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on South East Asia |
| By: | Nguyen, Thi Trang Thanh; Takagi, Chifumi; Ngo, Hai; Kim, Man-Keun |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Marketing, Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:335485&r=sea |
| By: | Pierre van der Eng |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses existing estimates of the number of deaths due to the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic in Indonesia, particularly in the core island of Java. Chandra (2013) estimated these deaths to be 4.26 to 4.37 million. The paper substantiates that these estimates are the result of a methodology that relies on an overestimated annual average population growth rate of 1.75% during 1880-1930. Using a more realistic growth rate of 1.1% per year reduces the estimate to a still considerable 1.47 million deaths in 1918. A rough estimate of excess mortality among the non-Indonesian population in Java and the whole population in the outer islands of Indonesia suggest a total of 2 million excess deaths related to the Spanish flu in 1918-19. The paper also briefly scrutinises the available vital statistics obtained from the village registers in Java. Correcting these as much as possible for under-recording confirms the impression that the estimates in Chandra (2013) are too high. The paper identifies opportunities for further historical demography research related to the 1918 flu pandemic in Indonesia. |
| Keywords: | Spanish flu, epidemic, influenza pandemic, mortality, Java, Indonesia |
| JEL: | I19 J11 N35 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pas:papers:2023-06&r=sea |
| By: | Juniyati, Isni |
| Abstract: | Penelitian ini mengandung pembahasan terkait kemampuan menulis teks prosedur mahasiswa S1 Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengetahui rata-rata pencapaian mahasiswa dalam kemampuan menulis teks prosedur. Metode yang digunakan oleh peneliti dalam penelitian ini berupa metode kualitatif. Data yang didapatkan berasal dari pengujian kepada 15 orang sampel penelitian. Teknik yang digunakan dalam mengumpulkan data berupa tes dalam bentuk formulir online. Peneliti menganalisis data dengan beberapa tahapan uji statistic, diantaranya berupa distribusi frekuensi relatif, uji normalitas dan dilanjutkan dengan uji chi satu sampel. Berdasarkan analisis tersebut diketahui bahwa rata-rata hasil kemampuan menulis tek prosedur mahasiswa S1 Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indoneisa adalah 80.26. |
| Date: | 2023–06–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:2sye9&r=sea |
| By: | Prasiti, Tiffani Indah |
| Abstract: | Belajar merupakan salah satu ilmu yang paling lama berkembang, baik isi maupun perilakunya. Pesatnya perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi berdampak besar terhadap perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi berdampak besar terhadap perkembangan dunia pendidikan, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Oleh karena itu, kualitas Pendidikan harus ditingkatkan. Sebagaimana diamanatkan dalam UUD 1945: agar pemerintah untuk mengusahakan dan menyelenggarakan satu system Pendidikan nasional yang meningkatkan keimanan dan ketakwaan serta akhlak mulia dalam rangka mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa yang diatur dalam undang-undang. |
| Date: | 2023–06–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:nawdk&r=sea |
| By: | Pham Duc Son; Do Xuan Truong (GDS - Global Data, SJC, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam) |
| Abstract: | To implement the policy of attracting capital from foreign investors into the stock market, the Vietnamese government (2015) issued Decree 60 to allow joint-stock companies to attract indirect capital flows from foreign investors. Foreign ownership is said by some studies to increase the efficiency of the company's operations, however, there are also some studies that suggest that a too high foreign ownership rate will reduce the operating efficiency of enterprises. To determine the relationship between these two issues, we conducted a study with 100 companies listed on the Vietnamese stock market from 2015 to 2022. With the use of dynamic panel data model (GMM) , the analysis results show that foreign ownership has a nonlinear relationship with financial performance of the business. With a certain percentage of foreign ownership (0 to nearly 40%) will increase the financial efficiency of the enterprise, however this ratio exceeding the upper limit will have the opposite effect. From these results, we have made some recommendations in corporate governance related to ownership structure. |
| Date: | 2023–05–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04105720&r=sea |
| By: | Nam, Sanguk (Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade) |
| Abstract: | The reorganization of global value chains and surging producer demand for alternatives to China are making Indonesia an attractive hub of global production for electronics companies. The Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) recently signed by South Korea and Indonesia have has created a favorable business environment for the two economies, and Korean electronics firms are expected to increase their investments in Indonesia. Although Korean electronics companies have been producing consumer electronics like DVD players and set-top boxes in Indonesia since the 1990s, interest and investment in the country dwindled over the years as Internet protocol television (IPTV) and over-the-top (OTT) media services grew in popularity. But the Indonesian government’s requirement stipulating that electronics manufacturers must source certain parts locally (TKDN) was extended to smartphones and TVs in the 2010s. This reignited a drive by Korean electronics companies to increase their investments and ramp up production in Indonesia. In this paper, we demonstrate why Korean electronics companies should utilize more local Indonesian suppliers, and argue that the Korean government should provide Korean companies and investors with a comprehensive strategy and guidelines for investment, helping and guiding Korean companies and investors toward achieving mutually beneficial partnership with their Indonesian counterparts. |
| Keywords: | Indonesia; manufacturing; electronics; electronics manufacturing; Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement; supply chains; foreign direct investment; FDI; parts localization; industrial policy; trade policy; win-win cooperation |
| JEL: | D25 F13 L63 O20 O21 O24 O25 |
| Date: | 2023–03–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kietrp:2023_004&r=sea |
| By: | Kim, Dongsoo (Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade) |
