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on South East Asia |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Natural Disasters Finance and Financial Sector Development - Insurance & Risk Mitigation Urban Development - Hazard Risk Management |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36013&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Private Sector Development - Business Environment Private Sector Development - Enterprise Development & Reform Private Sector Development - Private Sector Economics Science and Technology Development - Innovation |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36207&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Private Sector Development - Business Environment Private Sector Development - Competitiveness and Competition Policy Private Sector Development - Enterprise Development & Reform Private Sector Development - Private Sector Economics Science and Technology Development - Innovation |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36208&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Health, Nutrition and Population - Health Insurance Health, Nutrition and Population - Health Service Management and Delivery Industry - Health Care Services Industry |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35372&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Social Protections and Labor - Labor Markets |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35378&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Education - Access & Equity in Basic Education Education - Early Childhood Development Education - Education For All Education - Education Reform and Management Education - Effective Schools and Teachers Social Protections and Labor - Vocational & Technical Education |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34807&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Agribusiness Agriculture - Food Security Health, Nutrition and Population - Disease Control & Prevention Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34930&r= |
| By: | Cunningham,Wendy; Moroz,Harry Edmund; Muller,Noel; Solatorio,Aivin Vicquierra |
| Abstract: | As the economies of Southeast Asia continue adopting digital technologies, policy makersincreasingly ask how to prepare the workforce for emerging labor demands. However, little is known about the skillsthat workers need to adapt to these changes. Skills profiles in low- and middle-income countries are typically derivedfrom data collected in the United States, which is known to inaccurately reflect their occupational skills. This paperuses online job postings data from Malaysia to identify the digital, cognitive, and socioemotional skills required fordigital and non-digital occupations. The skills profiles for each occupation are then merged with labor force survey datafrom Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam to sketch skills profiles of the workforces in these countries. Usingdescriptive statistics and linear probability model regressions, the paper finds evidence that highly digitaloccupations require not only digital skills, but also cognitive and socioemotional skills. Similarly, virtuallyall occupations, regardless of the digital intensity of the job, require some basic or intermediate digital skills.Pairwise correlations and a factor analysis confirm the complementarity between digital skills and different subsetsof cognitive and socioemotional skills. The data also confirm that, even with the excitement about the digitalrevolution, the bulk of employment in Southeast Asia is in low- (around two-thirds) or medium-digital (aroundone-third) occupations. Only between 1 and 5 percent of jobs are highly digital in the four countries studied. Thesefindings suggest that as education and training systems adapt to teach basic digital skills, they will need tocontinue to foster cognitive and socioemotional skills. |
| Date: | 2022–05–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10070&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Agricultural Sector Economics Agriculture - Crops & Crop Management Systems Agriculture - Forestry Management Environment - Ecosystems and Natural Habitats Environment - Forests and Forestry Environment - Sustainable Land Management |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36223&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Environment - Environmental Protection Environment - Marine Environment Environment - Pollution Management & Control Private Sector Development - Private Sector Economics Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Investment and Investment Climate |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35295&r= |
| By: | Shawn Tan; Trang Tran |
| Keywords: | Health, Nutrition and Population - Disease Control & Prevention Industry - Industrial Economics Private Sector Development - Private Sector Economics Social Protections and Labor - Labor Markets |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34902&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Health, Nutrition and Population - Disease Control & Prevention Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Taxation & Subsidies Private Sector Development - Small and Medium Size Enterprises Social Protections and Labor - Employment and Unemployment |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35430&r= |
