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on South East Asia |
| By: | Abrar, Muh. |
| Abstract: | Makassar City is one of the big cities in Indonesia which has an area of 175.77 km2 and is also the capital of South Sulawesi Province. The city of Makassar is located on the coast of the Sulawesi Sea, to be precise, in Makassar Bay. Based on its geographical location, Makassar City is located at 199º24'17'38" East Longitude and 5º8'6'19" South Latitude. Indonesia as an agricultural country is still overwhelmed by problems in the land sector by giving birth to land disputes, because currently land already has economic value for its owners. The method of resolving conflicts or disputes without a legal process in court is known as mediation, mediation knowledge is still very new to the Indonesian people because it is still not socialized to the public regarding the provisions regarding mediation. Mediation whose substance is an agreement in order to achieve peace. Mediation dispute resolution in particular and out-of-court dispute resolution are generally limited to civil disputes, such as property rights disputes, inheritance rights disputes, and others. |
| Date: | 2023–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:s9uph&r=sea |
| By: | Hidayat, Muh. Ryan |
| Abstract: | Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menggali pengaruh Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI) terhadap sektor agraria di masa lalu, serta menganalisis dampak jangka panjang yang ditimbulkannya. Penulisan ini juga bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi upaya penyelesaian masalah agraria yang dapat dilakukan untuk mencapai keberlanjutan dan keadilan dalam sektor pertanian. |
| Date: | 2023–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:6k37h&r=sea |
| By: | rahman, anggina |
| Abstract: | Di indonesia sendiri krisis agraria terjadi disebabkan karena orientasi pembangunan nasional tidak sejalan dengan kondisi realitas yang ada pada masyarakat. Masifnya pembangunan infrastruktur juga sejalan dengan maraknya konflik agraria yang ditimbulkan akibat menyelewengnya pemerintah dari bingkai pembangunan nasional. Ambisi untuk terlepas dari sebutan negara berkembang atau negara ketiga menjadikan rezim melupakan jati diri bangsa indonesia sebagai negara agraris. Gencarnya pemerintah melakukan pembangunan secara masif menjadikan banyaknya kasus alih fungsi lahan. Maka dari itu pemerintah harus membuat kebijakan dengan mempertimbangkan kedua sisi. Yang mana pemerintah mengeluarkan kebijakan yang mengwajibkan adanya perlindungan pada lahan-lahan pertanian demi terjaminnya sektor pangan tetap berjalan dan terpenuhi. Disisi lain kebijakan yang menyangkut pembangunan infrastruktur demi tercapainya taraf kesejahteraan di daerah tersebut. Permasalahan alih fungsi lahan merupakan ancaman tersendiri bagi ketahanan pangan di indonesia. Oleh karena itu peralihan fungsi lahan dalam hal ini menjadi pokok pembahasan dari artikel ini. Dimana pembangunan infrastruktur dilakukan di lahan-lahan pertanian membawa dampak positif dan negatif tersendiri. |
| Date: | 2023–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:4g5k9&r=sea |
| By: | Panggeso, Leynaldi |
| Abstract: | Dualisme aturan yang mengatur sebelum terbentuknya Undang-undang pokok Agraria Nomor 5 tahun 1960 tentang Pokok-pokok Hukum Agraria, dimana perbedaan aturan hukum bagi orang Indonesia dan bukan orang indonesia terkait dengan hak tanah menjadikan dasar penggagas yang mendasar sebagai negara hukum untuk dibentuk suatu aturan hukum yang pasti yang berkaitan dengan pertanahan di Negara Indonesia. |
| Date: | 2023–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:fv6hk&r=sea |
| By: | , HUSNAENI |
| Abstract: | This article describe agrarian conflict in Indonesia. Until this moment many agrarian conflict are happen in Papua, Java, Kalimantan and Sumatera. This conflict consist many interests and there isn’t equity policy to society are following this conflict. The implication the agrarian conflict become latent conflict. It usually make huge damage in society and nation. Key Words : Agrarian, Conflict, Nation and Power |
| Date: | 2023–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:c6y5u&r=sea |
| By: | , Resky |
| Abstract: | Artikel ini membahas tentang hukum agrarian dan implementsinya dalam penyelesaian sengketa di Indonesia. Adapun tujuan dari penulisan atikel ini adalah untuk mengetahuan tentang landasan hukum agrarian yang berlaku di Indonesia. |
| Date: | 2023–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:g3wqe&r=sea |