| Abstract: | Three decades have passed since South Korea and Vietnam initiated diplomatic relations. The two countries have recently elevated their relationship to a “comprehensive and strategic partnership.” Vietnam is Korea’s fourth-largest trading partner, and cumulatively the third-largest recipient of Korean foreign direct investment (FDI). Korea has a vital interest in seeing Vietnam become a stable host to supply chains. Vietnam, too, needs Korea in order to boost its own economic and industrial growth. Aggregate statistics show that bilateral trade between Korea and Vietnam features an astounding variety of goods and services, but much of this trade consists of transactions between Korean companies’ affiliates in Vietnam and their parent companies in Korea. This can be interpreted to suggest that the trade between the two countries makes only a trivial contribution to the overall Vietnamese economy; Korean companies may be investing more and more in smartphone production, consumer electronics, auto manufacturing, distribution, and finance in Vietnam, but Vietnamese businesses’ participation in Korean companies’ supply chains remains quite limited. Korea needs to reevaluate and readjust its strategic partnership with Vietnam from a long-term perspective. Specifically, Korea needs to recognize Vietnam as an essential partner, and discuss with the Vietnamese government how to increase Vietnamese businesses’ participation in Korean companies’ supply chains. More cooperation is needed to gradually transfer technologies and human resource capabilities from Korea to Vietnam. The Korean government needs to provide strategic and consistent objectives to ensure coherence between multiple and scattered partnership projects involving Vietnam, basing any planning any future undertakings on a concrete vision. |
| Keywords: | Korea-Vietnam relationship; trade; foreign direct investment; FDI; trade policy; supply chains; localization; manufacturing; industrial policy |
| JEL: | D25 F13 L63 O20 O21 O24 O25 |
| Date: | 2022–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kietrp:2022_025&r=sea |
| By: | Elhan-Kayalar, Yesim (Asian Development Bank Institute); Sawada, Yasuyuki (Asian Development Bank Institute); van der Meulen Rodgers, Yana (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | We examine business performance and crisis mitigation strategies among micro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic. We utilize a new primary data set based on administrative records, survey data, and follow-up interviews with merchants using the digital application GoFood, an on-demand cooked food delivery service. Three empirical findings emerge: First, the overall employment size of women-owned businesses shrank more than men-owned businesses after the pandemic outbreak; second, women were more likely than men to cut personal expenditures and use government assistance as crisis mitigation strategies; and third, competition increased sharply as new merchants entered the platform, with service areas of both incumbents and entrants shrinking over time. These results have implications for policies on women’s entrepreneurship, the uptake of business development services, and financing programs for MSMEs. |
| Keywords: | women; e-commerce; COVID-19; digitalization; MSMEs |
| JEL: | J16 J21 L11 O12 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:1346&r=sea |
| By: | Jariyah, Dara shafa Ainun; sari, Stefani sindita; Ratnasari, Dwi Dita; Pandin, Maria Yovita R |
| Abstract: | This study aims to examine the application of Financial Resilience to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) with financial performance as an intervening variable. This study discusses every banking company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). This research uses quantitative methods. The sample for this study was obtained using purposive sampling technique, namely sample selection based on predetermined guidelines. Using the purposive sampling method, 10 samples were taken from 45 LQ45 companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2018-2022. The results of this study indicate that financial resilience has a positive impact on corporate CSR. Where financial performance also has a role in the development of corporate CSR. |
| Date: | 2023–06–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:4hdm7&r=sea |
| By: | Ulhaq, Dea Fitrianingka; , Kurniawati; Padillah, Anissa; Hasan, Muhamad Arif; Qothrunnada, Rofidah; Purba, Andry Maulana; jamal, Muhammad iqbal amirul; Ziyany, Ahmad Nadvy; Sihabuddin, Ahmad |
| Abstract: | The Indonesian capital market is a highly developed capital market in recent years. As the world of investment and finance develops in other countries, both the stock index and its economic indicators affect the Indonesian economy, and the country’s economy affects the welfare of its people. Can be seen from the human development index. The purpose of this study was to determine the Structural Model of the Influence of the Rupiah Exchange Rate, Inflation, Interest Rates, on Indonesia’s Economic Growth and People’s Welfare in Indonesia. The results of the study show that the Rupiah Exchange Rate, Inflation, Interest Rates have a significant effect on Community Welfare. Based on the results of the analysis in this study, it can be concluded that in order to improve people’s welfare, the rupiah exchange rate, inflation and interest rates must be controlled by the government so that investors’ investment in Indonesia increases, export products need to be increased to suppress imported products because they greatly affect economic growth. Directly impact on the Welfare of the Indonesian People. |
| Date: | 2023–06–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:tuahe&r=sea |
| By: | Fitri, Esi Marsya; Dona, Elva |
| Abstract: | this study aims to determine the effectivenenees of the application of credit risk management at PT. Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. The type of research sed the descriptive research with a qualitative approach by describing whether the application of credit risk management at PT. Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk has been effective. The analysis techniques used in this study are the description phase, the reduction stage and the selection stage to provide interpretation in the form of a description. The results showed that the application of credit risk management at PT.Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk less effective because of fluctuations in bad loans from 2017 to 2021. |
| Date: | 2023–05–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:wjx53&r=sea |
| By: | Putri, Devi Anisah; Putra, Yosep Eka |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this research is to measure the financial health of PT Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk by using LDR and NPL ratios. This research is descriptive research using the time series analysis method approach. The type of data used is quantitative data derived from the annual financial statements of Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk for 2020-2022. the results of this study indicate that the LDR value in the 2020-2022 period is in a healthy position with an average value of 71 76%, which means it is in accordance with the provisions of bank indonesia with a safe limit of 75%. while the NPL ratio of Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk in the 2020-2022 period is in a healthy position with an average value of 3.58%, which means it is in accordance with the provisions of bank indonesia, namely 5% in a healthy state. |
| Date: | 2023–05–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:dwg5v&r=sea |
| By: | Qosim, Nanang |
| Abstract: | Pertanian sampai sekarang masih menjadi sektor favorit di Indonesia. Pesonanya tidak pudar, dan tak terbantahkan bahwa Indonesia masih dijuluki sebagai "negara agraris". Sektor ini tetap menjadi sektor yang memberikan kontribusi signifikan terhadap perekonomian Indonesia. Bahkan data BPS pada kuartal kedua tahun ini, sektor pertanian menyumbang 12, 98 persen dari struktur perekonomian Indonesia. Karena itu persoalan pertanian menarik untuk kita urai bersama, terutama soal hajat bersama BPS yang paling dekat adalah Sensus Pertanian 2023 (ST2023). Sensus Pertanian diadakan pada bulan Juni-Juli 2023. Sebagaimana yang sudah dijadwalkan BPS, tanggal 1 Juni Sensus Petanian 2023 dimulai. Ini adalah sensus pertanian ke-7 di Indonesia sejak 1963. Sensus ini mencakup rumah tangga usaha pertanian, non-rumah tangga pertanian, dan perusahaan pertanian. Dan lebih dari 350 ribu petugas akan terlibat di seluruh Indonesia. |
