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on South East Asia |
| By: | Herman, Nicholas |
| Abstract: | Shopee merupakan sebuah platform belanja online yang bisa membuat kita membeli berbagai macam kebutuhan yang kita perlukan serta dengan berbagai macam fitur yang bisa digunakan seperti berbagai macam pembayaran, voucher dan lainnya. Shopee pertama diluncurkan pada tahun 2015 di Singapura dan telah tersedia di beberapa negara seperti Malaysia, Thailand, Taiwan, Indonesia, Vietnam, dan Filipina. Pada awalnya Shopee didirikan dengan konsep bisnis C2C dan akhirnya beralih ke model hybrid yaitu menggunakan konsep C2C dan B2C. Pada zaman sekarang ini banyak sekali orang yang menggunakan hal serba online mulai dari berbelanja, berinteraksi, dan hal lainnya tanpa perlu repot untuk keluar rumah. |
| Date: | 2022–04–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:ywjpq&r= |
| By: | Upasama, Apta Waradana |
| Abstract: | Business model memberikan kemudahan dalam mengembangkan ide untuk membangun ide, selain itu kita dapat mengetahui nilai dari ide kita dan diperjelas sasaran pihak yang terkait hingga masalah keuangan. unilever adalah salah satu contoh perusahaan besar yang masuk di indonesia yang dapat dijadikan contoh. |
| Date: | 2022–04–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:5n3as&r= |
| By: | Mai, Nhat Chi |
| Abstract: | My engagement with Cambodia and Vietnam has followed a winding path. I first worked in these two countries between 2005 and 2007. As an analyst with the Bangkok-based Centre for People and Forests, my role was to engage with my Cambodian and Vietnamese counterparts to document early lessons from the community forestry projects that had started to emerge there. The experience sparked my deep interest in this region’s history and challenges. After I joined the Australian National University in 2007, I found opportunities to continue my research there. During 2009–2012, I collaborated with the Vietnamese Institute of Policy and Research in Agriculture and Rural Development to study how craft villages in the Red River Delta were coping with toxic levels of pollution. In 2011 I studied the prospects for community-run timber extraction in Mondulkiri, Cambodia. then, during 2012–2014, I led a collaboration that studied the social entanglements of forest carbon schemes in mainland Southeast Asia (ARC DP120100270), where my field efforts focused on a scheme in Mondulkiri. It was during this last project that I witnessed the dramatic changes sweeping this province, arising from its transborder trading networks and crop booms—especially for cassava. This inspired my more detailed research on crossborder commodity networks, with the support of an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (2014–2018, FT130101495). |
| Date: | 2022–03–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:frmxn&r= |
| By: | Zahra, Tabina Litarachma |
| Abstract: | Business Model Canvas (BMC) merupakan penggambaran tentang bagaimana sebuah organisasi atau bisnis menciptakan, memberikan, dan menangkap nilai dalam sebuah visualisasi model bisnis yang berbeda. Salah satu bentuk pengimplementasian Business Model Canvas ini berasal dari perusahaan Gojek. Gojek merupakan perusahaan yang berasal dari Indonesia yang menyediakan jasa angkutan umum berbasis teknologi. Gojek didirikan pada tahun 2010 oleh Nadiem Makarim. Untuk saat ini, gojek sudah tersedia di 50 kota di Indonesia dan telah diunduh sebanyak 10 juta kali pada Play Store dan juga App Store. |
| Date: | 2022–04–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:rtxuh&r= |
| By: | Sugianto, Angelique Michelle |
| Abstract: | Khalea Skin merupakan skincare dengan kandungan probiotik juga bahan alami lainnya. Skincare ini lahir pada 12 Desember 2021. Lahirnya Khalea Skin bertujuan untuk membantu menyehatkan kulit masyarakat Indonesia dengan bahan probiotik dan juga bahan alami lain yang bisa dibilang menjadi sebuah terobosan yang baru yang diharapkan dapat membuat gebrakan baru dalam dunia kesehatan kulit wajah dan kecantikan. |
| Date: | 2022–04–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:uvnaj&r= |
| By: | Mai, Nhat Chi |
| Abstract: | Utilizing annual data over the period 1990–2015 and employing the threshold model developed by Sarel (1996) with some modifications, this paper estimates the inflation threshold in Vietnam and simultaneously examines the linkage between inflation and economic growth. The findings show that the estimated inflation threshold stays at 3%–4%, above which the positive effect of inflation on economic growth vanishes, and this effect starts fading at 5.5%–7.5%. The findings of this paper regarding the inflation threshold and the inflation-economic relationship are expected to help the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV) in conducting its monetary policy, especially the inflation policy. Moreover, the findings also help the government evaluate the role of the gross domestic product’s determinants in promoting the economic growth. |
| Date: | 2021–12–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:rqbd7&r= |
| By: | Son, Hyun (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | The distributional impacts of fiscal policies are instrumental in reducing inequality in countries like the Philippines, where inequality has been persistently high. This paper assesses how equitable various taxes and transfers in the Philippines are by deriving the elasticities of Atkinson and Sen’s social welfare functions and introducing a welfare reform index. Among various income sources, the paper finds that rentals from properties, dividends from investment, incomes from construction entrepreneurial activities, and remittances from abroad are regressive. In contrast, family sustenance activities, entrepreneurial activities in farming and fishing, and remittances from domestic sources are found to be progressive. The paper also finds that while direct taxes like personal income tax are overall progressive in the Philippines, they only generate little revenues, indicating their limited impact on inequality reduction. Furthermore, this paper shows that the poor bear much of indirect tax burden on individual commodities such as food items largely consumed at home since they spend a greater proportion of their expenditure on such basic commodities relative to their nonpoor counterparts. |
| Keywords: | social welfare function; tax progressivity; redistribution; normative analysis; horizontal inequity; fiscal policy |
| JEL: | H23 H24 H31 H53 I38 |
| Date: | 2022–06–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0662&r= |
| By: | Julio C. Teehankee |
| Abstract: | The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic undermined the populist legacy of Philippine president Rodrigo R. Duterte. Despite implementing one of the longest and strictest lockdowns globally, the country has struggled with controlling the pandemic. While Duterte looks to have triumphed in his attack on human rights and press freedom, his government's record in combating the virus has been spotty at best. Yet Duterte's populism has proven to be resilient. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, Pandemic, Philippines, Populism |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2022-63&r= |
| By: | , ABDUROHIM |