| By: | Ira Geraldina (Universitas Terbuka, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Javier Rasyadputra Walad Author-2-Workplace-Name: Department of Accounting, Indonesia Banking School, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Rafly Raditya Syahputra Author-3-Workplace-Name: Department of Accounting, Indonesia Banking School, Indonesia Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Purpose - This study examines one of the political governance pillars, namely the Party's cadre management system, on fraud in Indonesian SOEs. In the context of Indonesia, SOEs' executives are not officially the cadre of the Party, but some of them have a political connection to the ruling Party. We use BOC's Duality and BOCs political connection as proxies of the Party's cadre management system due to their potential affiliation to the ruling Party. Methodology - This study used 86 observations of SOEs listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2015-2019. Using panel data estimation, this study surprisingly finds that BOC's Duality has a negative effect on fraudulent financial statements. Findings - The political connection positively affects the fraudulent financial statement. These findings suggest that independent boards with dual positions are incentivized to maintain their reputation, thereby decreasing fraudulent financial statements. Novelty - However, independent boards with political connections cannot overcome their conflicts of interest, so they cannot properly carry out their supervisory functions. These findings become the main contribution of this study that explains the implication of political governance in preventing fraud in Indonesian SOEs. Type of Paper - Empirical" |
| Keywords: | BOC's duality; fraudulent financial statement; political connection; corporate governance. |
| JEL: | M41 M48 |
| Date: | 2022–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jmmr296&r= |
| By: | Patricia Diana (Universitas Multimedia Nusantara, 15810, Tangerang, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Chermian Eforis Author-2-Workplace-Name: Universitas Multimedia Nusantara, 15810, Tangerang, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - The paper aims to measure tax incentive effectiveness specifically for SMEs using internal government factors such as modernization and socialization of the tax system and internal personal taxpayers' factors using tax knowledge. Methodology/Technique - Using primary data collected by questionnaire. Respondent criteria prepare according to SMEs classification from the Regulation of the Minister of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia. Data in this study were analyzed using multiple linear regression with SPSS statistics. Findings - this research found that modernization, socialization, and taxpayer knowledge will improve tax incentive efficiency. Internal government factors consist of modernization of the tax system and frequent socialization, significantly encouraging taxpayers to utilize the incentive without having deep knowledge of taxation. Novelty - This study explains the determinants of tax incentives from both sides, government, and taxpayer, especially for SMEs during pandemic COVID 19 in the Indonesian market. Type of Paper - Empirical." |
| Keywords: | Tax Incentive, Fiscal Policy, Covid-19, Indonesia |
| JEL: | E62 E64 H25 D83 |
| Date: | 2022–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:afr214&r= |
| By: | Nazatul Shima Abdul Rani (UniKL Business School, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, 50250, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Author-2-Name: K. Sarojani Devi Krishnan Author-2-Workplace-Name: UniKL Business School, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, 50250, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Author-3-Name: Khairul Azizan Suda Author-3-Workplace-Name: UniKL MIDI, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, 56100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - This study is conducted to investigate the acceptance level of Bumiputra entrepreneurs that register with a government agency in Malaysia on the concept of co-working space related to operator supports (OS), facilities (F), and social and business networking (SBN), to use (IU). Methodology/Technique - About 2,000 Bumiputra entrepreneurs were contacted via e-mail, and only 267 responded. The data were analysed using SPSS Software, and Cronbach's Alpha is more than 0.900 for OS, F, SBN, and IU. Hence all items can be used to measure the constructs. Finding - Most respondents perceive OS, F, and SBN to be helpful and have a positive and significant relationship with the intention to use (IU) co-working space. Novelty - Hence, it is recommended for the relevant government agencies with unutilized office premises to convert their office spaces into co-working spaces, as the findings have shown that most Bumiputra entrepreneurs intend to use co-working spaces and perceive them to be helpful. Type of Paper - Empirical" |
| Keywords: | Co-Working Space; Facilities, Operator Support; Social and Business Networking; Intention to Use. |
| JEL: | L26 M13 |
| Date: | 2022–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:gjbssr622&r= |
| By: | Norzalina Ahmad (Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010, Sintok Kedah, Malaysia Author-2-Name: Hanita Kadir @ Shahar Author-2-Workplace-Name: Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010, Sintok Kedah, Malaysia Author-3-Name: Adilah Azhari Author-3-Workplace-Name: Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010, Sintok Kedah, Malaysia Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - This study aims to examine the factors that influence the success or failure of the Malaysian Sustainable Palm Oil (MSPO) certification among independent smallholders. Methodology/Technique - We analysed 67 respondents from the Kedah region between February and March 2021. Our curiosity is piqued, about how awareness and sustainability practices influence the certification or non-certification among independent palm oil smallholders. Finding - Based on our survey, the finding shows that most of the respondents are aware of, and understand, the value of MSPO certification and use relevant sustainability practices on their farm. However, the result of the regression analysis suggests that sustainable practice is insignificant in explaining the failure in having the MSPO certification. The finding also shows that awareness is crucial in assisting independent smallholders to accept MSPO certification. Novelty - This study would provide insight into the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) because it is one of the country's most important bodies for addressing environmental and social concerns voiced by both local and international organizations and consumers. Type of Paper - Empirical" |