| Date: | 2023–05–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:pfhzb&r=sea |
| By: | Kurnia, Yadhit; Putra, Yosep Eka |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this research is to find out how the financial performance of PT. Pegadaian. This study uses the method of ratio analysis, namely the ratio of profitability which consists of Rato On Assets and Ratio On Equity. The type of data used is secondary data obtained from the financial statements of PT. Pegadaian Year 2019 – 2021. The results of the study show that the profitability ratio, namely the Ratio On Assets for 2019 – 2021 has not reached the standard set by Bank Indonesia, which is > 1.5%. The Ratio On Equity for 2019 – 2021 has not yet reached the set standard, which is >12%. This shows that the financial performance of PT. Pegadaian is not good because it has not been able to reach the standards set by Bank Indonesia. |
| Date: | 2023–05–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:hw9s5&r=sea |
| By: | Nyawai, Aldi |
| Abstract: | Banyak permasalahan yang terjadi menganai perwakafan yang di Indonesia salah satu kasusnya masalah sengketa harta wakaf karena tidak adanya sertifikat wakaf dan pencatatan harta wakaf. Selain itu pemindahan dan penyalahgunaan harta wakaf yang tidak digunakan untuk kemaslahatan umum. Dalam hukum Islam pada dasarnya perubahan status wakaf tidak diperbolehkan kecuali wakaf tersebut tidak dapat kembali dimanfaatkan sesuai dengan tujuan wakaf maka perubahan itu dapat dilakukan terhadap wakaf yang bersangkutan. para ulama atau ahli hukum islam memang beragam pendapatnya tentang boleh tidaknya melakukan perubahan status pada benda wakaf seperti menjual, merubah bentuk atau sifat, memindahkan ke tempat lain, atau menukar dengan benda lain. Tradisi wakaf tersebut kemudian memunculkan berbagai fenomena yang mengakibatkan perwakafan di Indonesia tidak mengalami perkembangan yang menggembirakan untuk kepentingan masyarakat banyak bahkan banyak di jumpai aset wakaf yang mengalami permasalahan akibat tidak adanya tertib administrasi dan salah satunya mengenai perubahan status wakaf yang dijadikan jaminan, disita, dihibahkan, dijual, diwariskan, ditukar atau dialihkan dalam bentuk pengalihan hak lainnya, kenyataan ini tentu tidak sesuai dengan ketentuan wakaf dan tujuan dari fungsi wakaf sendiri. |
| Date: | 2023–06–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:efsu5&r=sea |
| By: | juliana, Nike Tri |
| Abstract: | Pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia di sekolah terdiri dari empat aspek keterampilan berbahasa, yaitu menyimak, berbicara, membaca, dan menulis. Keempat keterampilan ini saling berkaitan satu sama lain. Keterampilan menulis merupakan keterampilan yang perlu dilatih secara intensif kepada siswa dibandingkan keterampilan lainnya, sebab siswa beranggapan bahwa keterampilan menulis merupakan hal yang sulit. Menulis merupakan kegiatan yang produktif dan ekspresif sehingga keterampilan ini tidak datang dengan sendirinya akan tetapi membutuhkan latihan dan kebiasaan yang berkelanjutan. Kemampuan menulis seseorang didapatkan ketika berada di bangku sekolah. Mulai diajarkan dari Sekolah Dasar hingga Perguruan Tinggi, namun tidak semua orang mampu mengutarakan ide dan pikirannya dengan tertulis secara baik (Zulhafizh dkk, 2022). |
| Date: | 2023–06–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:s594r&r=sea |
| By: | Ariani, Lidia Dwi |
| Abstract: | Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa berminat mahasiswa Angkatan 2021 B terhadap mnulis puisi. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada 10 orang mahasiswa Angkatan 2021 program studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia, universitas Riau. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara menyebarkan kuisioner. Hasil dari penelitian ini dtemukan bahwa rata-rata mahasiswa Angkatan 2021 tertarik menulis puisi dengan jumlah rata-rata 82, kemudia dilakukan uji normalitas dengan hasil data normal dan uji t dengan hipotesis diterima, |
| Date: | 2023–06–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:z7xr2&r=sea |
| By: | Saputri, Fauziah Dwi; Putra, Yosep Eka |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is to measure the financial health of Bank Nagari Lubuk Gadang Branch by using the ratio of LDR and NPL. This study uses quantitative data analysis methods, namely analyzing calculations obtained from the financial statements of PT. Bank Nagari Lubuk Gadang Branch in 2019-2021. Based on the results of the analysis that has been carried out, it can be seen that the Loan To Deposit Ratio (LDR) of Bank Nagari Lubuk Gadang Branch in 2019 was 184%, in 2020 it was 187% and in 2021 it was 157%. This means that LDR PT. Bank Nagari Lubuk Gadang Branch for the last three years has been considered unhealthy. Where the Loan To Deposit Ratio (LDR) based on standard criteria of Bank Indonesia > 120% is declared unhealthy. And Non Performing Loans (NPL) at Bank Nagari Lubuk Gadang Branch in 2019 was 0.18%, in 2020 it was 0.28% and in 2021 it was 0.26%. This means that the NPL of PT. Bank Nagari Lubuk Gadang Branch for the last three years has been considered healthy. Where Non- Performing Loans (NPL) based on standard criteria of Bank Indonesia <5% are declared healthy. |
| Date: | 2023–05–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:c8hqy&r=sea |
| By: | Phan, The Vinh; Huynh, Cong Minh |
| Abstract: | This study aims to explore the impact of five aspects of Logistics service quality on Consumer satisfaction for the fresh food e-commerce in three provinces of the Southern Vietnam, including Ho Chi Minh City, Binh Duong, and Dong Nai. Results show that Personnel contact quality, Delivery quality, and Empathy quality have significantly positive impacts on consumer satisfaction. However, the impact of Information quality and Timeliness quality are not strong significant. Remarkable, Personnel contact quality has the strongest impact on consumer satisfaction in the logistics service quality of fresh food e-commerce. The findings provide: i) logistics firms in the field of fresh food e-commerce with important managerial implications, and ii) researchers with empirical evidence in the research context of an emerging economy. |
| Keywords: | Logistics service quality, Personnel contact quality, Delivery quality, Information quality, Timeliness quality, Empathy quality, Fresh food, E-commerce, Consumer satisfaction |
| JEL: | L81 M31 Q02 |
| Date: | 2023–05–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:117627&r=sea |
| By: | Ramadhani, Noviana; Wahyuni, Vika Triya; Puspitasari, Erinda Aprilia; Pandin, Maria Yovita R |
| Abstract: | The goal of this study was to determine whether environmental performance and environmental disclosure have an impact on the return on assets of the food and beverage industry. The three parameters we took into consideration for this study were return on assets (ROA), environmental performance (EP), and environmental disclosure (ED). The food and beverage companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2019–2021 make up the study's population. Five samples of businesses are chosen using the intentional sampling approach and certain criteria and attributes. Using the hypothesis t test and the hypothesis F test to test hypotheses Analyze data using IBM SPSS Statistics 22. The findings of the hypothesis t test indicated that the relevance of the ROA is not significantly impacted by environmental performance. According to the results of the hypothesis t test, the relevance score of (0.92) ˃ 0.05 for the ROA is not substantially impacted by environmental performance. However, environmental disclosure significantly affects ROA, with a significance value of (0.002) ˂ 0.05. The results of the hypothesis F test revealed that environmental performance and environmental disclosure have a significant impact on ROA, with a significance value of (0.92) ˃ 0.05. |