| Abstract: | The Islamic Capital Market in Indonesia has increased; this can be seen from its development; both those who require funding and invest their funds continue to be enthusiastic, not experiencing a decline. TManyfund owners want to invest their funds in the Capital Market. However, he hopes to get results by the teachings he believes do not conflict with Islamic law so that even though the effects are minor, they are halal. To obtain funds from the Islamic capital market in Indonesia, the company must meet the stipulated provisions, namely securing permission from the National Sharia Board and the Financial Services Authority (OJK) so that the Islamic Capital Market in Indonesia recognizes this its existence. Likewise, the company's operations must also meet the provisions that have been set, both for the products and services produced and the utilization of the funds |
| Date: | 2022–05–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:g3uja&r= |
| By: | putri, Aulia ananda |
| Abstract: | Masalah Koperasi merupakan bentuk perusahaan organisasi dimana tujuan utama nya bukan mencari keuntungan tetapi mencari kesejahteraan dari anggotanya.Koperasi sebagai perkumpulan untuk kesejahteraan bersama, melakukan usaha dan kegiatan di bidang pemenuhan kebutuhan bersama dari para anggotannya. Koperasi mempunyai peranan yang cukup besar dalam menyusun usaha bersama dari orang-orang yang mempunyai kemampuan ekonomi terbatas. Dalam rangka usaha untuk memajukan kedudukan rakyat yang memiliki kemampuan ekonomi terbatas tersebut, maka Pemerintah Indonesia memperhatikan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan perkumpulan-perkumpulan Koperasi. Pemerintah Indonesia sangat berkepentingan dengan Koperasi, karena Koperasi di dalam sistem perekonomian merupakan soko guru. Koperasi di Indonesia belum memiliki kemampuan untuk menjalankan peranannya secara efektif dan kuat. Hal ini disebabkan Koperasi masih menghadapai hambatan struktural dalam penguasaan faktor produksi khususnya permodalan Kata Kunci : Koperasi,Ekonomi |
| Date: | 2022–05–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:ycn47&r= |
| By: | , widiyanti |
| Abstract: | Koperasi merupakan salah satu badan usaha di Indonesia. Koperasi merupakan badan usaha yang diamanatkan dalam Pasal 33 UndangUndang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 (UUD 1945) . Pasal 33 ayat (1) UUD 1945 merupakan landasan yuridis keberadaan badan usaha Koperasi di Indonesia. |
| Date: | 2022–05–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:k7qpr&r= |
| By: | Khaerani, Siti Fadhilah |
| Abstract: | Sistem kebijakan fiskal di Indonesia telah mengalami perubahan dari masa orde lama, orde baru, hingga saat ini. Sistem kebijakan fiskal yang berubah-ubah ini dimaksudkan untuk menjaga perekonomian agar tetap stabil dari gejolak ekonomi yang cukup besar.kebijakan fiskal yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah diantaranya ialah kebijakan fiskal yang berupa penerimaan pemerintah dan pengeluaran pemerintah yang kesemuanya itu diatur dalam APBN Indonesia dalam periode tahunan. |
| Date: | 2022–05–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:7gzt6&r= |
| By: | Mohammad, Wily; Maulidiyah, Nabilla Ryca (PT Chishiki NoHikari Indonesia) |
| Abstract: | Bank Muamalat Indonesia, Bank Syariah Mandiri and Bank Mega Syariah are the first three Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia, sequentally. In carrying out banking activities until 2022, we are curious how the three banks have survived and even survived various disasters. One of these disasters is the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study is to compare the profitability ratios using ROA and ROE of Bank Muamalat Indonesia, Bank Syariah Mandiri, and Bank Mega Syariah in 2018-2020. These figures are compared using statistical analysis and visualized using graphs. When determining whether the ROA and ROE ratios of the three banks are satisfactory or not, we also take into account industry-standard profitability ratios that were derived from earlier research. The conclusions are: 1) The value of ROA and ROE vary from year to year. During the COVID-19 pandemic, from the three banks, Bank Mega Syariah had the greatest ROA at 1.74% and Bank Syariah Mandiri got the highest ROE at 15.03%. 2) The percentage of growth in ROA and ROE fluctuates from year to year. During the COVID-19 pandemic, from the three banks, only Bank Mega Syariah saw a gain in ROA and ROE of 95.51% and 128.57%, respectively. 3) In ROA Grade, no bank shows “Above” grade because all of the ROA value of each bank are < 5,98%. In ROE Grade, Bank Syariah Mandiri earned an "Above" grade for three consecutive years. Bank Mega Syariah got “Above” grade in ROE only in 2020. Meanwhile, Bank Muamalat Indonesia got “below” grade from 2018-2020. |
| Date: | 2022–05–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:z9u8k&r= |
| By: | Agnusia, Nur Adillah |
| Abstract: | Koperasi adalah suatu kumpulan orang-orang untuk bekerja sama demi kesejahteraan bersama. Koperasi konvensional berfokus pada pengawasan kinerja pengelolaan koperasi saja. Sedangkan koperasi syariah bukan hanya berfokus pada pengawasan kinerja yang berlandaskan prinsip syariah Islam saja, tapi kejujuran di internal koperasi serta aliran dana dan pembagian hasil. Dan UMKM adalah usaha produktif yang dimiliki perorangan maupun badan usaha yang telah memenuhi kriteria sebagai usaha mikro. |
| Date: | 2022–05–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:3uwy9&r= |
| By: | Mai, Nhat Chi |
| Abstract: | The market is not guided by an invisible hand. It stems from tangled networks that bind the past with the present, human with nonhuman actors, and local with global processes. Like a rhizomic plant whose underground shoots constantly seek new terrain, these exchange networks continually expand, take root, and rupture to rework frontier lives and landscapes. This book explores these historical, social, and material relationships along the Cambodia-Vietnam border. It reveals the workings of these commodity networks and how they merge to drive frontier transformation. |
| Date: | 2022–02–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:m3u75&r= |
| By: | Deborah Kim Sy (National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, Tokyo, Japan); Nobuhiro Hosoe (National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, Tokyo, Japan) |
| Abstract: | Minimum wage is used as a support for low-wage workers, but it is expected to increase unemployment and cause deterioration of the welfare of the unemployed. While earlier studies identify negative side effects of minimum wage, that may not be the case in the Philippines, where many workers migrate and send home large remittances. This study uses a computable general equilibrium model to examine the impacts of an increase in the domestic minimum wage on unemployment, migration, and output, as well as on welfare and inequality, in the Philippines. Our simulation results show that a minimum wage increase would indeed reduce domestic labor demand and prompt many unemployed workers to migrate out, leaving relatively few unemployed at home. While an increased volume of remittances would improve household welfare, it would also have some unintended effects, such as currency appreciation; decreased domestic production in labor-intensive and export-oriented industries; greater income disparity; and tax base erosion. |
| Keywords: | Minimum wage, International Migration, Remittances, Income Inequality |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ngi:dpaper:22-08&r= |
| By: | Akbar, Muh. |
