in the region. Through case studies on the performance of Zamboanga Peninsula and Zamboanga City in implementing GRB, as well as the most and least compliant municipalities in the region, the study identifies best practices and challenges in GRB implementation. It recommends ten strategies to improve GRB implementation, including developing a gender-responsive budget manual, strengthening gender analysis and planning, and increasing the participation of women in the budget process. The study also emphasizes the importance of political will, leadership, and capacity-building to achieve successful GRB implementation. The study contributes to the literature on GRB in the Philippines, particularly in the context of regional implementation. It highlights the need for further research and evaluation to enhance the effectiveness of GRB in promoting gender equality and women's empowerment. The study also emphasizes the significance of adopting a feminist public administration perspective in GRB implementation, which emphasizes the role of government in addressing gender inequalities and promoting women's rights. |
| Keywords: | gender-responsive budgeting, gender mainstreaming, women empowerment, Public Administration, gender equality, budget allocation, policy implementation |
| JEL: | A1 A12 H3 H30 H39 H6 H60 H7 H72 H76 O1 O2 O23 P43 Z1 Z10 Z18 Z19 |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:117899&r=sea |
| By: | Noy, Ilan (Victoria University of Wellington); Lacheheb, Miloud (Victoria University of Wellington); Pundit , Madhavi (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we identify the main fishing grounds and track the response of fishing vessels’ activity to tropical cyclones (TCs) in the Philippines’ Exclusive Economic Zone during 2012. We use satellite imagery from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to locate fishing vessels and identify the main fishing grounds; in conjunction with data on TCs' speed and trajectory from the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship database. We use kernel density functions to identify fishing grounds and Vector Generalized Linear Model and Bayesian Time-Varying Parameter to assess the impact of TC speed on the location of fishing vessels during and after the TC. Our quantifications reveal the overall negative impact of TCs on the number of active boats during and 2 days after the TC. The fishing grounds located within the Sibuyan Sea, Visayan Sea, and Panay Gulf are the most affected areas. Daily reduction in the commercial fishing production in Western Visayas alone for every day a TC passed through was estimated at 7, 800 tons per day, affecting more than 188, 000 families. |
| Keywords: | fisheries; Philippines; tropical cyclone; satellite imagery; economic impact |
| JEL: | Q22 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–08–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0691&r=sea |
| By: | Patrick Lenain; Ben Westmore; Quoc Huy Vu; Minh Cuong Nguyen |
| Abstract: | Viet Nam has been quick to recover from the downturns caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, but it faces long-term economic challenges. Boosting labour productivity will be crucial to sustained high economic growth. Attracting further foreign investment and reaping the benefit of advanced technologies will require additional improvements to the business environment through simplifying administrative procedures. Levelling the playing field of competition between state-owned enterprises and private enterprises will also help to maintain Viet Nam’s attraction for international investors. The country is already among the leaders of digitalisation in Southeast Asia, with strong adoption of e-commerce, telemedicine and telework. Further investment in digital skills will be key to maintain this momentum. The authorities have committed to net zero carbon emissions by 2050 and are expanding renewable energy generation capacity. A comprehensive decarbonisation plan would facilitate the transition to greener growth. |
| Keywords: | business climate, carbon pricing, climate policy, digital skills, digitalisation, energy transition, foreign investment, net zero, productivity |
| JEL: | H23 J24 K23 O14 Q43 Q52 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–08–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1770-en&r=sea |
| By: | Noor Azmi Mohd Zainol ("Faculty of Defense Studies and Management, National Defense University of Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia " Author-2-Name: Zahimi Zainol Abidin Author-2-Workplace-Name: "Centre for Leadership and Professional Development, National Defense University of Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia " Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - Training management literature emphasizes the designing of training programs consisting of three important elements: (1) training syllabus; (2) instructors' roles; and (3) superiors' support, which may lead to a high impact of training transfer in organizations. However, the role of training motivation as a mediator is given less emphasis in the training program. Therefore, this research aims to investigate and quantify the effect of training motivation in military training based on Islamic views. Methodology/Technique - A cross-sectional method was employed in this study, which allowed the researchers to integrate