| Keywords: | MSPO certification; Independent smallholders; Sustainability; Awareness; Palm oil industry |
| JEL: | Q01 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:gjbssr624&r= |
| By: | Sry Rashida Sofyan (School of Business and Management, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Wawan Dhewanto Author-2-Workplace-Name: School of Business and Management Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung Campus, 40132, Bandung, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Verrel Radiman Author-3-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Universitas Brawijaya, 65145, Malang, Indonesia Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Purpose - As the world began to adapt to Covid-19, the phenomenon of mass resignations emerged. Companies are competing to retain their best talents by offering flexible benefits. This paper shows how Design Thinking is used to solve user problems in creating a B2B Flex Benefit product. Methodology - The Flex Benefit that will be developed is the employee loan, which is growing in demand among Indonesians. Design Thinking is one method of developing products that meet user needs. This study's primary data collection methods were In-Depth Interviews (IDI) and moderated Usability Testing (UT). Findings - This study also uses an Empathy Map, a Value Proposition Canvas, and a User Journey Map. Novelty - This paper will demonstrate how a Flex Benefit product in Indonesia can gain a competitive advantage by synthesizing user insights. Type of Paper - Empirical" |
| Keywords: | Product development; design thinking; usability testing; employee loan; human-computer interaction; user persona; product design. |
| JEL: | M11 M13 M15 |
| Date: | 2022–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jmmr305&r= |
| By: | Massie, Natanael Waraney Gerald; Mangunsong, Carlos |
| Abstract: | This study aims to characterise and represent the Indonesian manufacturing sector as a production network. We specifically define any relationship between any two products in the network as a relationship that one product is used as input to produce the other, akin to the input-output models but in a much-disaggregated level of 10-digit product level. This study utilises the Indonesian annual survey of manufacturing firms, specifically the 2017 data, to construct a product-level network of industries. Using the constructed network, this study discusses which products and sectors in the Indonesian manufacturing sector are more well-connected to others, using different centrality measures commonly discussed in network theory. We find that, generally, low-to-medium technology products are the more central products in Indonesian manufacturing. We also compare our framework with other well-established product network frameworks and discuss possible further works using our framework. |
| Keywords: | Product network; manufacturing sector; Indonesia |
| JEL: | L1 L14 L6 O14 |
| Date: | 2022–08–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:114647&r= |
| By: | Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, VIET - Vietnam Initiative for Energy Transition) |
| Abstract: | Everybody knows now: The State cannot protect us against this energy crisis forever. Everybody knows now that the high prices of fossil fuels in international markets will impact the Vietnamese household energy bill. The costs of importing coal are to blame for the blackouts in Hanoi in early July 2022. What can we do about it, and how to navigate the global energy crisis? |
| Date: | 2022–09–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03775724&r= |
| By: | Yoonyoung Cho; Jorge Avalos; Yasuhiro Kawasoe; Douglas Johnson; Ruth Rodriguez |
| Keywords: | Education - Access & Equity in Basic Education Health, Nutrition and Population - Disease Control & Prevention Health, Nutrition and Population - Health Service Management and Delivery Health, Nutrition and Population - Health and Poverty |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35260&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Poverty Reduction - Access of Poor to Social Services Poverty Reduction - Living Standards Poverty Reduction - Services & Transfers to Poor Social Protections and Labor - Employment and Unemployment Social Protections and Labor - Social Protections & Assistance Health, Nutrition and Population - Disease Control & Prevention |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34860&r= |
| By: | Maran, Raluca |
| Abstract: | This paper uses an event study analysis to assess how stock prices in the Philippines have reacted to domestic monetary-policy changes using data at a daily frequency from 2017 to 2022. A major contribution of this paper is the construction of a monetary-policy surprise measure for the Philippines, as the difference between the actual change in the monetary policy rate and the change anticipated by professional forecasters. My results are consistent with the literature, suggesting that unanticipated monetary policy changes exert a significant influence on stock prices in the Philippines. Overall, I find that an unexpected increase of 25 basis points in the monetary policy rate increases stock prices by about 1.09% on average. These results are robust to the inclusion of additional control variables in the baseline regression model, such as the implementation of restrictions to economic activity to curb the spread of the COVID-19 outbreak or revisions to macroeconomic forecasts released concomitantly with the monetary-policy rate announcement. |