| Abstract: | Di Indonesia, kita mengenal beberapa bentuk badan hukum perusahaan yaitu Perusahaan Perorangan , Persekutuan dengan Firma, Persekutuan Komanditer, Perseroan terbatas, Badan Usaha Milik Negara dan Koperasi. Dari bentuk-bentuk badan hukum perusahaan tersebut, perlu kita ketahui bahwa diantara badan-badan usaha satu sama lain terdapat perbedaan-perbedaan baik dalam hal cara penghimpunan modalnya, maupun dalam hal pertanggungjawaban modalnya terhadap kerugian, dalam hal siapa- siapa yang mempunyai wewenang menentukan kebijakan perusahaan dan sebagainya. Ketiganya memiliki pengertian yang berbeda – beda, walaupun begitu ketiganya bisa dapat bergerak di bidang yang sama, ketiganya memiliki kesamaan di salah satu sektor atau bagiannya. Antara koperasi, PT, atau BUMN secara kasar terdapat persamaan dalam tujuan yang sama-sama mencari untung. Namun jika ditilik lebih jauh lagi, terdapat banyak perbedaan mendasar antara koperasi dengan badan |
| Date: | 2022–05–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:j8er6&r= |
| By: | Haya, Nur Anni |
| Abstract: | Masyarakat merupakan sebuah organisasi yang merupakan kumpulan dari sejumlah individu yang tentunya memiliki visi dan misi yang sama dalam menjalani kehidupan, Sebelum terjun kedalam sebuah masyarakat. Koperasi adalah saka guru atau tiang utama penyangga ekonomi rakyat banyak. Organisasi Koperasi merupakan lembaga yang bergerak dalam bidang bisnis (ekonomi) yang pembentukkannya secara esensi didasarkan pada menolong dirisendiri melalui solidaritas, effort dan individualitas, dalam menjalankan organisasi dan perusahaan. Bagi Masyarakat Indonesia sendiri, Koperasi sudah tidak asing lagi, karena masyarakat banayak yang sudah merasakan jasa Koperasi dalam rangka keluar dari kesulitan hutang lintah darat. Adapun salah satu ciri koperasi yaitu merupakan kumpulan orang-orang atau badan hukum koperasi. Struktur Organisasi dalam koperasi terdiri dari rapat anggota, pengurus, pengawas, dan manajer atau pengelola. Pembagian Kerja/tugas dalam koperasi dibagi sebagai pengurus, ketua umum, wakil ketua umum, sekretaris, bendahara, wakil ketua bidang usaha, dan pengawas. Adapun hubungan kerja dalam koperasi yaitu hubungan antara anggota dan pengurus, hubunga antara anggota dan badan pemeriksaan, dan hubungan antara pengurus dan badan pemeriksa. |
| Date: | 2022–04–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:5dze6&r= |
| By: | , ABDUROHIM |
| Abstract: | This study aims to analyze the trading of stock transactions on the secondary market in Indonesia during the compared October 2018 to 2021; by examining the stock trading on the IDX, the results of the shares traded in the October 2018-2021 period experienced price fluctuations with a tendency to increase significantly. With the dynamics of the changing global and national economic environment, as well as stock trading transactions during the four years, the volume of transactions on the IDX increased, despite the COVID-19 outbreak, natural disasters such as flash floods, national economic growth experiencing a sharp decline and policies the government in normalizing the economy such as the United States (USA) will implement a tapering policy, so that this condition affects the decisions of IDX investors in buying and selling shares. |
| Date: | 2022–01–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:95dcr&r= |
| By: | Mohammad, Wily; Maulidiyah, Nabilla Ryca (PT Chishiki NoHikari Indonesia) |
| Abstract: | Sharia Commercial Banks increased in number from 12 in 2015 to 14 banks in 2020, accompanied by an increase in the number of offices from 1,990 to 2,034 offices in 2020. This achievement must continue to be improved. Therefore, the soundness of Islamic banking must also continue to be improved. The purpose of this study is to practice using the RGEC method in showing the soundness of Islamic commercial banks, as well as to compare the soundness of Islamic commercial banks which are ranked fifth based on the calculation of the final composite value. The benefit of this research is that the public can determine which Islamic commercial bank is better in terms of banking health using the RGEC method. The data analysis method uses the RGEC (Risk Profile, Good Corporate Governance, Earning, and Capital) method by taking NPF, FDR, Self-Assessment GCG, ROA, ROE, NI, BOPO, and CAR data from Islamic commercial bank reports. The results of this study are: First, the soundness of Islamic commercial banks using the RGEC method produces different categories of soundness. In the final result, there are Islamic commercial banks that have PK-1 to PK-5 results. Second, the ranking of the top five of 14 Islamic commercial banks based on the calculation of the final RGEC composite value has different results every year. Based on the average Final Composite Value, the top five ranks respectively are the National Sharia Pension Savings Bank (93.708 Category PK-1 (Very Healthy)), Aceh Syariah Bank (score 89.71 Category PK-1 (Very Healthy)), BPD Nusa Tenggara Barat Syariah (score 87.99 Category PK-1 (Very Healthy)), Bank BNI Syariah (score 86.85 Category PK-1 (Very Healthy)), and Bank Syariah Mandiri (score 81.14 Category PK- 2 (Healthy)). |
| Date: | 2022–05–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:rcs7m&r= |
| By: | Paul D. Kenny (Institute for Humanities and Social Sciences, Australian Catholic University); Rashesh Shrestha (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia.); Edward Aspinall (Coral Bell School of Asia Pacific Affairs, Australian National University) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the relationships between agrarian commodity booms and the incidence of group conflict and criminality in the context of Indonesia's expanding oil palm sector. It theorizes that commodity boom violence takes two main forms: low level but organized criminal violence involved in the extortion of "rents" produced by a given commodity extraction and production process (extortion); and violent competition among a range of groups, including "mafias", youthgangs, landholders, and commercial producers for control of these rents (competition). Extortion and competition violence are associated with distinct temporal distributions consistent with our theory. Criminality–especially theft–is higher in villages with established and productive oil palm plantations (extortion), whereas villages undergoing planation expansion have a higher incidence of group conflict (competition). A dynamic analysisutilizing panel data at the sub-district level support our causal interpretation, as the relationship between the area under oil palm cultivation and resource conflict (competition) changes over time and with prevailing commodity prices. Our results are robust to the use of instrumental variable analysis to account for the potential endogeneity of plantation expansion. Our theorized mechanism is given further support by a targeted primary survey of nearly 1,920 respondents in oil palm producing and non-producing villages, which shows that villages experience different rates of extortion and competition violence depending both on if, and when, oil palm production commenced. |
| Keywords: | Oil palm, mafia, natural resources, political economy, violence, organized crime |
| JEL: | D74 L73 O13 Q33 Q34 |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hic:wpaper:339&r= |
| By: | Astuti, Hepy Kusuma (MI Ma'arif Polorejo) |