| Date: | 2023–06–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:bfcy3&r=sea |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | New app-based mobility services have transformed urban passenger transport and goods delivery services. As elsewhere, they have boomed in Southeast Asia, where they have gone largely unregulated. This report investigates regulatory approaches to balance consumer and societal welfare. It looks at how to address safety issues and negative externalities without dissuading innovative business models. It also addresses the impact of Covid-19 on these mobility services to help countries develop their pandemic recovery strategies. This report presents a set of principles for the regulation of both passenger transport and delivery services in ASEAN member states. |
| Date: | 2023–04–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:112-en&r=sea |
| By: | Wright, Gemma; Noble, Michael; Barnes, Helen; Gasior, Katrin |
| Abstract: | Indonesia is among the countries with the highest exposure to natural disasters, and risks are expected to increase in the future due to climate change. Natural disasters and also other shocks require well-developed social protection systems that are able to cushion the economic consequences for those most vulnerable to these events. Many international and national organisations advocate for ‘Adaptive Social Protection’ (ASP) which links social policy with strategies on disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. The main emphasis is on improving households’ ability to prepare for, cope with, and adapt to shocks. This paper uses the tax-benefit microsimulation model INDOMOD to analyse the adaptiveness of the Indonesian social protection system both under normal conditions, and after a simulated hypothetical income shock caused by a natural disaster, using El Niño as a showcase. El Niño is a climate phenomenon that has the ability to change the global atmospheric circulation and as such to influence temperature and precipitation around the world. The drought caused in severely hit regions in Indonesia leads to a disruption of established crop patterns and harvest losses. The dry periods furthermore often cause forest fires affecting the livelihood of those employed in the forestry, transportation, tourism, and public health sector. The analysis focuses first on how the current tax-benefit system prepares individuals and households for a shock (Section 6.1). Secondly, it tests whether the level of preparedness improves after introducing a hypothetical policy reform by augmenting existing benefits and by introducing two new categorical benefits for old-age and disabled individuals (‘augmented reform’) (Section 6.2). Next, the analysis stress-tests the welfare system by introducing an income shock caused by a hypothetical El Nino event. Based on information from previous events, we simulate a labour market income shock to individuals living in regions more likely to be significantly hit and working in sectors affected by such an event. The analysis explores the impact of the income shock under the current tax-benefit system, under the augmented hypothetical reform and under an additional hypothetical reform that introduces emergency benefits in addition to the existing policy design (‘reactive reform’) (Section 6.3). |
| Date: | 2023–01–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ese:cempwp:cempa1-23&r=sea |
| By: | Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | After years of anticipation, Vietnam's Prime Minister Pham Minh Chinh recently approved Power Development Plan 8 (PDP8, Decision 500/QĐ-TTg). This plan determines how to invest $13.5 billion per year and put the country's electricity system on the way to a net-zero future. The decision comes as Vietnam, which made a head start on other Mekong countries in the clean energy race in 2019-2021, was running out of steam. Releasing the PDP8 was critical to give a new dynamic and unlock investment in the electricity sector. |
| Date: | 2023–05–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04108991&r=sea |
| By: | Anisa, Tripena |
| Abstract: | Unnalli Melo menekankan aspek spiritual dan budaya serta mempromosikan nilai-nilai komunal seperti saling menghormati dan bekerjasama. Tulisan ini mengeksplorasi perspektif teologis dari Unnalli Melo dan bagaimana hal tersebut dapat diadopsi sebagai metode alternatif penyelesaian konflik di masyarakat lain jurnal ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang metode penyelesaian konflik dalam masyarakat Toraja dan menyoroti pentingnya nilai-nilai budaya dan agama dalam penyelesaian konflik. Meskipun Unnalli Melo berasal dari masyarakat Toraja, nilai-nilai budaya dan agama yang terkandung dalam tradisi ini dapat diterapkan di masyarakat lain sebagai alternatif metode penyelesaian konflik. Dengan tetap memperhatikan dan mempertahankan nilai-nilai budaya dan agama yang ada di setiap masyarakat, kita dapat mengembangkan metode penyelesaian konflik yang lebih efektif dan dapat membawa kebaikan bagi semua pihak yang terlibat. Sebagai kontribusi tambahan, artikel ini juga memberikan sumbangsih bagi perkembangan teologi lintas agama di Indonesia. |
| Date: | 2023–05–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:q49dv&r=sea |
| By: | Aulia, Rizki Luthfi; Agatha, Meiyola Krisma; , Nurfadilah; Pandin, Maria Yovita R |
| Abstract: | One of the economic sectors that has attracted the most attention is the manufacturing sector, especially Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). MSMEs are able to survive the existing financial crises. In addition, MSMEs also make a very large contribution to the Indonesian economy. This article aims to determine the effect of Financial Literacy and Financial Behavior on Financial Resilience in MSMEs in Surabaya, especially in the Ngagel Village. The objects that become variables in this study are Financial Literacy, Financial Behavior, and Financial Resilience. The subjects in this study were MSME actors. This article is a quantitative descriptive using primary data in the form of a questionnaire distributed to MSME actors. The results of this article can be concluded that financial literacy and financial behavior have a positive effect on Financial Resilience in MSMEs to improve behavior in managing business finances well for financial well-being. |
| Date: | 2023–06–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:6y2gf&r=sea |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | This is a summary report concerning an in-country capacity development (CD) activity by Mr. Andy Ditchfield and Mr. Steve Howlin (IMF Fiscal Affairs Department (FAD) Short Term Experts (STX)) to the General Department of Taxation (GDT) of Vietnam during the period February 14 to 22, 2023. The purpose of this CD was to consolidate and build on the compliance risk management (CRM) remote training delivered in September and November 2022 by further practically applying CRM principles to the tourism sector to finalize a tourism sector compliance improvement plan (CIP). This sectoral CIP is a pilot that will give GDT the experience and confidence to extend contemporary CRM practices to other sectors and other specific compliance risks. |