| Keywords: | Event study; government policy responses; monetary policy surprise; Philippines; stock market returns. |
| JEL: | E52 G14 |
| Date: | 2022–10–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:114855&r= |
| By: | Dizon,Felipe Jr Fadullon; Josephson,Anna Leigh; Wang,Zetianyu |
| Abstract: | Most welfare measures, including food expenditure and diet quality, are based on householdaggregates and assume an equal or equitable distribution of resources among members within the household. But it isunlikely that resources are distributed equally or equitably within most households. As such, individual food expenditureand diet quality measures, rather than household aggregations, may paint a more accurate picture ofintra-household welfare. This paper assesses the disparity between household and individual measurement of foodexpenditure and diet quality in the Philippines using data from 2013. It finds evidence of intra-household inequalityfor food expenditure and for diet quality. In particular, for the consumption of starchy staples, meat, fish, andlegumes, women and children do not meet the recommended consumption, even within households that, in aggregate, areable to meet the recommended consumption. However, intra-household inequality is not observed undercircumstances in which no one in the household meets recommended consumption, as is the case for many foodcategories in our analysis. |
| Date: | 2022–09–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10170&r= |
| By: | Cali,Massimiliano; Ghose,Devaki; Montfaucon,Angella Faith Lapukeni; Ruta,Michele |
| Abstract: | How does trade policy affect exporters’ ability to respond to foreign demand shocks Facedwith a sudden change in the demand for their goods, exporting firms must optimally change their inputs and/orinput sources. This paper tests whether a country’s own trade policy makes such adjustments harder for firms thatrely on imported inputs. The analysis exploits new time-varying data on tariffs and non-tariff measures facedby Indonesian firms and focuses on the impact of exchange rate shocks on exports to Japan. In response to adepreciation of the yuan, which makes Chinese exports more competitive, the findings show that firms that facenon-tariff measures on their inputs see a much larger drop in their export values compared to firms that do not faceany non-tariff measures. That is not the case for import tariffs on inputs, which do not affect the export responseto the shock. This difference is consistent with the (partial) fixed costs imposed by non-tariff measures onimports in contrast to the pure variable costs of tariffs. The magnitude of this effect depends on the type ofnon-tariff measure and on firms’ characteristics, such as their participation in global value chains, size, andproduct quality. |
| Date: | 2022–05–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10068&r= |
| By: | Bertrand Blancheton (GREThA - Groupe de Recherche en Economie Théorique et Appliquée - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Dina Chhorn (GREThA - Groupe de Recherche en Economie Théorique et Appliquée - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UNIL - Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne) |
| Abstract: | We examine the linear and nonlinear long-run relationship between public expenditure and institutional quality, and income inequality in Asia and the Pacific. By applying panel cointegration methods using a dataset from 1988 to 2014, our main findings suggest that public expenditure and institutional quality have negative long-run, steady-state effects on income inequality in Asia and the Pacific. The effect of institutional quality has only a one-way Granger causality link to income inequality. The existence of a nonlinear relationship between public expenditure and institutional factors linked to income inequality is also found. It implies that, at the early stage of institutional development, a country whose economy has experienced higher public expenditure generates rising income inequality; then, in the long run, when the country improves its institutional quality, higher public expenditure results in lower income inequality. |
| Keywords: | Asia and the Pacific,income inequality,institutional quality,public expenditure |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03770836&r= |
| By: | Raju,Sudhakar Satyanarayan; Sosale,Shobhana |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a skills index for developing countries in Asia as a first step towarddeveloping a Global Skills Index. The Asian Skills Index is roughly modeled on the European Skills Index forOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. However, the Asian Skills Index is substantiallymore complicated to develop. In addition to data limitations, the Asian Skills Index incorporates severalstructural and institutional features of labor markets in Asian countries, such as vulnerable employment andunemployment among the highly educated, which are specific to Asian countries. In addition, the newly developedlearning-adjusted years of schooling indicator plays an integral role in the Asian Skills Index. Using the k-meansclustering algorithm, the paper identifies a comparable group of Asian developing countries for which it develops anindex of the country’s skills system. While studies on human capital focus only on education, the Asian Skills Index is a more comprehensive construct since it goes beyond justeducation and skills development. By incorporating labor market conditions within which education and skills canthrive and be translated into productive output, a skills system provides crucial economic context for the humancapital development process. Using the Asian Skills Index, the paper provides some economic estimates and policy recommendations. |