the training literature, the pilot study, and the survey as the main procedures to collect data. A convenience sampling technique distributed 329 self-administered questionnaires to the Malaysian Army and training establishment Muslim military personnel. Then, the survey questionnaire data were analyzed using SmartPLS path analysis. Finding - The outcomes of hypotheses testing showed these interesting findings: training motivation does act as an important mediating variable between training syllabus and instructors' roles in the relationship with training transfer. At the same time, there is no mediation effect in the relationship between superiors' support and training transfer. Novelty - The confirmatory factor analysis results showed that the instrument used in this study satisfactorily met the standard of validity and reliability analyses. Furthermore, the SmartPLS path model analysis outcomes proved that training syllabus and instructors' roles were important predictors of trainees' training motivation in the organizations. Type of Paper - Empirical" |
| Keywords: | Training Program; Training Motivation; Training Transfer; Islamic Perspective. |
| JEL: | M53 J24 |
| Date: | 2023–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:gjbssr635&r=sea |
| By: | Satriawan, Elan (Universitas Gadjah Mada); Shrestha, Ranjan (William & Mary); Witoelar, Firman (Australian National University); Yamano, Takashi (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | We study the determinants of hemoglobin concentration in women throughout their life cycle and ask whether anemia during adolescence persists into adulthood. Using a panel of individuals from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS), we find that although about 30% of our sample was anemic during a given survey wave, 63% experienced anemia at least once over the four survey waves, suggesting a high burden of anemia among Indonesian women. Furthermore, the high prevalence of anemia is not limited to poor women but is also observed in the wealthier segments of the population. Using a dynamic panel framework, we find a significant relationship between current hemoglobin concentration and its measurement in the preceding survey wave, suggesting some persistence of anemia status across survey waves. However, a small autoregressive coefficient suggests that hemoglobin concentration and the likelihood of anemia converge across women over time. We find a few variables that are significant determinants of hemoglobin concentration. Among them, household socioeconomic status and wages of women compared with men in the community are positively associated with hemoglobin concentration. |
| Keywords: | anemia; hemoglobin concentration; Indonesian Family Life Survey; female adolescent health |
| JEL: | I15 I18 |
| Date: | 2023–07–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0690&r=sea |
| By: | Tao Sun; Ryan Rizaldy |
| Abstract: | This paper synthesizes four lessons from the experiences of six Asian e-money schemes for central banks as they consider adopting central bank digital currency (CBDC): (i) CBDC should embody four attributes: trust, convenience, efficiency, and security; (ii) CBDC service providers can facilitate CBDC adoption through four channels: leveraging digital technology, targeting use cases, developing business models, and complying with legal and regulatory requirements; (iii) central banks could incentivize CBDC service providers to develop these four channels when considering CBDC adoption; and (iv) central banks may be able to establish data-sharing arrangements that preserve privacy while leaving room for CBDC service providers to explore the economic value of data. |
| Keywords: | E-money; central bank digital currency; service providers; e-money adoption; e-money scheme; e-money ecosystem; e-money development; e-money PSP; e-money transaction; Digital currencies; Central Bank digital currencies; Digital financial services; Social networks; Asia and Pacific; Southeast Asia |
| Date: | 2023–06–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2023/123&r=sea |
| By: | Facundo Alvaredo (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Denis Cogneau (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Thomas Piketty (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | We assess income inequality across French and British colonial empires between 1920 and 1960, exploiting for the first time income tax tabulations. As measured by top income shares, inequality was high in colonies. Europeans comprised the bulk of top income earners, and only a minority of autochthons could compete income-wise. Top income shares were no higher in settlement colonies, those territories were wealthier and the average European settler was less rich than the average expatriate. Inequality among autochthons was moderate, and inequality among Europeans was similar to that of the metropoles. The post-WWII fall in income inequality can be explained by the one among Europeans, mirroring that of the metropoles, and does not imply that the European/autochthon income gap was very much reduced. After independence, the mass recruitment of state employees induced a large increase in inequality among autochthons. Dualistic structures lost their racial dimension and changed shape, yet persisted. |
| Keywords: | Inequality, Top incomes, Colonialism, Africa, Asia |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseptp:halshs-03324907&r=sea |