| Date: | 2023–06–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/199&r=sea |
| By: | Nguyen, Hien Thi |
| Abstract: | This study was conducted to analyze the direct and indirect relationship between education, perception and behaviors towards the plastic waste of high school students in Vietnam. The study uses data from a survey of 573 high school students in Vietnam. A cross-sectional study design and questionnaire survey method were used to collect data. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), descriptive statistics, reliability test Cronbach's Alpha and structural equation modelling (SEM) was used for statistical analysis. Research results show that: Attitude factors play an mediating role in the relationship between education, perception and behavior towards plastic waste. The findings of this study provide the basis for proposing measures to improve behaviors towards plastic waste for Vietnamese high school students. |
| Date: | 2023–06–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:zn2k7&r=sea |
| By: | Tasirileleu, Nelsika; Susanto, Romi |
| Abstract: | PT Pegadaian (Persero) is one of the BUMNs in Indonesia in carrying out financial institution activities in the form of financing in the form of channeling funds to the public on the basis of pawn law. PT. Pegadaian (Persero) Cabang Terandam is micro-creation with installment loan terms ranging from 12 months, 24 months or 36 months. Relatively cheap capital leases are only 1% per month or 12% per year. Pegadaian (Persero) Terandam Branch. The results of the study show that micro credit creation by customers is not burdened with complicated procedures, starting from the credit application stage by submitting the required documents, checking the original documents, analyzing credit and disbursing it. The purpose of this credit granting procedure is to ensure the eligibility of a credit, also in the implementation of credit can be controlled and able to prevent the occurrence of unhealthy credit. |
| Date: | 2023–05–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:m9482&r=sea |
| By: | Fernández Tucci, Candelaria |
| Abstract: | The financial crises of the late 1990s in Asian and South American countries have once again highlighted the negative implications of development strategies characterized by high levels of foreign currency external indebtedness. In light of these events, South-South cooperation is conceived as an alternative to unilateral strategies to mitigate the consequences of 'original sin' and reduce macroeconomic vulnerability and financial instability. Following the financial crises of the late 1990s, member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations plus China, Japan and the Republic of Korea (ASEAN+3) strengthened monetary cooperation while their South American peers, under Mercosur, maintained unilateral strategies. This paper analyzes the Asian Bond Market Initiative of the ASEAN+3 countries to draw insights for monetary cooperation in the Mercosur. The results suggest that the development of a regional local currency (LCY) bond market has a significant potential to reduce countries' exposure to currency and maturity mismatch. However, the persistence of the original sin phenomenon and the emergence of other sources of instability - such as an increase in the proportion of foreign holdings of LCY bonds - impose significant challenges for policymakers. Consequently, other policy instruments, including capital controls and international reserves accumulation, should complement the development of a regional LCY bond market. Given both the recurrent beggar-thy-neighbor policies and the high levels of intra-regional exchange rate volatility in the Mercosur, this paper argues that there is no alternative to exchange rate coordination in the bloc. |
| Keywords: | Original sin, financial instability, south-south cooperation, Mercosur, Asian Bond Market Initiative, LCY bond markets |
| JEL: | G1 G15 F3 F4 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ipewps:2142023&r=sea |
| By: | Hing, Vutha (Asian Development Bank Institute); Thangavelu, Shandre M. (Asian Development Bank Institute); Kong, Ratha (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | We examine the innovation and competitiveness of firms, especially with regard to the channels of technology transfer and the nature of innovation activities that influence firm performance in Cambodia's economy. Despite the growing importance of innovation, there has been no empirical analysis of the factors affecting technological and innovative development and the impact that these factors have on firms’ productivity in Cambodia. We use the World Bank Enterprise Survey for Cambodian enterprises for our empirical implementation. The results of the research indicate that overseas linkages that include both upstream and downstream activities could affect productivity growth at both firm and industry levels. We also find that technology and innovation have a positive impact on the productivity of firms in Cambodia. |
| Keywords: | technology; innovation; productivity; human capital; export and import |
| JEL: | D24 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:1353&r=sea |
| By: | Croissant, Aurel; Kühn, David; Macias-Weller, Ariam; Pion-Berlin, David |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the relationship between the militarisation of COVID-19 state responses and autocratisation in eight Asian and Latin American countries. Using a conceptual framework of COVID-19-related military missions and operations, our findings for each country over the first two pandemic years show that although military engagements in the COVID-19 response profiles considerably varied, all governments deployed their military, especially in the provision of health services, logistics, and the production of COVID19 goods. Meanwhile, soldiers were generally less involved in health bureaucracy and public security. Based on two rounds of an expert survey, we then evaluated whether military pandemic deployments negatively affected democratic standards. This was the case where soldiers routinely conducted public-security operations autonomous of effective civilian oversight. Our study concludes that the pandemic did not induce autocratisation; rather, it exacerbated pre-existing conditions and problems in the democratic governance of the security sector. This "acceleration effect" was visible in democracies and autocracies experiencing autocratisation already prior to the pandemic. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, civil-military relations, militarisation, democratic backsliding, disaster response |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:gigawp:334&r=sea |
| By: | Wilson, William W.; Bullock, David W.; Lakkakula, Prithviraj |