| By: | Manik, Vito Gray |
| Abstract: | Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kinerja perusahaan dengan menggunakan pendekatan Balanced Scorecard (BSC) melalui perspektif proses bisnis internal yang lebih berorientasi pada karyawan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif. Sumber data yang digunakan berupa data hasil wawancara dengan informan yang merupakan penanggung jawab sekaligus direktur perusahaan CV. King of Grace Indonesia. Teknik analisis data menggunakan metode deskriptif. Penting bagi perusahaan untuk menerapkan Balanced Scorecard (BSC) sebagai metode pengukuran kinerja untuk dapat membantu perusahaan dalam mengukur kinerjanya dengan mempertimbangkan kinerja aspek kinerja karyawan. Sehingga hasil pengukuran balanced scorecard di CV Raja Anugrah Indonesia nantinya akan berguna dalam memasang indikator untuk meningkatkan kinerja perusahaan. Sehingga perusahaan dapat merumuskan strategi yang tepat sebelum melakukan tindakan jangka panjang. |
| Date: | 2023–05–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:yrc3g&r=sea |
| By: | Qosim, Nanang |
| Abstract: | Pertanian sampai sekarang masih menjadi sektor favorit di Indonesia. Pesonanya tidak pudar, dan tak terbantahkan bahwa Indonesia masih dijuluki sebagai "negara agraris". Sektor ini tetap menjadi sektor yang memberikan kontribusi signifikan terhadap perekonomian Indonesia. Bahkan data BPS pada kuartal kedua tahun ini, sektor pertanian menyumbang 12, 98 persen dari struktur perekonomian Indonesia. Karena itu persoalan pertanian menarik untuk kita urai bersama, terutama soal hajat bersama BPS yang paling dekat adalah Sensus Pertanian 2023 (ST2023). |
| Date: | 2023–05–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:afr2j&r=sea |
| By: | Syafika, Ismi |
| Abstract: | Pengamatan ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kemampuan menulis pantun mahasiswa kelas 2021 B Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia FKIP Universitas Riau. Jenis pengamatan yang digunakan yaitu penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode analisis yang digunakan yaitu deskritif kuantitatif. Sampel pada pengamatan ini diambil dari 10 orang mahasiswa kelas 2021 B Prodi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia FKIP Universitas Riau. Data diambil dari nilai hasil analisis pantun mahasiswa kelas 2021 B Prodi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia Universitas Riau. Menggunakan rumus statistik data yang dianalisis memperoleh hasil bahwa kemampuan menulis pantun mahasiswa kelas 2021 B Prodi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia FKIP Universitas Riau berkategori Tinggi dengan nilai rata-rata yaitu 85. |
| Date: | 2023–05–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:679pj&r=sea |
| By: | , Yosep |
| Abstract: | Tulisan ini senantiasa melihat implementasi moderasi beragama dalam falsafah orang Toraja yakni Unnalli Melo. Dalam Tulisan ini menjelaskan bagaimana orang Toraja hidup dalam kedamaian meski hidup dalam perbedaan. Tulisan ini juga menjelaskan tujuan dan manfaat dalam menulis serta menguraikan apa yang dimaksud dengan Unnalli Melo dan bagaimana pengimplementasian Unnalli Melo dalam moderasi beragama dan juga bagaimana kesimpulan dari tulisan tersebut serta penulis memberi sedikit saran dalam penerapan moderasi beragama di Indonesia. |
| Date: | 2023–05–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:ud4xp&r=sea |
| By: | Khan, Haider |
| Abstract: | How might it be possible for the foreign policy of a small country today to be part of a Nonaligned Movement(NAM) as the unipolar world ends? I do a historical geopolitical and geoeconomic case study to answer this question. How was it possible for the foreign policy of Bangladesh to be oriented toward the world as a part of an independent nonaligned movement even as the newly independent, poor, tropical country ravaged by a brutal war struggled to balance many competing internal and external demands? This becomes a complex question to answer particularly when we recall that the cold war between the US led Capitalist bloc and the USSR led Socialist bloc had already been raging for more than two decades. Only some larger mixed economies like India, Indonesia, and some revolutionary countries like Cuba and Algeria had managed to show such independence during the 1950s and 1960s. In case of Indonesia this was drowned in blood in a coup aided and abetted by the US.My recently developed theory of Critical TransNeoclassical Realism for geopolitics and geoeconomics helps answer these questions and raise the possibility of a new NAM. |