| By: | Leah Platt Boustan; Christine Cai; Tammy Tseng |
| Abstract: | Asian Americans are the fastest-growing racial group in the US but we know little about how Asian immigration has affected cities, neighborhoods and schools. This paper studies white flight from Asian arrivals in high-socioeconomic-status Californian school districts from 2000-2016 using initial settlement patterns and national immigrant flows to instrument for entry. We find that, as Asian students arrive, white student enrollment declines in higher-income suburbs. These patterns cannot be fully explained by racial animus, housing prices, or correlations with Black/Hispanic arrivals. Parental fears of academic competition may play a role. |
| JEL: | R23 |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31434&r=sea |
| By: | Meitolo Hulu (Universitas Pelita Harapan, Jl.MH Thamrin Boulevard 1100, 15811, Jakarta, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Diena M. Lemy Author-2-Workplace-Name: Universitas Pelita Harapan, Jl.MH Thamrin Boulevard 1100, 15811, Jakarta, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Amelda Pramezwary Author-3-Workplace-Name: Universitas Pelita Harapan, Jl.MH Thamrin Boulevard 1100, 15811, Jakarta, Indonesia Author-4-Name: Juliana Author-4-Workplace-Name: "Universitas Pelita Harapan, Jl.MH Thamrin Boulevard 1100, 15811, Jakarta, Indonesia " Author-5-Name: Yosep Dudedes Timba Author-5-Workplace-Name: "Universitas Pelita Harapan, Jl.MH Thamrin Boulevard 1100, 15811, Jakarta, Indonesia " Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - This research focused on local communities' involvement as SMEs in Batam City's coastal area tourism. This study is based on the argument that MSMEs offer welfare to local communities while simultaneously becoming an attraction in tourist destinations. Methodology - This research used a descriptive qualitative approach with primary and secondary data collection. Primary data was collected through focused group discussions, interviews with local governments, interviews with community MSME actors, and field observations in four coastal areas. Secondary data was gathered through the collection of related documents. Findings - The results of this study indicate that (1) local communities' involvement as MSME actors are still not optimal due to limited knowledge of when and how to exploit economic opportunities, (2) there is potential in developing culinary, crafts, and local culture by curating potential products and packaging local culture into a tourist attraction, (3) local communities have limited access to human resources training and service quality improvement programs provided by the local governments. Tourism awareness groups in observed areas have worked to mobilize and increase local communities' involvement. Novelty - Exploring the potentials of culinary, craft, and tourist attractions requires optimum local government involvement. The provincial government and communities join efforts to improve the quality of coastal tourism by developing local communities' role as SMEs in the tourism sector. This finding proves that coastal potential cannot be used sustainably if it is not developed through the involvement of local communities. Type of Paper - Empirical" |
| Keywords: | Coastal Tourism Areas, MSME Tourism, local community involvement |
| JEL: | P25 R11 Z11 Z32 |
| Date: | 2023–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jber235&r=sea |
| By: | Diao, Xinshen; Masias, Ian; Pauw, Karl; Thurlow, James; Boughton, Duncan; Ellis, Mia |
| Abstract: | Myanmar initiated economic and political reforms in 2011, ushering in a period of rapid economic transformation. The country experienced strong annual average economic growth of close to 7 percent between 2011 and 2019. The rural economy and the agriculture sector were also transforming, characterized by accelerated rural out-migration from the sector, which was facilitated by favorable policy changes, increased trade, and improved road infrastructure (Filipski et. al. 2021). Rural wages rose (Belton et. al. 2021), and labor shortages, along with increased access to financing, led to a massive expansion of mechanization services (Win et al. 2018) and other rural nonfarm enterprises. However, the economic transformation was disrupted by the global COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and the political crisis caused by the military coup d’état in 2021. During this recent period, Myanmar’s agrifood system was impacted by numerous shocks, including disruptions to the banking and local transportation systems, changes to international trade policies, rapidly depreciating currency, foreign exchange controls, increasing global commodity prices, and massive declines in income and access to credit, among others. In this brief, we focus on Myanmar’s agrifood system between 2011 and 2019 and evaluate the potential contributions of different value chains to driving agricultural transformation and welfare gains in the future. |
| Keywords: | MYANMAR, BURMA, SOUTHEAST ASIA, ASIA, agrifood systems, value chains, markets, agriculture, labour productivity, off-farm employment, poverty, diet quality, jobs, development, gross national product, cereals, livestock, hunger, conflict, gross domestic product (GDP), |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:afsdcs:11&r=sea |