| Date: | 2022–05–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10032&r= |
| By: | Cali,Massimiliano; Johnson,Hillary C.; Perova,Elizaveta; Ryandiansyah,Nabil Rizky |
| Abstract: | Childcare services enable women who were previously unable to work due to taking care of theirchildren to join the labor market. If some women are more productive in market work, rather than unpaid householdwork, the availability of childcare can potentially improve the allocation of talent across different occupations,triggering an increase in productivity. This paper tests this hypothesis using a survey of manufacturing plants anddata on preschool expansion in Indonesia. The analysisrelies on a triple difference estimation comparing plants in sectors with different degrees of female labor at baseline.The results suggest that between 2002 and 2014, when a rapid preschool expansion took place in Indonesia, an additionalpreschool per 1,000 children increased the total factor productivity of manufacturing plants by 11 percent forplants with an average fraction of female workers. The paper provides suggestive evidence that these effects were drivenby better labor market matching, enabled by the expansion of female labor supply, and greater job stability for femaleemployees. The results unveil a novel short-term economic impact of childcare services, which complements thelong-term growth impact through human capital accumulation. |
| Date: | 2022–09–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10193&r= |
| By: | Ahsan,Md. Nazmul; Emran, M. Shahe; Jiang,Hanchen; Shilpi,Forhad J. |
| Abstract: | To understand the role of family background in intergenerational mobility, a large literaturehas focused on the conditional mean of children's economic outcomes given parent's economic status, whileignoring the information contained in conditional variance. This paper explores the effects of family background on theconditional variance of children's outcomes in the context of intergenerational educational mobility using datafrom three large developing countries (China, India, and Indonesia). The empirical analysis uses exceptionally richdata free of sample truncation because of the nonresident children at the time of the survey. Evidence from all threecountries suggests a strong influence of father's education on the conditional variance of children'sschooling. The analysis finds substantial heterogeneity across countries, gender, and geography (rural/urban).Cohort-based estimates suggest that the effects of father's education on the conditional variance havechanged qualitatively; in some cases, a positive effect in the 1950s cohort turns into a substantial negative effect inthe 1980s cohort. A methodology is developed to incorporate the effects of family background on the conditional variancealong with the standard conditional mean effects. This paper derives risk-adjusted measures of relative and absolutemobility by accounting for an estimate of the risk premium for the conditional variance faced by a child. The estimatesof risk-adjusted relative and absolute mobility for China, India, and Indonesia suggest that the existing evidenceusing the standard measures of mobility substantially underestimates the effects of family background onchildren's educational opportunities, and thus gives a false impression of high educational mobility. The magnitudeof underestimation is especially large for the children born into the most disadvantaged households where fathers have noschooling, while it is negligible for the children of college educated fathers. The standard (but partial)measures may lead to an incorrect ranking of regions and groups in terms of relative mobility. Compared to therisk-adjusted measures, the standard measures are likely to underestimate the gender gap and rural-urban gap ineducational opportunities. |
| Date: | 2022–06–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10074&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Rural Development - Rural & Small Town Water & Sanitation Water Supply and Sanitation - Hygiene Promotion and Social Marketing Finance and Financial Sector Development - Microfinance |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34897&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Environmental Protection Environment - Marine Environment Environment - Pollution Management & Control Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Investment and Investment Climate Private Sector Development - Private Sector Economics |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35296&r= |
| By: | Smita Kuriakose; Trang Tran |
| Keywords: | Private Sector Development - Business Environment Private Sector Development - Private Sector Economics Private Sector Development - Small and Medium Size Enterprises Social Protections and Labor - Labor Markets |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34965&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Environment - Marine Environment Environment - Pollution Management & Control Urban Development - Urban Water & Waste Management Water Supply and Sanitation - Urban Solid Waste Management |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35114&r= |
| By: | Gong Cheng (Bank for International Settlements (BIS)); Eric Jondeau (University of Lausanne - Faculty of Business and Economics (HEC Lausanne); Swiss Finance Institute; Swiss Finance Institute); Benoît Mojon (Bank for International Settlements (BIS)) |