| Keywords: | Nonaligned Movement(NAM), Foreign policy, Geopolitics and Geoeconomics, New NAM, foreign policy of a small country and NAM, Bangladesh after liberation, Critical TransNeoclassical Realism for geopolitics and geoeconomics |
| JEL: | F51 F53 F54 |
| Date: | 2023–05–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:117455&r=sea |
| By: | Manga, Muge; Cengiz, Orhan; Destek, Mehmet Akif |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the role of export quality in climate action goal of the sustainable development goals in emerging Asian countries. For this purpose, the empirical model that observes the impact of real GDP, energy use and export quality index on carbon emissions is constructed and is analyzed by ARDL bound test approach for the period from 1970 to 2014. We also include the square of real GDP as independent variable to observe the existency of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis which implies the parabolic relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation. The findings show that increase in export quality leads to a fall in CO2 emissions for China and India. In contrast, the effect of increasing export quality increases CO2 emissions in Thailand and the Philippines. Lastly, our asymmetric causality results show that the positive shocks of export quality causes positive shocks of CO2 emissions in Thailand and Indonesia. Furthermore, we found that positive export quality shocks causes negative carbon emission shocks in India while negative export quality shocks causes positive carbon emissions shocks in China. We also confirm the inverted U-shaped EKC hypothesis in China and Thailand. |
| Keywords: | This paper investigates the role of export quality in climate action goal of the sustainable development goals in emerging Asian countries. For this purpose, the empirical model that observes the impact of real GDP, energy use and export quality index on carbon emissions is constructed and is analyzed by ARDL bound test approach for the period from 1970 to 2014. We also include the square of real GDP as independent variable to observe the existency of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis which implies the parabolic relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation. The findings show that increase in export quality leads to a fall in CO2 emissions for China and India. In contrast, the effect of increasing export quality increases CO2 emissions in Thailand and the Philippines. Lastly, our asymmetric causality results show that the positive shocks of export quality causes positive shocks of CO2 emissions in Thailand and Indonesia. Furthermore, we found that positive export quality shocks causes negative carbon emission shocks in India while negative export quality shocks causes positive carbon emissions shocks in China. We also confirm the inverted U-shaped EKC hypothesis in China and Thailand. |
| JEL: | Q01 Q5 |
| Date: | 2022–09–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:117552&r=sea |
| By: | , MUH.TAQWA |
| Abstract: | Apa itu biomarker? Secara sederhana biomarker dapat didefinisikan sebagai respon biologis dari suatu organisme terhadap bahan pencemar atau tekanan lingkungan. Biomarker digunakan sebagai substitusi dalam monitoring lingkungan yang mengandalkan pendekatan klasik berbasis pada informasi konsentrasi bahan -bahan kimia yang ada di lingkungan. Pendekatan klasik ini dinilai mahal dan memerlukan peralatan yang sanagat canggih dan juga membutuhkan keterampilan yang mumpuni. Di samping itu, pendekatan monitoring klasik tidak memberikan informasi efek yang ditimbulkan oleh bahan - bahan kimia atau stresor lingkungan secara langsung. Seiring dengan perkembangan studi dan aplikasi biomarker, ilmuan dalam bidang ekotoksikologi mencoba untuk memanfaatkan seluruh organisme biologi biota untuk digunakan sebagai biomarker, termasuk di dalamnya adalah biomarker pada tingkat molekuler dan seluler. Tak ayal lagi, inovasi-inovasi studi ekotoksikologi yang menggunakan biomarker pada akhirnya menghasilkan biomarker yang berbiaya mahal dan tidak sederhana. Oleh karena itu, penggunaan biomarker perlu dikembalikan kepada azas awalnya yaitu sebagai substitusi monitoring klasik yang tidak berbiaya mahal dan tidak membutuhkan alat yang canggih. Beberapa biomarker yang berkaitan dengan kondisi morfologi kerang dapat dijadikan sebagai kandidat biomarker sederhana yang memunyai relevansi ekologis. Buku ini akan memberikan ulasan ringkas dan tip strategis penggunaan biomarker sederhana dalam penelitian atau monitoring lingkungan dengan menggunakan kerang sebagai sentinel organism. Di Indonesia buku tentang biomarker sebagai alat biomonitoring di perairan masih sangat jarang ditemukan. Oleh karena itu, sangat penting kehadiran buku seperti ini dalam ruang yang hampir kosong diskursus dan aplikasi biomarker sederhana di lingkungan akademik dan praktisi di Indonesia dalam menyetimulasi minat dan pengembangan biomarker sebagai substitusi di program monitoring lingkungan. |