| Abstract: | The Russian invasion of Ukraine disrupted the grain flows from that region and worldwide. These changes are critical due to the war’s influence on logistical costs, routes and capacities. As a result of the invasion, Ukraine has evolved from having some of the lowest logistical costs in the world to having the highest logistical cost. Logistics are critical for international competitiveness in commodities, and due to the invasion, these functions have been severely affected. Essential features for a logistical competition include internal logistical functions and costs, quality, port capacity and ocean shipping costs, each compounded by seasonal demands. This paper’s purpose is to analyze the effects of the Russian invasion on the logistical functions and the costs for corn exports from Ukraine and its competitors using an optimized Monte Carlo simulation model. The findings indicate that before the invasion, Ukraine had logistical advantages for shipments to the European Union (EU) and was highly competitive in Indonesia and China; the United States had a logistical cost advantage over Ukraine to serve China, South Korea (from the U.S. Gulf) and Japan (from the Pacific Northwest (PNW)). The changes due to the invasion are substantial. Most important is the radical increase in shipping costs from Ukraine, reduced port capacity and export supplies. However, concurrent with the invasion were changes in some critical trade and marketing policies, thus influencing the international competition for corn. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Marketing |
| Date: | 2023–06–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nddaae:336712&r=sea |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Malaysia registered a strong economic recovery in 2022, backed by its well diversified economy, sound policy frameworks, and commodity exporter status. While monetary policy started a gradual post-pandemic normalization, record costly spending on fuel subsidies broadly kept inflationary pressures suppressed in 2022. Meanwhile, the new national unity government has signaled its commitment to the reform priorities outlined in the Twelfth Malaysia Plan (12MP) and the 2023 Budget to propel the economy toward net-zero greenhouse gas emissions and high-income status. |
| Date: | 2023–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/185&r=sea |
| By: | Maredia, Mywish K.; Goeb, Joseph C.; Herrington, Caitlin L.; Zu, A Myint |
| Keywords: | International Development, Production Economics, International Development |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:335823&r=sea |
| By: | Karami, Omid; Gholizadeh, Heidar; Zoghipourb, Mohammad Hossein |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:335734&r=sea |
| By: | Aiman, Ummu |
| Abstract: | Setelah wabah pandemi menyerang berbagai belahan dunia dan diberlakukannya aturan-aturan yang membatasi ruang gerak manusia demi menekan angka lonjakan pandemi virus corona. Diberlakukannya aturan-aturan tersebut ternyata membawa dampak berupa banyaknya orang yang menghabiskan sebagian besar waktunya dengan sosial media khususnya aplikasi Tik Tok sebagaimana survey yang telah dilakukan. Berdasarkan konten yang mendapatkan banyak viewers dan sering melewati FYP (for your page) pengguna Tik Tok didominasi oleh generasi millennial. Dewasa ini beberapa konten kreator merupakan dai-dai muda banyak memasuki page pengguna Tik Tok sehingga memberikan warna baru pada aplikasi yang sempat diblokir Kominfo ini. Dibalik citra aplikasi ini yang cenderung dinilai sebagai aplikasi yang kurang bermanfaat dan konten yang dinilai berlebihan, para dai-dai muda yang mulai menggunakan Tik Tok sebagai tempat dakwah menjadi angin segar dalam memperbaiki citra tersebut, akan tetapi banyak diantara generasi millennial yang belum mengetahui strategi untuk memaksimalkan Tik Tok sebagai aplikasi untuk menyebarkan dakwah dan opini yang bersifat edukatif. Tujuan penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendongkrak kreativitas para da’i-da’i muda millennial untuk membuat konten dan mudah memasuki page para pengguna dengan mengkaji jurnal terkait dan wawancara ahli. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. diharapkan dari penelitian ini dapat menjadi pengetahuan baru untuk generasi millenial dalam pembuatan konten pada aplikasi Tik Tok agar dapat menyampaikan dakwah secara kreatif sesuai dengan tantangan zamannya. |
| Date: | 2023–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:kwe4a&r=sea |
| By: | Donehower, Gretchen (University of California at Berkeley) |
| Abstract: | In Asia, aging countries with slow population growth worry about a lack of workers in the future and see older people’s labor as a potential solution. However, this leaves out the work that many older people already do—unpaid care work. Drawing on data from Bangladesh, India, Mongolia, and Thailand, the estimates in this paper show that older people, especially older women, are doing a great deal of work caring for others. In this case, policies that aim to increase overall market labor force effort by increasing the market labor of older people may underachieve their goals if they do not account for the older people’s unpaid care work responsibilities. Finally, we use the estimates of the older people’s unpaid care work to think about investments in the paid care economy that might be needed to replace unpaid care work of the older people if they increase labor market effort but not total work. These simple calculations indicate that the scale of investment required is manageable. |
| Keywords: | older workers; unpaid care work; care economy; labor supply |
| JEL: | J13 J14 J22 |
| Date: | 2023–06–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0687&r=sea |
| By: | Viegelahn, Christian,; Huynh, Phu,; Kim, Kee Beom, |
| Abstract: | South-East Asia has become a key player in global supply chains (GSCs) during recent decades, and the region’s participation in GSCs has had a profound impact on labour markets. This paper presents new 2000–2021 estimates of the number of GSC-related jobs in the region, with an estimated 75 million workers linked to GSCs in 2021—or more than one in four workers. Over time, the region has become increasingly dependent on GSCs for employment despite some short periods of sharp volatility and setbacks, including in 2020, the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. |
| Keywords: | value chains, employment |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:995238493502676&r=sea |
| By: | Joshi, Shruti; Nath, Siddhartha; Ranjan, Abhishek |
| Abstract: | The conventional estimate of technological progress and aggregate productivity growth, the total factor productivity, or TFP, can be upwardly biased if environmental externalities generated during the production processes are not accounted for. In this paper, we revisit TFP growth rates across 146 countries in the world between 1990 and 2019 after accounting for their CO2 emissions. The Global Malmquist-Luenberger Productivity Index suggests that although India’s conventional TFP growth stands out to be one of the highest globally, especially since 2000, India’s average annual Green TFP growth is lowest, at almost zero per cent since 2000. Our estimates suggest that mostly the OECD countries may have maintained substantial progress in terms of green TFP, whereas the emerging economies in East and Southeast Asia may also be significantly lagging. While the policy tools in India are converging towards the advanced economies, our estimates suggest that India’s relative position has improved in terms of Green TFP growth in recent years. |
| Keywords: | Green Total Factor Productivity; Directional Distance Function; Global Malmquist–Luenberger Index |
| JEL: | C43 D24 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:117717&r=sea |
| By: | Moon, Jin-Young (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Yoon, Sang-Ha (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Park, Jiwon (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Na, Seung Kwon (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Lee, Sunghee (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)) |