| Abstract: | Zakah is a religious obligation for all muslims who meet the necessary criteria of wealth. In Indonesia today, zakah is not as part of the public finance yet. Whereas, the zakah has great potential to increase the social welfare. This study discusses the possibility of zakah to be a part of public finance regulations. The discussion is done by analyzing and connecting the related regulations. The results indicate that the regulation of zakah is possible to be stated in public finance regulation. Evenmore the public finance regulation gave the guidance and mechanism so that zakah can be adopted by government as one of fiscal policy. Zakah paid through public zakah institutions can be taken from the income tax. It is an honour and reward to zakah payer and it is also as a proof that zakah has already accommodated in public finance regulation especially for tax. |
| Date: | 2022–05–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:23e6d&r= |
| By: | Sitompul, Oktapiani; Kurniawan, Rachmad Risqy |
| Abstract: | Customs are not foreign to every ear who listens to them, because every region, region, island, and even country must have a custom. Customs have several elemens in their formation which consist of religious, cultural, legal and other values. Our country (Indonesia) is very famaos for its many culturen and customs, including Batak customs.What is the purpose and purpose of this custom?, The reason that isoften heard is to form a disciplined society that has an eternal code of conduct.We as Muslims, do these customs have a positive influence on us or even vice versa only have a negative influence (damaging aqidah).Of course we as Muslims must be able to respond to these customs, because we have the right religion, which in our religion has explained what we must obey and what we must deny. |
| Date: | 2022–05–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:w39cq&r= |
| By: | , Asniar |
| Abstract: | Secara ideologis, masalah utama yang dihadapi bangsa Indonesia adalah bagaimana membangun sistem ekonomi yang sesuai dengan cita-cita tolong menolong. Pertanyaan ideologis tersebut terjawab bahwa dasar perekonomian yang sesuai dengan cita-cita tolong menolong ialah koperasi. Koperasi mendahulukan keperluan bersama dan menomorduakan kepentingan individual. Oleh karena itu, koperasi harus memiliki fungsi mendidik masyarakat dalam hal mengurus kepentingan bersama. Ekonomi kerakyatan merupakan sistem ekonomi yang berbasis pada kekuatan ekonomi rakyat. Dimana ekonomi rakyat sendiri adalah sebagai kegiatan ekonomi atau usaha yang dilakukan oleh rakyat kebanyakan (popular) yang dengan secara swadaya mengelola sumberdaya ekonomi apa saja yang dapat diusahakan dan dikuasainya, yang selanjutnya disebut sebagai Usaha Kecil dan Menegah (UKM). Dalam Pasal 33 UUD 1945, sistem perekonomian yang ditujukan untuk mewujudkan kedaulatan rakyat dalam bidang ekonomi. Selanjutnya oleh Pasal 27 ayat 2 dan Pasal 34, peran negara dalam sistem ekonomi kerakyatan antara lain meliputi lima hal sebagai berikut: (1) mengembangkan koperasi (2) mengembangkan BUMN; (3) memastikan pemanfaatan bumi, air, dan segala kekayaan yang terkandung didalamnya bagi sebesar-besarnya kemakmuran rakyat; (4) memenuhi hak setiap warga negara untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan dan penghidupan yang layak; (5) memelihara fakir miskin dan anak terlantar. (Khotimah Mk, 1945)UKM dan Koperasi yang memiliki daya saing yang tinggi, yakni : (a) mempunyai keluwesan (fleksibilitas); (b) memiliki produktivitas tinggi; dan (c) dikelola dengan menerapkan prinsip-prinsip manajemen dan kaidah ekonomi modern, akan mampu melaksanakan Sistem ekonomi kerakyatan, fungsi dan perannya secara optimal dalam perekonomian nasional, sesuai dengan amanat UUD 1945 Pasal 33. |
| Date: | 2022–05–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:txy9n&r= |
| By: | Mai, Nhat Chi |
| Abstract: | Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has received growing attention over recent years. However, scant attention has been paid to investigating the implementation of CSR from the perspective of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in a developing country context. Along with the focus on developed countries, existing research underpinned by the institutional theory has mainly focused on macro-institutional determinants and cross-national variations in CSR practices. Despite the pivotal role of SMEs owner-managers, there is a lack of understanding on the underlying mechanisms by which institutional structure and owner-managers’ agency interact to influence the construction of CSR in different contexts. |
| Date: | 2021–10–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:acdm6&r= |
| By: | Mai, Nhat Chi |
| Abstract: | Furthermore, Vietnamese production trials struggled to compete with ethanol imports in terms of efficiency and price. By the time of our interview, only two of the six state-run factories built to produce ethanol remained in operation. |
| Date: | 2022–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:r5twd&r= |
| By: | Rewat Khanthaporn |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic is a recent and ongoing extreme event that has impacted all financial markets. Indeed, it impacts the bond or debt market, which is one of the most important financial markets. The main role of the bond market in the economy is to enable the government, firms and institutions to lend and borrow money on acceptable terms and conditions. Since the COVID-19 pandemic began, the bond market has been affected in many different ways including in bond market comovement. For fund firms, emerging market bonds are a vital investment instrument as they tend to offer higher yields than developed market bonds. Hence, this paper analyzes the COVID-19 impact of: 1) nonlinear bivariate comovement between benchmark loan bonds (LBs) in emerging market bonds, in particular the Thai bond market, which is one of the most important Asian bond markets; and 2) nonlinear bivariate comovement between emerging Thai benchmark bonds and developed benchmark bonds in the United States (US), United Kingdom (UK) and Japanese bond markets. An asymmetric generalised autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic (GARCH) model with a mixture of generalized Pareto and Gaussian distributions is applied as a marginal model in step one. Sixteen candidates for a bivariate copula function are fitted and the best fit copula selected in order to obtain numerical nonlinear comovement measures. This is also known as the Inference for the Margins (IFM) method. Empirical results reveal that the COVID-19 pandemic impact in the emerging Thai bond market has characteristics such as in the scale of nonlinear comovement, asymmetric dependence and upper and lower tail dependence. In general, COVID-19 has impacted the comovement between emerging Thai market bonds by increasing the nonlinear comovement, and generating more asymmetric and more extreme upper and lower tail dependence. While emerging Thai market bonds tend to less nonlinear comovement, more symmetric and tail independence are seen with developed market bonds due to the impact of COVID-19. |
| Keywords: | Thai bond market; COVID-19 pandemic; Copula dependence analysis; Asymmetric GARCH; Mixture distribution; Generalized Pareto distribution |
| JEL: | C22 C63 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pui:dpaper:183&r= |
| By: | Rekardini, Salsa Ayu |