| Date: | 2023–05–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:yqn2v&r=sea |
| By: | Irwan Arfin, Muh. |
| Abstract: | Dalam penyelesaian sengketa ada beberapa cara yang dapat kita gunakan berdasarkan prinsip syariah sebagai alternatif: 1. Bahwa dalam menyelesaikan permasalah Sengketa Ekonomi Syariah berdasarkan tradisi Islam klasik Kl dapat ditempuh dengan cara di bawah ini: a. Al Sulh (Perdamaian) b. Tahkim (artbitrase) c. Wilayat al Qadha (Kekuasaan Kehakiman) 2. Penyelesaian Sengketa Ekonomi Syariah Berdasarkan Tradisi Hukum Positif Indonesia dapat di tempuh dengan cara dibawah ini: a. Perdamaian dan Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa (ADR) b. Arbitrase (Tahkim) Selain penyelesaian berdasarkan prinsip syariah, terdapat bebrapa alternatif penyelesaian dalam suatu sengketa, yaitu: 1. Litigasi 2. Arbitrase 3. Mediasi-Arbitrase 4. Hakim Partikelir (Private Judges) 5. Konsiliasi 6. Mediasi 7. Mini-Trial 8. Summary Jury Trial 9. Neutral Expert Fact Finding 10. Early Neutral Evaluation |
| Date: | 2023–05–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:62s7u&r=sea |
| By: | Deborah Elms; Nick Agnew |
| Abstract: | Digital trade has become a major driver of economic development by enhancing productivity and lowering costs of trade in goods. While digital trade promises new opportunities for individuals and firms of all sizes, it also raises new challenges. Policymakers and business leaders need to better understand the drivers of this paradigm for trade and find solutions for potential issues in dialogue with stakeholders so as to ensure digital trade policies that are more sustainable and inclusive for all. This paper addresses emerging topics, with limited existing regulations in place and with clear challenges ahead in designing effective and appropriate policy responses that effectively address each topic. The risks of incompatible policy frameworks across the Asia-Pacific region cannot be discounted. Such regulatory fragmentation could destroy the promise of the digital economy and make it significantly harder for large and small firms across the region to participate in digital trade in the future. |
| Keywords: | digital trade, trade in services, Asia, digital policy |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rsc:rsceui:2022/51&r=sea |
| By: | Adha, Muhammad Aidil |
| Abstract: | In this modern era, development programs implemented in Indonesia basically aim to improve the welfare of all parties. However, in the process of achieving these goals, sometimes it also has a different (unfavorable) impact, especially for certain parties, for example vulnerable groups (in this case economically classified as poor). The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of modernization in the agrarian sector. The existence of agrarian modernization in the agricultural sector has had a positive impact on employment opportunities for farm workers, especially with the existence of machined agricultural equipment such as tractor engines, motorized pest control tanks, the existence of combined machines makes it easier for farmers to supervise labor and reduce implementation costs and time. faster execution of work. In addition to having a positive impact, modernization also has a negative impact where food crops are included in the green revolution program. In fact, modernization programs only improve the fate of farmers in the upper layers of the village, while smallholders and farm laborers are left untouched. Smallholder farmers and farm laborers are still left behind, not being picked up by the flow of development. Agricultural modernization also emphasizes technology but forgets the social structure. As a result, small farmers will get poorer and large farmers can accumulate land, so that the difference between wealth and poverty is increasingly tiered, so that social polarization will occur. |
| Date: | 2023–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:92uq8&r=sea |
| By: | Ghosh, Jayati |