| Abstract: | We propose a strategy to build portfolios of sovereign securities with progressively declining carbon footprints. Passive investors could use it as a new Paris-consistent benchmark to construct a “net zero” (NZ) portfolio while tracking closely the risk-adjusted returns of a business-as-usual (BAU) benchmark. Our strategy rewards sovereign issuers that have made stronger efforts in reducing carbon intensity, measured by total domestic emissions per capita. The NZ portfolio would have reduced carbon intensity by 41% between 2014 and 2019, by assigning higher weights to countries that have had lower carbon emissions. Among advanced economies, rebalancing leads to raising shares of France, Italy and Spain in the portfolio at the expense of the United States. And among emerging market economies, this leads to higher shares for Chile, the Philippines and Romania at the expense of China. Importantly, the NZ portfolio retains the same creditworthiness as the BAU benchmark without entailing materially higher foreign exchange risks. |
| Keywords: | Carbon footprints, sovereign debt, portfolio rebalancing, portfolio optimisation, active share, tracking error. |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2266&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Agribusiness Agriculture - Food Security Health, Nutrition and Population - Disease Control & Prevention Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy Poverty Reduction - Employment and Shared Growth Social Protections and Labor - Labor Markets |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34929&r= |
| By: | Richard Jackson; Evan Inglis |
| Keywords: | Finance and Financial Sector Development - Mutual Funds Social Protections and Labor - Pensions & Retirement Systems |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35236&r= |
| By: | ALI K.A. Mousa ("Department of Accounting and Taxation, College of Business, University Utara Malaysia, Malaysia" Author-2-Name: Nor Laili Hassan Author-2-Workplace-Name: Department of Accounting and Taxation, College of Business, University Utara Malaysia, Malaysia Author-3-Name: Kashan Pirzada Author-3-Workplace-Name: Department of Accounting and Taxation, College of Business, University Utara Malaysia, Malaysia Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | "Objective - The highly concentrated ownership structure, lack of quality information, and weak regulatory environments caused imbalances in the movement of cash flows and thereby put the liquidity levels of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) banks on a downward trend. This prompted policymakers in the GCC region to modify their Corporate Governance (C.G.) codes to boost the financial position of the GCC banking industry as liquidity providers and minimize systemic risk. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to conceptually investigate the relationship between board governance attributes and liquidity creation in the GCC banking sector. Methodology – The methodology employed in this study is a review of prior research on bank governance mechanisms and liquidity creation to gather perspective and establish a prediction about the association between board attributes and liquidity creation in the GCC banking industry. Findings – The study concludes that there is a positive correlation between the analyzed board governance features and the creation of liquidity based on several theories gleaned from a review of prior research. Novelty – The study evaluates bank liquidity creation and how board attributes influence it. Type of Paper - Review" |
| Keywords: | Liquidity Creation, Corporate Governance, Agency Theory, Board Attributes, GCC. |
| JEL: | M41 M49 |
| Date: | 2022–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jfbr204&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Conflict and Development - Disaster Management Environment - Natural Disasters Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy Poverty Reduction - Employment and Shared Growth |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34899&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Health, Nutrition and Population - Disease Control & Prevention Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy Poverty Reduction - Poverty and Health Public Sector Development - Public Sector Expenditure Policy |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34936&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Environmental Protection Environment - Forests and Forestry Environment - Natural Resources Management Environment - Sustainable Land Management Environment - Tourism and Ecotourism |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35345&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Health, Nutrition and Population - Disease Control & Prevention Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy Poverty Reduction - Employment and Shared Growth Social Protections and Labor - Employment and Unemployment Social Protections and Labor - Labor Markets |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35020&r= |
| By: | Arndt, Channing; Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Pauw, Karl; Thurlow, James |
| Abstract: | Global food, fuel, and fertilizer prices have risen rapidly in recent months, driven in large part by the fallout from the ongoing war in Ukraine and the sanctions imposed on Russia. Other factors, such as export bans, have also contributed to rising prices. Palm oil and wheat prices increased by 56 and 100 percent in real terms, respectively, between June 2021 and April 2022, with most of the increase occurring since February (Figure 1). Wide variation exists across products, with real maize prices increasing by only 11 percent and rice prices declining by 13 percent. The price of crude oil and natural gas has also risen substantially, while the weighted average price of fertilizer has doubled. With these changes in global prices, many developing countries and their development partners are concerned about the implications for economic stability, food security, and poverty. |