| Abstract: | Sour Sally adalah suatu waralaba yogurt beku pertama dan terbesar di Indonesia. Mereka berhasil menciptakan pasar frozen yogurt dibawah naungan Sour Sally Group (PT. Berjaya Sally Ceria). Sour Sally ini merupakan makanan yang kaya akan nutrisi dan gizi yang baik untuk tubuh meskipun dikonsumsi semua orang dalam jangka panjang. |
| Date: | 2022–04–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:3q79r&r= |
| By: | Phitawat Poonpolkul; Ponpoje Porapakkarm; Nada Wasi |
| Abstract: | Over the coming decades, many developing countries are set to face unprecedented challenges. While their population is aging extremely fast, the old-age income supports are inadequate and fiscal resources are limited. This study develops an overlapping generations model (OLG) with formal and informal sectors for a middle-income country. Besides aging population structure overtime, the model incorporates common features of developing countries—a sizable informal sector, a connectedness between the formal and informal sectors, and inadequate pension provisions. The households are heterogeneous with respect to their education, formality status, and survival probabilities. The model is calibrated to Thailand’s economy where the government budget structure is based on the country’s fiscal historical data, and the basic universal pension scheme and Social Security scheme are realistically specified. We assess the costs of these two schemes under three long-run scenarios: (i) introducing indexation to the currently non-indexed schemes; (ii) triple increasing the basic pension scheme; and (iii) specifying the basic pension to proportionally decrease with the Social Security benefits. Using a consumption tax to quantify the costs, the consumption tax must be increased by three, eleven and nine percentage points from the current level, respectively. The Social Security scheme is projected to be unsustainable, with its fund depleted in 2045. Without any reform and benefit cuts, the scheme requires a drastic increase in the contribution rate. Welfare gains and losses across household types and redistributive impacts of the reforms are discussed. |
| Keywords: | Overlapping generations model; Fiscal sustainability; Pension; Social Security; Thailand |
| JEL: | J1 H55 I38 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pui:dpaper:182&r= |
| By: | Alisher UMIRDINOV |
| Abstract: | The main goal of this paper is to analyze the novelties and limitations of the European Union (EU)–China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI) and examine its policy implications for investment rulemaking in the Asia-Pacific region. As rightly put by the EU side, the CAI is the most ambitious investment liberalization agreement that China has ever concluded with a third party. The CAI aims to improve market access to China’s manufacturing and services sectors, introduces a definition of state-owned enterprise that is even broader than the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement on Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), tightens subsidy regulations, ensures equal participation in standard-setting, prohibits compulsory technology transfers, and requires transparency in the operation of competition law. That being the case, the paper argues that by subjecting China to these groundbreaking obligations, the CAI could be a litmus test for China’s bid for membership in the CPTPP. From the perspective of sustainable development, China committed to making sustained efforts to ratify the fundamental Conventions of the International Labour Organization (ILO). In this regard, effective implementation and ratification of ILO Conventions may show whether China is honest in making labor protection commitments in the wake of its membership bid to the CPTPP. Finally, the CAI does not cover investor–state dispute settlement since the parties decided to continue negotiations on investment protection on a separate track while aiming to complete negotiations within 2 years of the signature of the CAI. If China supports it, then a Multilateral Investment Court based on the approach developed by the EU may increase its influence globally. Although the ratification of the CAI has been frozen indefinitely due to bilateral sanctions, it is still too early to be certain that the CAI has been completely shelved. |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:22055&r= |
| By: | Leong, Kaiwen (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore); Li, Huailu (Fudan University, China); Pavanini, Nicola (Tilburg University); Walsh, Christoph (Tilburg University) |
| Abstract: | We estimate a structural model of borrowing and lending in the illegal money lending market using a unique panel survey of 1,090 borrowers taking out 11,032 loans from loan sharks. We use the model to evaluate the welfare effects of alternative law enforcement strategies. We find that a large enforcement crackdown that occurred during our sample period raised interest rates, lowered the volume of loans, increased the lenders' unit cost of harassment, decreased lender profits, and decreased borrower welfare. We compare this strategy to targeting borrowers and find that targeting medium-performing borrowers is the most effective at lowering lender profits. |
| Keywords: | illegal money lending, loan sharks, law enforcement, crime |
| JEL: | K42 G51 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15359&r= |
| By: | Vuong, Bui Nhat (Vietnam Aviation Academy); Giao, Ha Nam Khanh; Cuong, Quoc |
| Abstract: | Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu này là để khám phá ra ảnh hưởng của vốn tâm lý tích cực đến hiệu quả công việc thông qua vai trò trung gian của sự hài lòng trong công việc. Dữ liệu được thu thập từ 317 nhân viên kinh doanh bất động sản tại TP. HCM. Kết quả từ mô hình phương trình cấu trúc bình phương nhỏ nhất một phần (PLS-SEM) chỉ ra rằng tính thích nghi, sự tự tin, sự hi vọng và sự lạc quan đã ảnh hưởng và có ảnh hưởng tích cực đến hiệu quả công việc. Bên cạnh đó, nghiên cứu này đã đề xuất cách tiếp cận mới để dự đoán hiệu quả công việc thông qua vai trò trung gian của sự hài lòng trong công việc. Cụ thể, các biến sự hi vọng và sự lạc quan chỉ tác động gián tiếp đến hiệu quả công việc; sự tự tin và tính thích nghi đã tác động trực tiếp và gián tiếp đến hiệu quả công việc. Cuối cùng, nghiên cứu cũng đã đề xuất một số hàm ý quản trị để nâng cao vốn tâm lý tích cực, từ đó hiệu quả công việc của nhân viên sẽ được cải thiện. |
| Date: | 2022–05–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:r9tm6&r= |
| By: | Tung Duc Phung; Thanh Minh Pham |
| Abstract: | Viet Nam has achieved remarkable economic growth and poverty reduction since the Doi Moi. However, ethnic minorities and the ethnic majority do not benefit equally from the national economic progress. The proportion of poor households that are ethnic minority-headed soared from 18 per cent in the early 1990s to 56 per cent in 2008. The disparity exists in their access to crucial basic infrastructure and public services, including transportation, education, healthcare, electricity supply, markets, and justice services. |
| Keywords: | Poverty reduction, Inequality, Ethnic minorities, Viet Nam |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2022-59&r= |
| By: | Eichhorn, Theresa; Kantelhardt, Jochen; Schaller, Lena Luise |