| Keywords: | MACROECONOMIA, MOVIMIENTOS DE CAPITAL, CONTROL DE CAPITAL, ASPECTOS ECONOMICOS, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, MACROECONOMICS, CAPITAL MOVEMENTS, CAPITAL CONTROLS, ECONOMIC ASPECTS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2023–01–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48889&r=sea |
| By: | Nath, Ela; Klingebiel, Stephan |
| Abstract: | This Policy Brief examines the geopoliticisation of development cooperation within the Indo-Pacific region. First, we discuss the emergence of Indo-Pacific strategies and how these intersect with geopolitics and development cooperation amongst traditional develop-ment actors such as the United States and the Euro-pean Union. Second, we examine how these narratives have shaped the development cooperation approaches of China and India, both significant geopolitical actors. Third, we look at how these dynamics have played out in key regions of the Indo-Pacific, especially Southeast Asia, South Asia, and the Pacific Islands. We argue that while geopolitical competition brings opportunity to these regions, this opportunity needs to be strategically managed to deliver positive development outcomes. Geopolitics has always been a factor in development debates and development cooperation historically, and we should not expect this to change (Power, 2019; Liao & Lee, 2022). In the last decade, this competition has heightened with China's global rise - economically, strategically, and geopolitically. As China became perceived as a potential competitor to traditional global and regional powers such as the United States, the European Union, Japan, or Australia, we saw a rise in strategies to manage, balance, or counter this rise. Consequently, emerging Indo-Pacific frameworks and strategies are shaping and dominating the discourse on global geopolitics, including development cooperation. As a result of sharp geopolitical competition, develop-ment cooperation has become a contested space. China's powerful rise and the subsequent proliferation of Indo-Pacific strategies to counter this rise are key drivers of this dynamic. While this competition can breed division, between and within countries and regions, it can also give rise to increased multipolarity, partner country agency, and positive competition towards development outcomes. Competition and the numerous new strategies, resources, and initiatives that come with it, can offer opportunity for partner countries to secure resources and commitment toward their own development agenda. Rather than being "forced" to choose sides, countries and regions can and are using geostrategic competition to their advantage. Competition provides choice, a seat at the table, and opportunities for decision-making. However, taking ownership and direction over these strategies and resources can challenge partner countries and regions. Hedging is one option but carries risks, especially when politics get in the way, and development gains may be subsequently compromised. While there is a plethora of Indo-Pacific strategies that articulate visions for the region and ways powers should strengthen economic, diplomatic, security, and development ties with the Indo-Pacific countries, Indo-Pacific countries themselves should also have their own strategies, which outline their vision and objectives for engagement with great powers and other actors who seek and vie for their partnership. |
| Keywords: | Indo-Pacific region, China, India, development policy, development cooperation, foreign aid, geopolitics, USA, EU, Germany |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:idospb:82023&r=sea |
| By: | Brian Kan (Crean Lutheran High School, Irvine, United States); Douglas Klein (New Jersey City University, United States) |
| Abstract: | Amazon, with $469 Billion in sales in 2021, has established itself as a world-class user of AI, utilizing Machine Learning in its search engine to deliver desired results quickly - so millions of shoppers find the products they want to buy. Amazon’s affiliate, Amazon Web Services, had annual sales of $62 Billion in 2021, making it the 53rd largest company on the Fortune 500 as measured by revenues. AWS provides enterprises with a fully managed AI service with tools needed to execute every step of the ML development lifecycle in one integrated environment. By 2021, more than one hundred thousand companies utilized AWS Machine Learning - more than any other cloud platform. Outside of the traditional search engine applications what are some compelling and important business use cases where ML and AI have the greatest impact? Some use cases in this paper: AWS AI and Machine Learning are used by commercial landlords and industrial real estate owners to save energy and reduce carbon emissions. The World Wildlife Federation uses AWS AI tools in Indonesia to better understand the size and health of orangutan populations in their native habitat. And The Walt Disney Company uses ML and AI to organize metadata into one archival system, storing information about the stories, scenes, and characters in every second of Disney’s huge catalog of shows and movies. |