| By: | KITANO Naohiro; MIYABAYASHI Yumiko |
| Abstract: | The Export-Import Bank of China's government concessional loan (GCL) and preferential buyer's credit (PBC) are known as the "Two Concessional Facilities." GCL and PBC are presented as the main schemes in the Chinese government's development and economic cooperation initiatives, to strengthen political, diplomatic, and economic relations with developing countries, and to support Chinese companies' entry into developing country infrastructure markets. This study utilizes the GCL/PBC database (2000-2020), which the authors have been working on since 2018, to analyze its current status and examine the challenges it faces as a policy tool. The value of GCL/PBC commitments increased rapidly from around 2006, peaked in 2014, and has been declining since 2018 against the backdrop of debt problems, with a sharp drop in 2020. By region, Asia and Africa are the largest recipients, with a shift from Southeast Asia to South Asia seen since the 2010s. By sector, transportation and electricity account for a large share, while telecommunications represents another major sector in Africa and the Pacific. Among the major GCL/PBC borrowing countries, there are notable examples of countries with high risk and debt distress. The Chinese government's response to the debt problem is an urgent issue, and the future direction may be to improve the GCL/PBC facilities. |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:rdpsjp:23025&r=sea |
| By: | Sefa Awaworyi Churchill; Trong-Anh Trinh; Michael Danquah |
| Abstract: | We examine the impact of temperature shocks and climate change on household financial behaviour in Viet Nam. To do so, we first estimate the effect of temperature on household borrowing and savings using Vietnamese longitudinal data that matches satellite reanalysis temperature data with household information over the period 2008 to 2016. We find that an additional day with an average temperature of greater than 30°C, relative to the number of days in the 18-22°C range, is associated with a 6.3 per cent decrease in household savings and a 1.4 per cent increase in household borrowing. |
| Keywords: | Temperature, Weather shock, Climate change, Saving, Viet Nam |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2023-95&r=sea |
| By: | Aditya Ramji; Hanif Tayarani |
| Abstract: | Global light duty electric vehicle (EV) sales exceeded 10.5 million units in 2022, with a year-on-year growth of 55%, but these trends differ regionally. Despite the robust growth, upfront purchase price remains a challenge for consumers in different regions, and thus, OEMs make technology choices to respond to market needs. This paper examines the electrification portfolio choices of three major automotive manufacturers (OEMs) in different regions of the world, including Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, and Africa/Middle-East. The analysis focuses on trends in dominant segments for Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV), as well as battery chemistry choices. Regional differences show a trend towards SUVs for both BEVs and PHEVs. Tesla's dominance in the BEV market influences battery chemistry choices. Average battery sizes for BEVs remain similar in Europe and Americas, but lower in Asia Pacific and Africa/Middle East. |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2307.03808&r=sea |
| By: | Mandag, Herny Ria |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is to find out the comparison of Digital accounting and Quality of accounting Information in E-Commerce companies to trust. the research methodology used by researchers is a qualitative method of description. the data from this study were taken from journaling literacy, other article references, US well US the direct web from the e-commerce company. Of the many e-commerce that exists, the researchers took one of the e-commerce companies from 2 countries, namely Amazone in the US, united States and Tokopedia in Indonesia. each process carried out is related to the quality of the information, which can identify the advantages and drawbacks of each information provided to the two e-commerce companies. From the findings of the researchers revealed that a comparison of e-commerce companies Amazon.com with Tokopedia states that Amazon.com is superior to Tokopedia in terms of business scales, technology and products. |
| Date: | 2023–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:ky7rh&r=sea |
| By: | Siviwe Mhlana; Rachel Moussié; Sally Roever; Michael Rogan |
| Abstract: | Throughout 2021, fiscal stimulus packages were introduced to jump-start the COVID-19 'post-pandemic' economic recovery process. While calls for economic recovery packages that promise to 'build back better' have come from many directions, the under-allocation of recovery resources directed at workers in the informal economy threatens the recovery of livelihoods for the majority of the world's workforce. This paper analyses the economic recovery approaches of two low-income (Bangladesh and Kenya) and two middle-income (South Africa and Thailand) countries. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, economic recovery, Informal economy |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2023-92&r=sea |
| By: | Aline MORTHA; ARIMURA Toshi H.; TAKEDA Shiro; Tatyana CHESNOKOVA |