| Abstract: | A major focus of the Europe’s “Green Deal” is the better delivery of public goods by agriculture. Improvements are expected by applying innovative agri-environmental contracts, e.g. based on results-based payments. For the implementation of such contract solutions, farmers’ willingness to participate is key to success. This empirical study determines factors influencing farmers’ intention to perform result-based contract solutions based on a Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The direct and indirect relationships are tested by applying a Structural Equation Model (SEM) based on primary data of 235 Austrian farmers. Findings reveal that the intention to perform is significantly and directly driven by the attitude towards performing result-based contracts and by self-efficacy. Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use are indirectly influencing the intention to perform via attitude. The subjective norm is influencing perceived usefulness directly and the intention to perform indirectly. Perceived risk is impacting perceived ease of use and therefore also indirectly impacting intention to perform. Our findings show, that especially for new voluntary AES, the socio-psychological constructs of farmers should be considered, which allows new levers in the design and successful introduction of these measures. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc22:321178&r= |
| By: | Mufidah, Zahra Aulia; Kurniawan, Rachmad Risqy |
| Abstract: | Revolusi dalam teknologi informasi dan komunikasi memfasilitasi perluasan dalam sistem pembayaran elektronik dan bentuk baru dalam instrumen pembayaran dengan munculnya instrumen pembayaran yang dikenal sebagai electronik money (e- money). Penggunaan e-money sebagai alternatif alat pembayaran non-tunai di beberapa negara menunjukkan adanya potensi yang cukup besar untuk mengurangi tingkat pertumbuhan penggunaan uang tunai, khususnya untuk pembayaran-pembayaran yang bersifat mikro sampai dengan ritel. Perkembangan ekonomi digital sangat penting, hampir perekonomian menggunakan teknologi informasi, komunikasi dan digital. Baik dalam pengemasan produk ataupun pemasaran produk. Tujuan penulisan artikel ini untuk mengkaji e-money apabila dilihat dari syariat Islam serta mengkaji akad apa yang ada pada transaksi menggunakan e-money. E-Money yang saat ini sudah menjadi bagian dari kemajuan teknologi di kalangan masyarakat halal dan sudah memenuhi kaidah-kaidah syariat sebagai alat transaksi dan muamalah. |
| Date: | 2022–05–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:v7346&r= |
| By: | Mz, Puji Purnama Sari; Kurniawan, Rachmad Risqy |
| Abstract: | Abstrak Investasi bukanlah satu hal yang asing lagi ditelinga kita. Mengingat dewasa ini banyak sekali jasa yang mengajak untuk berinvestasi dengan menawarkan keuntungan yang sangat menggiurkan. Lantas apakah pandangan Islam mengenai kegiatan investasi tersebut. Apakah boleh, atau bahkan dilarang?. Islam secara keseluruhan sudah mengatur pola hidup penganutnya, termasuk dalam bermuamalah. Hal-hal yang tadinya haram bisa saja menjadi halal ketika unsur haram didalamnya dibuang. Kegiatan investasi ini tentu akan menjadi bahan perbincangan dan pertanyaan bagi segenap ummat muslim dalam hal kehalalannya. Maka dari itu dikeluarkanlah istilah investasi syariah hingga memudahkan bagi investor sehingga tidak khawatir lagi akan kehalalannya. |
| Date: | 2022–05–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:vx9ar&r= |
| By: | Chukwuebuka Bernard Azolibe (Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria); Stephen Kelechi Dimnwobi (Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria); Chidiebube Peace Uzochukwu-Obi (Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | In developing countries, banks play a major role by acting as a conduit for the effective mobilization of funds from the surplus sectors of an economy for onward lending to the deficit sectors for productive investments that will in turn increase the level of employment and economic growth. There has being a rising trend in unemployment rate in Nigeria and South Africa and hence, the need for the study to assess the effectiveness of banking system credit in curbing unemployment rate by making a comparative analysis of Nigeria and South Africa covering period of 1991 to 2018. The study employed the unit root test, Johansen cointegration test, vector error correction model and VAR impulse response function in determining the relationship between the variables. The major findings revealed that banking system credit matters in curbing unemployment rate in South Africa than in Nigeria. Also, other macroeconomic factors such as lending rate, inflation rate, Government expenditure and population growth were significant enough in influencing unemployment rate in South Africa than in Nigeria. While foreign direct investment was a significant factor in reducing unemployment rate in Nigeria than in South Africa. The cointegration test showed a long-run relationship between the variables in both countries while the speed of adjustment coefficient of the vector error correction model is faster in South Africa than in Nigeria. Previous empirical studies on the relationship between banking system credit and unemployment rate have focused much on other regions such as Asia and Europe. Thus, the study is unique as it focused on the African region and also made a comparative analysis by testing the Keynesian theory of employment, interest and money on two emerging African economies which are Nigeria and South Africa. |
| Keywords: | Banking system credit, unemployment rate, macroeconomic factors, comparative analysis |
| JEL: | E51 E24 E6 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:22/044&r= |
| By: | Emily Gray; Darryl Jones |
| Abstract: | This report assesses Viet Nam’s agricultural sector through the lens of the OECD Agro-food Productivity-Sustainability-Resilience (PSR) Policy Framework. Agriculture has played an important role in Viet Nam’s remarkable economic growth over the past thirty years. In the 1990s, government policies contributed to strong agricultural productivity growth, but this has since fallen. OECD Agri-Environmental indicators also reveal weaknesses in the environmental footprint of growth, notably with respect to nutrient balances, as a result of the excessive use of agro-chemicals and poor animal waste management practices. The agricultural sector faces significant resilience challenges from climate change impacts, including sea level rises and more frequent and severe storm events. Although the level of agricultural support provided to farmers is relatively low, policies such as land use regulations are skewed in favour of rice production, thereby maintaining a production structure dominated by small part-time household farms that limit innovation. Viet Nam’s support for general services for agriculture (GSSE) was equivalent to 2.5% of agricultural value added in 2018-20, well below the OECD average. Shifting the focus of support towards research, development, and innovation partnerships with the private sector will contribute to improving the agri-environmental performance of agriculture in Viet Nam. This should ideally be accompanied by a reform of land use regulations. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural policies, Agricultural productivity, Environmental sustainability |
| JEL: | O13 O3 Q1 Q18 Q24 |
| Date: | 2022–06–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:181-en&r= |
| By: | Mufidah, Zahra Aulia; Kurniawan, Rachmad Risqy |