| Keywords: | AWS, Amazon Web Services AI, AWS Machine Learning, AWS Business Use Cases |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0205&r=sea |
| By: | Wei Tian |
| Abstract: | The synthetic control estimator (Abadie et al., 2010) is asymptotically unbiased assuming that the outcome is a linear function of the underlying predictors and that the treated unit can be well approximated by the synthetic control before the treatment. When the outcome is nonlinear, the bias of the synthetic control estimator can be severe. In this paper, we provide conditions for the synthetic control estimator to be asymptotically unbiased when the outcome is nonlinear, and propose a flexible and data-driven method to choose the synthetic control weights. Monte Carlo simulations show that compared with the competing methods, the nonlinear synthetic control method has similar or better performance when the outcome is linear, and better performance when the outcome is nonlinear, and that the confidence intervals have good coverage probabilities across settings. In the empirical application, we illustrate the method by estimating the impact of the 2019 anti-extradition law amendments bill protests on Hong Kong's economy, and find that the year-long protests reduced real GDP per capita in Hong Kong by 11.27% in the first quarter of 2020, which was larger in magnitude than the economic decline during the 1997 Asian financial crisis or the 2008 global financial crisis. |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2306.01967&r=sea |
| By: | Quoc-Anh Do (Monash University and CEPR. Monash Business School); Yen-Teik Lee (National University of Singapore, NUS Business School); Bang D. Nguyen (University of Cambridge. Judge Business School, Cambridge); Kieu-Trang Nguyen (Northwestern University. Kellogg School of Management) |
| Abstract: | Does higher office always lead to more favoritism? The usual affirmative answer overlooks scrutiny's role in shaping the pattern of favoritism: It is possible that politicians who attain higher-powered po- sitions under stricter scrutiny may reduce quid-pro-quo favors towards connected firms. Around close Congress elections, we find RDD-based evidence of this adverse effect that a politician's win reduces his former classmates' firms stock value by 1.9% after a day and 3.2% after a week. This effect varies by cross-state level of scrutiny, politician's power, firm size and governance, and connection strength, and diminishes as a politician's career concern fades over time. |
| Keywords: | Favoritism, Power, Scrutiny, Political connection, Congressmen |
| JEL: | D72 D73 D85 G14 G32 |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mos:moswps:2023-11&r=sea |
| By: | Pietro Masina |
| Abstract: | At the 47th G7 summit held in Cornwall in June 2021, President Biden announced a US-led multilateral plan to counter the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). This plan was named “Build Back Better World” (B3W), mimicking the Build Back Better initiative adopted at home by the Biden Administration to revive the post-Covid American economy. A few months later on 1 December 2021 the European Union launched its own response to the Chinese BRI with a 300-billion-euro project called Global Gateway, seemingly coordinated with the American B3W. This paper locates the two Western initiatives in the context of a global quest for hegemony in which China has successfully challenged the existing geopolitical frameworks in Africa, Latin America and – even more importantly – in East and Southeast Asia. The Belt and Road Initiative was announced by President Xi Jinping in 2013 as a modern Silk Road, making clear China’s ambition to return to its historical role as a world superpower. To improve infrastructure to facilitate world trade (and obviously trade with China) was the official aim of the ambitious plan. After almost a decade since its launch, however, it is evident that the project was