| Abstract: | To address concerns over carbon leakage, the European Union (EU) has announced the introduction of a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). This study applies a structural gravity model to simulate the impact of CBAM on welfare, production, exports and emissions with a focus on four sectors: chemicals, iron and steel, non-ferrous metal and metal products. We also provide country-specific results for the Asian and the Pacific regions. Our results show that, while CBAM would have little effect on welfare, the policy would contribute to a reduction in exports, estimated between -0.29% (metal products) and -1.49% (iron and steel). In particular, we find that middle income economies are most affected by the policy, and that these countries tend to greatly reduce their exports to the EU. We also observe a rebound in production (and associated emissions) among the EU economies. Nevertheless, by including emissions from shipping activities, CBAM can result in a large decrease in emissions, most of which is due to export reduction. |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:23058&r=sea |
| By: | Trung, Tran Thanh; Lan, Trần Thị Ngọc |
| Abstract: | Nghiên cứu này nhằm xác định mối quan hệ giữa chủ nghĩa dân tộc trong tiêu dùng, xu hướng sính ngoại đến ý định mua hàng ngoại nhập của người tiêu dùng Việt Nam. Kĩ thuật phân tích EFA, hồi quy bội được sử dụng để đánh giá vai trò trung gian, điều tiết của các biến trong mô hình. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy các nhân tố như: đánh giá giá trị hàng ngoại nhập, xu hướng sính ngoại, ảnh hưởng của xã hội, nhận thức kiểm soát hành vi có ảnh hưởng tích cực (+) đến ý định mua hàng ngoại nhập của người tiêu dùng và các nhân tố chủ nghĩa dân tộc trong tiêu dùng ảnh hưởng tiêu cực (-) đến ý định mua hàng ngoại nhập của người tiêu dùng Việt Nam. Trong đó, đánh giá giá trị hàng ngoại nhập và chủ nghĩa dân tộc trong tiêu dùng đóng vai trò trung gian trong mối quan hệ giữa xu hướng sính ngoại và ý định tiêu dùng hàng ngoại. Đồng thời, bản sắc dân tộc sẽ không ảnh hưởng đến chủ nghĩa dân tộc trong tiêu dùng và ý định mua hàng ngoại nhập của người tiêu dùng cũng được khẳng định qua nghiên cứu này. |
| Date: | 2022–04–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:kj9pd&r=sea |
| By: | , Mutmainnah |
| Abstract: | Artikel ini menginterogasi birokratisasi perang, menjelma dalam pesawat tak berawak yang mematikan. Birokrasi biasanya dikritik karena kompleksitas, inefisiensi, dan ketidakfleksibelannya. Artikel ini berkaitan dengan ketidakpedulian moral mereka. Ini mengeksplorasi pembunuhan, yang dikelola dengan sangat baik, sangat jauh secara moral, dan dalam skala sedemikian rupa, sehingga kami mengakui program mematikan yang terselubung. Ini adalah program pembunuhan birokratis yang bertentangan dengan hak asasi manusia kritis. Dalam artikel ini, program ini dipandang mengkompromikan kemajuan keadilan global. Apalagi, birokratisasi kekuatan mematikan dipandang membubarkan cita-cita demokrasi dari dalam. Birokrasi mengisolasi warga negara dari kekuatan mematikan yang diterapkan atas nama mereka. Orang-orang dibunuh, atas nama Negara, tetapi tanpa pembenaran yang mencolok, atau tinjauan yudisial, dan tanpa debat publik yang terinformasi. Artikel ini memberikan penjelasan tentang risiko yang terkait dengan birokratisasi kekuatan mematikan Negara. Dicontohkan oleh drone rahasia, ini adalah kekuatan dengan jangkauan yang luar biasa. Itu juga kekuatan, yang membutuhkan kepekaan moral yang besar. Mempertimbangkan program drone, artikel ini mengidentifikasi tantangan, yang akan menjadi lebih menonjol dan mendesak, seiring kemajuan teknologi. |
| Date: | 2023–06–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:4mf7g&r=sea |
| By: | Michael Kumhof (Centre for Macroeconomics (CFM); Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR)); Marco Pinchetti (Centre for Macroeconomics (CFM)); Phurichai Rungcharoenkitkul (Bank of Thailand; Bank for International Settlement); Andrej Sokol (Bloomberg; Centre for Macroeconomics (CFM)) |
| Abstract: | We study the consequences for business cycles and welfare of introducing an interest-bearing retail CBDC, competing with bank deposits as medium of exchange, into an estimated 2-country DSGE environment. CBDC issuance of 30% of GDP increases output and welfare by around 6% and 2%, respectively. Financial shocks account for around half of the variance of aggregate demand and inflation, and for the bulk of the variance of financial variables. An aggressive Taylor rule for the interest rate on reserves achieves welfare gains of 0.57% of steady state consumption, an optimized CBDC interest rate rule that responds to a credit gap achieves additional welfare gains of 0.44%, and further gains of 0.57% if accompanied by automatic fiscal stabilizers. A CBDC quantity rule, a response to an inflation gap, a cash-like CBDC, and CBDC as generalized access to reserves, yield significantly smaller gains. CBDC policies can substantially reduce the volatilities of domestic and cross-border banking flows and of the exchange rate. Optimal policy requires a steady state quantity of CBDC of over 40% of annual GDP. |
| Keywords: | Central bank digital currencies, monetary policy, bank deposits, bank loans, monetary frictions, money demand, money supply, credit creation |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cfm:wpaper:2309&r=sea |