| Abstract: | The revolution in information and communication technology facilitated the expansion of electronic payment systems and new forms of payment instruments with the emergence of a payment instrument known as electronic money (e-money). The use of e-money as an alternative to non-cash payment instruments in several countries shows that there is considerable potential to reduce the growth rate of cash use, especially for payments that are micro to retail. The development of the digital economy is very important, almost the economy uses information, communication and digital technology. Both in product packaging or product marketing. The purpose of writing this article is to examine e-money when viewed from Islamic law and to examine what contracts exist in transactions using e-money. E-Money, which has now become part of technological advancements among the halal community and has complied with sharia principles as a means of transaction and muamalah. The author wants to see E-Money from a sharia perspective, is it in accordance with Islamic law, what contracts are contained in depositing E-Money accounts belonging to apprenticeships and refills. This article tries to examine departing from these two problems. |
| Date: | 2022–05–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:6j3az&r= |
| By: | Linton, O. B.; Tang, H.; Wu, J.; |
| Abstract: | Most stock markets are open for 6-8 hours per trading day. The Asian, European and American stock markets are separated in time by time-zone differences. We propose a statistical dynamic factor model for a large number of daily returns across multiple time zones. Our model has a common global factor as well as continental factors. Under a mild fixed-signs assumption, our model is identified and has a structural interpretation. We propose several estimators of the model: the maximum likelihood estimator-one day (MLE-one day), the quasi-maximum likelihood estimator (QMLE), an improved estimator from QMLE (QMLE-md), the QMLEres (similar to MLE-one day), and a Bayesian estimator (Gibbs sampling). We establish consistency, the rates of convergence and the asymptotic distributions of the QMLE and the QMLE-md. We next provide a heuristic procedure for conducting inference for the MLE-one day and the QMLE-res. Monte Carlo simulations reveal that the MLE-one day, the QMLE-res and the QMLE-md work well. We then apply our model to two real data sets: (1) equity portfolio returns from Japan, Europe and the US; (2) MSCI equity indices of 41 developed and emerging markets. Some new insights about linkages among different markets are drawn. |
| Keywords: | Daily Global Stock Market Returns, Expectation Maximization Algorithm, Minimum Distance, Quasi Maximum Likelihood, Structural Dynamic Factor Model, Time-Zone Differences |
| JEL: | C55 C58 G15 |
| Date: | 2022–06–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2237&r= |
| By: | Davies, Martin (Washington and Lee University); Schröder, Marcel (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | Papua New Guinea (PNG) has faced a foreign exchange (forex) shortage since 2015. To protect reserves, the Bank of PNG has resorted to forex rationing that led to a large backlog of orders and import compression. This paper surveys the structure of PNG’s forex market and analyzes recent market conditions. We argue that the various policy proposals being discussed currently in PNG are inadequate to restore currency convertibility. For this, a real exchange rate depreciation is required instead. We develop a forex market model that features a backlog of unmet orders, which suggests that a frontloaded depreciation is preferred to an often-favored gradual adjustment. Empirical results indicate that the government’s large budget deficits have contributed to the forex shortage, which highlight the need for greater fiscal restraint. In the longer term, we argue for more exchange rate flexibility and forex allocation through competitive auction. |
| Keywords: | foreign exchange shortage; foreign exchange rationing; currency convertibility; Papua New Guinea |
| JEL: | F31 O23 Q32 |
| Date: | 2022–06–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0663&r= |
| By: | Mai, Nhat Chi |
| Abstract: | At this stage, my country is in an important period of economic transformation, and the development of the commercial economy has also achieved very significant results. Economic transformation can provide a clear direction and goal for the development of the commercial economy, and can well integrate the development characteristics of the commercial economy. Under the conditions of economic transformation, we need to constantly innovate the business economic development model, to better improve the development level of the business economy. By analyzing the concept of economic transformation, this paper discusses in depth the economic transformation under the conditions of realizing the effective and innovative mode and path of commercial economic development. |
| Date: | 2022–02–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:q9mg7&r= |
| By: | sari, Ayu Puspita |
| Abstract: | Koperasi dalam melaksanakan aktivitas usaha dan sebagai Badan Usaha sangatditentukan terhadap besar kecilnya modal yang digunakan. Sejak munculnya UU Koperasi no. 79 Tahun 1958, no. 12 Tahun 1967 dan sekarang UU Perkoperasian no.25 Tahun 1992 simpanan koperasi adalah merupakan modal. Kalangan masyarakatawam pengertian modal koperasi dipersamakan dengan simpanan, sedangkan simpanan koperasi hanya meliputi Simpanan Pokok dan Simpanan Wajib. Sebelum UU seperti tersebut di atas yaitu UU tahun 1915, 1927, 1933 dan 1949 tidak mengatur tentang permodalan koperasi dan bidang usaha lainnya, namun hanya mengatur masalah pengertian dan identitas koperasi, aspek kelembagaan, dan pengesahan oleh pemerintah. Sedangkan aspek usaha atau bila koperasi menjalankan aktivitas usaha mempedomani hukum sipil yang berlaku pada saat itu. |
| Date: | 2022–03–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:vdr32&r= |
| By: | putri, Aulia ananda |
| Abstract: | Koperasi organisasi adalah bisnis yang dimiliki dan dioperasikan oleh orang-orang demi kepentingan bersama. Koperasi melandaskan kegiatan berdasarkan prinsip gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasarkan asas kekeluargaan. Tujuan utama badan usaha yang dimiliki bersama tersebut yaitu memajukan kepentingan ekonomis para anggota kelompok. Peranan pemerintah dalam gerakan koperasi antara lain, memberikan bimbingan berupa penyuluhan, pendidikan atau melakukanpenelitian bagi perkembangan koperasi serta bantuan konsultasi terhadappermasalahan koperasi, melakukan pengawasan termasuk memberi perlindungan terhadapkoperasi berupa penetapan bidang kegiatan ekonomi yang telah berhasildiusahakan oleh koperasi untuk tidak diusahakan oleh badan usaha lainnya, fasilitas berupa kemudahan permodalan, serta pengembangan jaringan usaha dan kerja sama.Peran pemerintah ini sangat penting untuk perkembangan koperasi agar menjadi lebih baik lagi. Koperasi juga ikut dilindungi oleh pemerintah, agar apa yang telah dilaksanakan koperasi tidak dilaksanakan dengan bidang usaha lainnya. |
| Date: | 2022–05–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:ptk8u&r= |
| By: | Sheila, Avi Dinda Putri |