not only about infrastructure. It responded to the needs of a rapidly expanding economy in transition from a global manufacturing hub to an industrially advanced country. The BRI simultaneously addressed three major challenges: finding profitable investment opportunities for the immense Chinese financial reserves of foreign currencies; securing strategic commodities; and opening new markets for Chinese exports. The BRI also was (and still is) a major international foreign policy initiative aimed at projecting China into a leadership role in a context of declining American hegemonic power. The American Build Back Better World (B3W) and the European Global Gateway will not only need to compete with China in terms of trade and infrastructure, but also with China’s quest for hegemony that sees its main leverage in her regional prominence in East Asia. |
| Keywords: | Europe in the World |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rsc:rsceui:2022/09&r=sea |
| By: | Berger, Axel; Bolmer, Ann-Margret; Gitt, Florian; Olekseyuk, Zoryana; Metz, Marius; Robardet, Guillaume; Schäfer, Julia; Schneider, Marie-Lisa; Schönberg, Frank |
| Abstract: | More than 110 Members of the World Trade Organization (WTO), many of them developing countries and least-developed countries (LDCs), are negotiating a plurilateral Agreement on Investment Facilitation for Development (IFD). In contract to existing bilateral investment treaties that establish sweeping rules on investment protection and liberalisation, the IFD Agreement aims at increasing the transparency, predictability and efficiency of investment frameworks as well as improving inter-governmental coordination and international cooperation on investment matters. In view of the fact that WTO Members aim at concluding the negotiations by mid-2023, discussions are under way on how the IFD Agreement can successfully be implemented in developing countries, and LDCs in particular. The IFD Agreement includes a comprehensive section on Special and Differential Treatment, which grants developing countries and LDCs longer timeframes as well as technical assistance and capacity development to support implementation. The Agreement also foresees so-called needs assessments at the country level to evaluate countries' readiness and support needs to implement the IFD Agreement. While such needs assessments have been extensively used in the context of the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA), we lack insights into how such needs assessments can be operationalised in the context of investment facilitation and what kind of implementation challenges are prevalent, in particular in LDCs. To assess implementation gaps, barriers to successful implementation as well as national and international support actions, we conducted pilot needs assessments covering a selected group of IFD Agreement measures with a broad range of stakeholders in three LDCs, namely Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Togo and Zambia. Our pilots indicate that 13 selected provisions of the IFD Agreement have not been sufficiently implemented across the three LDCs. In particular, 64 per cent of analysed provisions have only partially been implement, while the rest have not been implemented at all. These findings underline that, in order to benefit from the IFD Agreement, LDCs need substantial implementation support from the international community. The most striking, commonly identified barriers hindering the full implementation are lack of cooperation and coordination among investment-competent agencies, poor information management for investors as well as limited digitalisation and automatisation. To overcome these barriers, nationally identified actions may focus mainly on the creation of a single information portal for foreign investors and a single-window system to improve authorisation procedures, as well as a clarification of mandates and functions of relevant ministries and institutions. Our research also underlines the importance of a whole-of-government and multi-stakeholder approach. The establishment of a National Investment Facilitation Committee may prove to be an effective instrument to ensure coordination and communication between involved stakeholders. International support should complement national actions with technical assistance and capacity development in investment-related topics, improving information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructures and digitalised processes, as well as fostering the international exchange of best practices. Our pilot needs assessments emphasise that the WTO Secretariat and the negotiating Members should strengthen outreach activities to promote knowledge about the WTO IFD Agreement among national-level stakeholders. In general, our pilots underline that needs assessments are an important instrument for identifying persistent implementation gaps and tailoring technical assistance and capacity development to the demands of Members, especially LDCs. |