| Keywords: | PHILIPPINES, SOUTH EAST ASIA, ASIA, Ukraine, poverty, food security, armed conflicts, crises, prices, shock, agrifood systems, equality, diet, commodities, fertilizers |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:gccbrf:20&r= |
| By: | Chaitat Jirophat; Pym Manopimoke; Suparit Suwanik |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the dynamic impact of climate shocks on economic activity and inflation in Thailand, a developing country susceptible to the effects of climate change. We utilize a Vector Autoregressive (VAR) analysis that accounts for the asymmetric and nonlinear impacts of climate change. Overall, climate shocks are significantly contractionary on output whereas their effect on inflation is rather muted. For output, the impact is more pronounced on the production rather than expenditure side of the economy, although highly persistent climate shocks can have significant effects on demand. Furthermore, we find that the macroeconomic impact of climate change varies significantly across sectors of production as well as components of inflation. Raw food prices, in particular vegetables, are sensitive to climate shocks, consistent with the agricultural sector being most vulnerable, with effects that are more pronounced in the short-run. This contrasts with industrial production and service sectors that experience more persistent effects. We also find that dry versus wet weather conditions deliver varying effects on output and inflation, and we also find that the impact of climate shocks are more severe if extreme weather events are large, as well as sustained for longer periods of time. Finally, utilizing a panel autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL), we quantify significant differences in the impact of climate shocks on aggregate output across provinces, depending on the provincial level of income as well as its proportion of output tied to agricultural activities. |
| Keywords: | climate shocks; Climate change; Macroeconomy; Inflation; Extremity; Nonlinearity; Sectors of production; Output |
| JEL: | E23 E52 O13 O53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pui:dpaper:188&r= |
| By: | Paul Bilokon; Sergei Kucherenko; Casey Williams |
| Abstract: | The calculation of option Greeks is vital for risk management. Traditional pathwise and finite-difference methods work poorly for higher-order Greeks and options with discontinuous payoff functions. The Quasi-Monte Carlo-based conditional pathwise method (QMC-CPW) for options Greeks allows the payoff function of options to be effectively smoothed, allowing for increased efficiency when calculating sensitivities. Also demonstrated in literature is the increased computational speed gained by applying GPUs to highly parallelisable finance problems such as calculating Greeks. We pair QMC-CPW with simulation on the GPU using the CUDA platform. We estimate the delta, vega and gamma Greeks of three exotic options: arithmetic Asian, binary Asian, and lookback. Not only are the benefits of QMC-CPW shown through variance reduction factors of up to $1.0 \times 10^{18}$, but the increased computational speed through usage of the GPU is shown as we achieve speedups over sequential CPU implementations of more than $200$x for our most accurate method. |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2209.11337&r= |
| By: | Florian Bonnet (INED - Institut national d'études démographiques); Hippolyte d'Albis (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Josselin Thuilliez (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Influenza mortality has dramatically decreased in France since the 1950s. Annual death rates peaked during two pandemics: the Asian flu (1956-57) and the Hong-Kong flu (1969-1970). This study's objective is to evaluate whether the second pandemic created a structural change in the dynamics of influenza mortality in France. We employ a new database on influenza mortality since 1950 at the subnational level (90 geographic areas) to estimate statistical models to find whether a structural change happened and to explain the differences in mortality rates across geographic areas. Influenza mortality increased between 1950 and 1969, and decreased from 1970 onward. The Hong-Kong flu is identified as the event of a structural break. After the break, geographical differences are less explained by regional characteristics such as income, density or aging ratio. Hong Kong flu was found to be associated with a major change in influenza mortality in France. Change in health practices and policies induced a decline in mortality that started in 1970, just after the pandemics. The health benefits are notably important for senior citizens and for the poorest regions. |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03763371&r= |
| By: | Wendy Karamba; Clarence Tsimpo Nkengene; Kimsun Tong |
| Keywords: | Health, Nutrition and Population - Disease Control & Prevention Poverty Reduction - Inequality Poverty Reduction - Living Standards Poverty Reduction - Services & Transfers to Poor Social Protections and Labor - Employment and Unemployment Social Protections and Labor - Labor Markets |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35049&r= |
| By: | Wendy Karamba; Isabelle Salcher; Kimsun Tong |
| Keywords: | Health, Nutrition and Population - Disease Control & Prevention Poverty Reduction - Employment and Shared Growth Poverty Reduction - Inequality Poverty Reduction - Living Standards Social Protections and Labor - Employment and Unemployment Social Protections and Labor - Social Protections & Assistance |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35192&r= |