| Abstract: | 환경, 사회 및 지배구조(ESG)를 고려하는 국제사회의 노력이 강화되는 가운데 본 연구는 정부 및 민간 차원의 ESG 대응을 위한 시사점을 도출하였다. 국제사회의 ESG 논의 쟁점 및 EU 중심으로 논의되고 있는 공급망 실사의 주요 쟁점과 국내 대응을 정리하였다. 또한 주요국의 기업을 대상으로 ESG에 대응한 성과를 비교 분석하고, 기업에 파급할 영향을 실증적으로 분석하였다. ESG standing for Environmental, Social and Governance has recently emerged as an important subject in the international community. Economic activities considering ESG are being strengthened, and the importance of ESG-related reporting and information disclosure is being emphasized. This study examines the global responses and major issues in ESG and analyzes the ESG scores of firms across major countries and impacts on employment and productivity. Based on these results, it aims to provide implications for government and private sector to address ESG. In Chapter 2, we examined ESG policy trends in selected countries and the key issues regarding implementation of ESG. The European Union plans to implement the new Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive, revised existing Non-financial Reporting Directive, requiring more companies to report more detailed sustainability information on an annual basis from 2024. Moreover, the EU aims to establishing ESG ecosystem by introducing sustainable finance strategies as well as the EU taxonomy for environmentally sound economic activities. Recently, the United States has been promoting the enhancement of disclosure regulations, especially for climate-related information, mainly driven by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Asian countries such as South Korea, Japan, China, ASEAN, and India also place increased emphasis on voluntary or mandatory ESG-related information disclosure provisions and guidelines. Chapter 2 also covers main issues and challenges to be addressed by both Korean companies and government in dealing with ESG practices and policies. First, in order to improve the consistency and comparability of ESG information, it is necessary to integrate various disclosure standards and set up an internationally accepted common standards. Next, the ability of Small and Medium Enterprises to respond to changing landscape of ESG including data disclosure and due diligence duty is increasing important in attracting investment and participating in global supply chains. In addition, since ESG information is used as important basis for decision-making by companies, investors, financial institutions, consumers, and regulators, companies need to make great efforts to improve the quality of ESG data while government should design policy to facilitate these efforts. (the rest omitted) |
| Keywords: | Economic development; environmental policy; ESG response by the international community; Koreas challenges |
| Date: | 2023–06–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kieppa:2022_005&r=sea |
| By: | Cho, Eun Kyo (Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade); Shim, Woojung (Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade) |
| Abstract: | In 2022 the US Congress passed the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). This law aims to reduce American dependency on Chinese batteries and reorder the global supply chain in America’s favor by excluding electric vehicles containing any minerals, materials, or parts sourced from China from federal new car subsidies. In response, China has launched a strategy to strengthen its secondary battery supply chain, leveraging its superiority in all aspects of the chain, including raw materials procurement and cell manufacturing. China’s strategy rests on three core pillars: 1) Internalizing or localizing advanced technologies, 2) globalizing China’s supply chain and increasing investment abroad, and 3) reinforcing the security of its supply chains of raw materials, particularly the supply chains for core minerals. For now, the intensifying US-China rivalry and growing divide in the global supply chain of secondary battery industries presents new opportunities for the Korean battery industry. However, China is determined to bolster its battery technologies and continue to invest abroad; this poses substantial challenges to the Korean battery industry. The Korean secondary battery industry now stands at a crossroads of risks and opportunities, brought about by the widening gaps in the global supply chain and China’s strategy to supercharge its battery industry. Korean policymakers must work to maintain Korea’s technologically superior position by investing in advanced battery research and by establishing a technological alliance with Japan, Germany, and the United States. Korea must also diversify its core minerals supply chains through using the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework, and increase its shares in European, Southeast Asian, and other markets worldwide. It should also look to cooperate with China where possible in order to secure an edge over competitors in emerging markets. |
| Keywords: | batteries; secondary batteries; energy storage solutions; US-China rivalry; technology hegemony; economic security; supply chains; technology localization; raw materials; industrial competition; technology competition; US; China; Korea |
| JEL: | F51 F52 F62 L60 L65 L72 L78 Q02 Q34 |
| Date: | 2023–01–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kietrp:2023_001&r=sea |
| By: | Renner, Laura; Schmid, Lena |
| Abstract: | While the determinants of refugee migration are well-studied, heterogeneities within the group of refugees have received little attention. In this paper, we use data on female and male refugee movements among African and Asian countries in the years 2002-2018 to explore gender differences in flight behavior along three dimensions: reasons for leaving, associated costs, and factors attracting individuals to specific asylum countries. Most prominently, our results show that women are more deterred by longer distances than men and flee significantly more often to neighboring countries. In addition, the number of battle-related fatalities increases male flows to neighboring countries significantly more than female flows. This gender difference decreases when conflict intensity is high. We also find significant differences concerning the economic situation: extreme poverty has a larger impact on women whereas GDP per capita plays a more important role for male than for female flows. |
| Keywords: | Refugees, International Migration, Distance, Conflict, Gender |
| JEL: | F22 O15 J16 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wgspdp:202301&r=sea |
| By: | Văn, Hà |
| Abstract: | (Chinhphu.vn) - Làm việc với cộng đồng doanh nghiệp Hoa Kỳ, Thủ tướng Phạm Minh Chính đánh giá quan hệ Việt Nam-Hoa Kỳ có nhiều 'thăng trầm và đột phá", nhấn mạnh tính bổ trợ rất cao giữa hai nền kinh tế và trên cơ sở những thành tựu đã đạt được, chúng ta còn nhiều dư địa phát triển, nhiều việc phải làm để mang lại lợi ích cho nhân dân hai nước. |
| Date: | 2022–05–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:ah48t&r=sea |
| By: | Nirmalya Syam; Shirin Syed |