| Keywords: | Investment Facilitation, FDI, Investment Agreement, WTO, LDC, investment regime, needs assessments, implementation gaps, technical assisstance, capacity building |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:idospb:72023&r=sea |
| By: | Solikin M. Juhro (Bank Indonesia) |
| Abstract: | This paper elaborates the theoretical and practical perspectives of future central bank policy in emerging market economies (EMEs). With salient thoughts presented to expand broader horizons, a special overview is presented on the experiences and practices of central bank policies in EMEs. For EME central banks, complex challenges are inevitable considering the current state of economic progress, economic endowments, and institutional capacity. Several theoretical assumptions that underlie policy thinking are also substantively not the case for EMEs. These conditions, however, provide broad opportunities and space for central banks in EME countries to deliver policy innovations and breakthroughs, not only from a practical level, but also a theoretical perspective. The implementation of flexible inflation targeting framework (ITF) and the central bank policy mix, as well as the policy trilemma management of an open economy are among many examples of how central bank policy has evolved towards a more integrated framework. Eventually, to become a relevant regulator, the central bank must put extra effort into strengthening policy coordination and institutional arrangements, fostering new sources of growth to support a broader scope of welfare amelioration, while reinforcing the central bank policy mix in the new era |
| Keywords: | central bank policy mix, integrated policy framework, inflation targeting, central bank in emerging markets |
| JEL: | E02 E31 E52 E58 E61 F62 G01 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idn:wpaper:wp012023&r=sea |
| By: | Marcel Saitis (Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad, Romania) |
| Abstract: | Every people group is distinguished through specific traits that reflect both its identity and ethnicity. While identity refers to the process of ‘becoming’ a people throughout history, and it represents its current dominant image, ethnicity refers to the roots of a people, the particular elements within it that make some say, ‘us’ or ‘them’ (People and Bailey 2009, 383). These features of ethnicity and identity are given by several elements that contribute to the formation of a people: anthropological aspects, linguistic elements, the history of a people and contextual framework. The anthropological aspects refer to a people and the origin of different ethnic groups located in the same geographical area. The linguistic elements point to the origins of the populations set together, characterized by specific vocabulary. The historical framework shows the process by which populations found in the same geographical area, due to specific circumstances, managed to preserve their ethnicity, but also to form a new common identity. The contextual framework refers to the social, cultural, and religious aspects specific to certain groups or mixed in the process of forming a new identity. In this article we aim for two things. First, we would like to make several observations on the ethnicity of the Malagasy people, located in the geographical territory of Madagascar, in the Indian Ocean, in the light of the above-mentioned elements, and then to look at the identity of the Malagasy people today, following the process of homogenization of the different populations and cultures that form it. Although we could not comprehensively cover all these elements that reflect ethnicity and identity, we sketched a picture of the Malagasy people including some of the four elements mentioned above: the genesis of the Malagasy people, the linguistic elements, and a brief historical, cultural, and religious framework reflected in the social life of the Malagasy people. |
| Keywords: | ethnicity, identity, Malagasy, Malagasy people, Madagascar, taboo |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0203&r=sea |