| By: | Wendy Karamba; Kimsun Tong |
| Keywords: | Health, Nutrition and Population - Disease Control & Prevention Poverty Reduction - Access of Poor to Social Services Poverty Reduction - Inequality Poverty Reduction - Living Standards Poverty Reduction - Services & Transfers to Poor Social Protections and Labor - Employment and Unemployment |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35050&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Climate Change and Agriculture Agriculture - Food Security Agriculture - Pest Management Environment - Environmental Protection Environment - Persistent Organic Pollutants |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35346&r= |
| By: | Sasiwimon Warunsiri Paweenawat; Lusi Liao |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the effects of brain and brawn skills on wages and the changes in wage distribution in Thailand using the Labor Force Survey (LFS) from 1985 to 2020. We quantify the contribution of changes in the skill requirement and highlight the increase in the return on brain and the decrease in the penalty on brawn, which helps explain the wage distribution changes across periods. We further explore the polarization in the labor market and analyze the changes in the wage distribution by applying the decomposition method proposed by Firpo et al. (2009). Our results suggest that wage dispersion increases in the top end over the first two time periods but decreases in the third time period, while it continues to decrease in the lower end of the distribution. |
| Keywords: | Polarization; Structural change; RIF-regressions; Decomposition; Wage inequality; Job tasks |
| JEL: | J20 J23 J24 J31 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pui:dpaper:189&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Agricultural Sector Economics Agriculture - Crops & Crop Management Systems Agriculture - Forestry Management Environment - Ecosystems and Natural Habitats Environment - Forests and Forestry Environment - Sustainable Land Management |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36224&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Finance and Financial Sector Development - Public & Municipal Finance Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Commodities Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy Poverty Reduction - Employment and Shared Growth Private Sector Development - Small and Medium Size Enterprises |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34932&r= |
| By: | Rythia Afkar; Javier Luque; Shinsaku Nomura; Jeffery Marshall |
| Keywords: | Education - Education Finance Public Sector Development - Public Sector Expenditure Policy |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34831&r= |
| By: | Cuong Viet Nguyen |
| Abstract: | In view of the detrimental effect of COVID-19 lockdowns on household welfare, most countries implemented economic stimulus aid packages to support households. The extent to which these packages mitigated the pandemic's adverse effects on households is not just an intriguing question for researchers but is also important for policy makers. Using individual fixed-effect regressions, I find that an additional month of lockdown reduced per capita income by 8.3 per cent in Viet Nam. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, Social assistance, Lockdown, Household welfare, Viet Nam |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2022-111&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Poverty Reduction - Migration and Development Social Protections and Labor - Labor Markets Urban Development - Municipal Financial Management Urban Development - Municipal Housing and Land Urban Development - National Urban Development Policies & Strategies Urban Development - Urban Economic Development |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34761&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Gender - Gender and Development Gender - Gender and Economic Policy Gender - Gender and Law Gender - Gender and Social Development Poverty Reduction - Inequality Social Protections and Labor - Disability Social Protections and Labor - Labor Markets Social Development - Social Inclusion & Institutions |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34895&r= |
| By: | Dervisevic,Ervin; Perova,Elizaveta; Sahay,Abhilasha |
| Abstract: | The relationship between intimate partner violence and cash transfer programs has beenextensively researched, with a consensus that cash transfers are most likely to reduce intimate partner violence. Thisstudy uses a regression discontinuity design to examine the effects of a conditional cash transfer program in thePhilippines on three types of gender-based violence: (i) intimate partner violence, (ii) domestic violence bynon-partners (such as husband's relatives), and (iii) violence outside home. Although the study finds nosignificant change in intimate partner violence or violence outside of home, it finds a measurable decline innon-partner domestic violence. The study also examines mediating channels through which conditional cash transfersmay affect gender-based violence, proposed in earlier literature, namely: (i) stress reduction due to higherincome, (ii) increase in women’s empowerment, (iii) increase in women's bargaining power, and (iv) strengthenedsocial networks. The findings provide suggestive evidence of changes in all four mitigating channels. This evidenceconfirms the potential of conditional cash transfer programs to mitigate gender-based violence beyond intimate partnerviolence, but indicate that depending on the context, additional interventions may be needed to address specifictypes of gender-based violence. |
| Date: | 2022–07–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10122&r= |