| Abstract: | Least developed countries (LDCs) benefit from specific flexibilities under the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), including an extended transition period for implementation of the agreement. These flexibilities cease to apply when countries graduate from the LDC category. Cambodia, Djibouti, Senegal and Zambia are among the countries that have recently started the graduation process, which consists of a series of stages over several years and involves analysis of quantitative and qualitative information, including the expected impacts of graduation. In that context, this study analyses the policy and developmental implications for these countries of no longer benefitting from the LDC-specific provisions of the TRIPS Agreement. The study finds that the countries under analysis do not make full use of the LDC-specific flexibilities, with exceptions particularly in the area of pharmaceuticals in Cambodia. After graduation, countries would still be able to apply a number of flexibilities and policy space available under TRIPS that are not exclusive to LDCs, but this would require legislative action and capacity-building. For the most part, however, these countries lack the necessary conditions to be able to benefit from stronger standards of IP protection that are absent in the LDCs. The paper concludes with recommendations for countries as they prepare for graduation. |
| Keywords: | Least Developed Countries, World Trade Organization, Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) |
| JEL: | F13 F68 |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:une:cpaper:057&r=sea |
| By: | Chakraborty, Debapriya; Jenn, Alan |
| Abstract: | Even though plug-in electric vehicles can reduce the problem of greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector, externalities like congestion and road damage will exist. Therefore, state transportation agencies will need pricing mechanisms like a per-mile road user charge (RUC) to deal with these externalities while accounting for the transition to an EV-dominated fleet. Focusing on electronic toll collection (ETC) methods, this project aimed to conduct a thorough review of lessons learned from established tolling systems across U.S. states and the tolling system in Singapore and London. Post literature review and expert interviews, a multi-criteria performance framework of different tolling mechanisms was formulated based on criteria such as accuracy of data collection, complexity for regulators and users, compatibility across policy objectives (primarily RUC), and equity. |
| Keywords: | Business, Law, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tolling, Road User Charge, Expert Interview, Multi-criteria Analysis |
| Date: | 2023–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt5x5974vk&r=sea |
| By: | Soạn, KHPT Tòa |
| Abstract: | Ngày 17/5/2023, Bộ Khoa học và Công nghệ trọng thể tổ chức Lễ chào mừng Ngày Khoa học và công nghệ Việt Nam lần thứ 10. Thủ tướng Chính phủ, các đồng chí lãnh đạo các ban, ủy ban, bộ, ngành, địa phương; các nhà khoa học, các vị doanh nhân, khách quý các cơ quan thông tấn, báo chí đã tham dự và đưa tin về buổi lễ. |
| Date: | 2023–05–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:8nqmh&r=sea |
| By: | Christine Rifflart (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | Depuis 2020, le monde enchaine les chocs aux conséquences plus ou moins dévastatrices selon les pays. Si la récession liée à la pandémie a été globalement moins marquée dans les économies émergentes et en développement (EMDE) que dans les économies avancées et la reprise qui a suivi, davantage soutenue, la situation économique n'en reste pas moins plus dégradée dans ces régions du Sud. Á quelques rares exceptions (Venezuela, Thaïlande, ...), tous les pays émergents ont retrouvé leur niveau d'activité pré-crise Covid fin 2022 mais si l'on prend en compte leur potentiel de croissance, bien supérieur à celui des économies avancées du Nord, le retard est loin d'avoir été rattrapé. En considérant la croissance moyenne annuelle du PIB sur longue période (2000-2019) de 1, 8 % pour les économies avancées et de 5, 5 % pour les économies émergentes et en développement (6, 2 % pour l'Asie hors Chine, et 2, 4 % en Amérique latine), la perte d'activité par rapport à ce qu'elle aurait été en l'absence de chocs et en suivant la tendance, représente en 2022, 1, 9 % dans les économies avancées et 7, 5 % dans les EMDE (10, 2 % dans l'Asie hors Chine, et 3, 8 % en Amérique latine) (graphique 1). Cette situation s'est aggravée dans le courant de l'année 2022 avec l'envolée de l'inflation, le resserrement des politiques monétaires qui s'est mis en place dans tous les pays, souvent avant le coup d'envoi donné par la Réserve fédérale des États-Unis en mars 2022, et enfin le ralentissement de la demande mondiale au deuxième semestre 2022. La sensibilité des flux de capitaux au risque-pays oblige les autorités à mettre en place des politiques économiques restrictives pour rassurer les marchés financiers et dont les effets vont peser en 2023 et 2024. Les perspectives de croissance sont ternes. Bien que supérieures à celles des pays industrialisés, elles restent inférieures à leur tendance de long terme et ne pourront éviter le risque de dette pour les pays les plus fragiles. La croissance pourrait atteindre 4, 4 % puis 4, 8 % en Asie hors Chine et 0, 9 % et 2 % en Amérique latine en 2023 et 2024 respectivement. |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:spmain:hal-04098077&r=sea |
| By: | Hạnh, Hồng |
| Abstract: | “Khoa học, công nghệ và đổi mới sáng tạo - động lực phát triển bền vững”, chủ đề Ngày Khoa học và Công nghệ Việt Nam (18/5) đã thêm một lần nữa khẳng định vai trò của KH&CN trong phát triển đất nước, đặc biệt bối cảnh thế giới hôm nay. |
| Date: | 2023–05–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:pf6vr&r=sea |
| By: | Christine Rifflart (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | Depuis 2020, le monde enchaine les chocs aux conséquences plus ou moins dévastatrices selon les pays. Si la récession liée à la pandémie a été globalement moins marquée dans les économies émergentes et en développement (EMDE) que dans les économies avancées et la reprise qui a suivi, davantage soutenue, la situation économique n'en reste pas moins plus dégradée dans ces régions du Sud. Á quelques rares exceptions (Venezuela, Thaïlande, ...), tous les pays émergents ont retrouvé leur niveau d'activité pré-crise Covid fin 2022 mais si l'on prend en compte leur potentiel de croissance, bien supérieur à celui des économies avancées du Nord, le retard est loin d'avoir été rattrapé. En considérant la croissance moyenne annuelle du PIB sur longue période (2000-2019) de 1, 8 % pour les économies avancées et de 5, 5 % pour les économies émergentes et en développement (6, 2 % pour l'Asie hors Chine, et 2, 4 % en Amérique latine), la perte d'activité par rapport à ce qu'elle aurait été en l'absence de chocs et en suivant la tendance, représente en 2022, 1, 9 % dans les économies avancées et 7, 5 % dans les EMDE (10, 2 % dans l'Asie hors Chine, et 3, 8 % en Amérique latine) (graphique 1). Cette situation s'est aggravée dans le courant de l'année 2022 avec l'envolée de l'inflation, le resserrement des politiques monétaires qui s'est mis en place dans tous les pays, souvent avant le coup d'envoi donné par la Réserve fédérale des États-Unis en mars 2022, et enfin le ralentissement de la demande mondiale au deuxième semestre 2022. La sensibilité des flux de capitaux au risque-pays oblige les autorités à mettre en place des politiques économiques restrictives pour rassurer les marchés financiers et dont les effets vont peser en 2023 et 2024. Les perspectives de croissance sont ternes. Bien que supérieures à celles des pays industrialisés, elles restent inférieures à leur tendance de long terme et ne pourront éviter le risque de dette pour les pays les plus fragiles. La croissance pourrait atteindre 4, 4 % puis 4, 8 % en Asie hors Chine et 0, 9 % et 2 % en Amérique latine en 2023 et 2024 respectivement. |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04098077&r=sea |