| Abstract: | Abu Yusuf sangat menekankan pada pengawasan yang ketat terhadap para pemungut pajak, guna menghindari terjadinya penyelewengan seperti korupsi, tindak penindasan, dan lain sebagainya. Ia menganggap bahwa penghapusan penindasan dan jaminan kesejahteraan rakyat adalah sebagai tugas utama penguasa. Dalam hal perpajakan, Abu Yusuf telah meletakkan prinsip – prinsip yang jelas berabad – abad kemudian dikenal oleh para ahli ekonomi sebagai canon of taxation. Canon of taxation adalah suatu ketentuan atau peraturan yang ditetapkan berdasarka ijtihad abu yusuf dalam masalah perpajakan. Kesanggupan membayaar, pemberian waktu yang longgar pembayar pajak, dan sentralisasi pembuatan keputusan dalam administarsi pajak merupakan beberapa prinsip yang menjadi priorotasnya. |
| Date: | 2022–05–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:truds&r= |
| By: | Tommaso Sonno; Davide Zufacchi |
| Abstract: | Do multinationals engage in rent-seeking behaviour in developing countries during crises? With a difference in discontinuity approach, we use the Ebola epidemic in Liberia as a natural experiment on the sharp increase in deforestation, which produced a dramatic growth in newly planted palm oil trees and a 1428% increase in palm oil exports. We show that the probability of forest fire - the fastest way to clear forests and start new production - increased by 125% in the same period. Both effects are amplified in areas populated by ethnic minorities. |
| Keywords: | epidemics, multinational enterprises, land grabbing, palm oil |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp1833&r= |
| By: | Del Bono, Emilia; Fumagalli, Laura; Holford, Angus; Rabe, Birgitta |
| Abstract: | Students from low socio-economic status (SES) or ethnic minority backgrounds are less likely to enrol into elite universities than high SES or White students. We use student-level university application data from the UK centralised university admissions service to show that these gaps cannot be accounted for by prior educational performance or subject preferences. The reasons why these gaps emerge differ according to the demographic group considered. SES gaps are predominantly driven by students’ application decisions, while ethnic gaps result from minority groups’ lower propensity to achieve the conditions of offers. There is widespread concern about the potential impact of COVID-19 and the resulting alternative assessment arrangements for the 2020 application cohort. We find no evidence of a differential impact on access to elite institutions, but show that Black and South Asian students, who in normal years are successful at finding a place at later stages of the application process were more likely to be squeezed out. |
| Date: | 2022–06–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ese:iserwp:2022-07&r= |
| By: | Tii N. Nchofoung (University of Dschang, Cameroon); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon); Vanessa S. Tchamyou (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This study empirically examines the effect of tourism and ICT on inclusive development. Inclusive development is approached as human development adjusted for environmental sustainability; ICT is based on mobile phones subscription rate, internet penetration and fixed broadband subscription and a composite indicator of these, while tourism is approached as a the number of arrivals. The data are collected for 142 countries globally between the 2000-2019 period and the regression methodologies involve the POLS, the Driscoll and Kraay estimator, the Mean Group, the System GMM and the fixed effects Tobit regression. The results of the linear model show that, tourism enhances sustainable development and ICT has a negative significant effect. While the effect of tourism is robust across income groups, regional groupings and regression methodologies, the effect of ICT varies across these different specifications. When non-linearity is considered, the effects of both ICT and tourism are positive and robustly non-linear. The non-linear effect of tourism is not however feasible across income groups. Besides, while the effect of tourism is positively and non-lineally related to sustainable development in politically-stable economies, the effect is non-significant in unstable economies. From the results, countries should seize the opportunity offered by the tourism sector and ICT as effective policy tools towards sustainable development. In this regard, countries should invest in both ICT and tourism while observing the thresholds where complementary policies should be used. Also, politically-unstable economies should engage in peace talks such that they could join their politically-stable counterparts in benefiting from the positive economic effects offered by tourism and ICT. |
| Keywords: | Inclusive development; ICT; tourism |
| JEL: | G20 I10 I32 O40 Z32 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:22/037&r= |
| By: | , Muhajir |
| Abstract: | Manajemen berasal dari Bahasa Inggris yaitu manage yang berarti mengurus, mengelola, atau mengendalikan. Manajemen adalah seni dalam menyelesaikan sesuatu melalui orang lain. Koperasi berasal dari bahasa Latin "coopere", yang dalam bahasa Inggris disebut cooperation. Co berarti bersama dan operation berarti bekerja, jadi cooperation berarti bekerja sama. Berdasarkan pengertian manajemen dan koperasi di atas, maka manajemen koperasi bisa diartikan sebagai suatu penerapan ilmu manajemen di dalam ruang lingkup koperasi yang mana para anggotanya diberi tanggung jawab dan wewenang untuk melakukan pengorganisasian, perencanaan, dan pengendalian sumber daya koperasi untuk mencapai tujuan koperasi. Secara umum, koperasi pasti memiliki 3 struktur utama yang terdiri atas RA (Rapat Anggota), Pengurus Koperasi dan Pengawas Koperasi. Adapun ketiganya memiliki ikatan yang saling terhubung sehingga tidak bisa dilepaskan satu sama lain. |
| Date: | 2022–04–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:3ph94&r= |
| By: | Minh Hieu Nguyen (AME-DEST - Dynamiques Economiques et Sociales des Transports - Université Gustave Eiffel); Jimmy Armoogum (AME-DEST - Dynamiques Economiques et Sociales des Transports - Université Gustave Eiffel); Cedric Garcia (AME-DEST - Dynamiques Economiques et Sociales des Transports - Université Gustave Eiffel) |
| Abstract: | Mode detection is the heart of researches based on GPS data collected in mobility surveys using wearable devices and recently smartphones. There is room in the literature of this field that is the great focus on developed countries like US, Sweden, Switzerland, Canada, Australia and so on, which has led list of modes to be around basic modes including walk, bike, bus/tram, car and train. Here, we presented an attempt to identify modes from data in a developing country where mobility heavily depends upon motorcycle. Data: Between mid-April and mid-May in 2019, the lab DEST under IFSTTAR (France) carried out a survey using the app TRavelVU developed by Trivector (Sweden) to collect both GPS data at high frequency ranging from 1 to 3 seconds and the corresponding ground truth of 63 participants in Hanoi, Vietnam. Among 2791 segments, 758 (27.2%), 104 (3.7%), 97 (3.5%), 1245 (44.6%) and 587 (21%) are walking, biking, bus, motor and car, respectively. Method: To distinguish five modes, deterministic and random forest methods were created and described in the following table. Method Description RULE-BASED 95th percentile speed Median speed Proximity to bus stops Mode Step 1 < 3.5 < 2.0 - Walk Step 2 < 6.0 < 4.0 - Bike Step 3 < 15.0 > 3.5 Yes Bus Step 4 > 12.0 > 6.0 - Car Step 5 The remainder of segments Motor - This is a hierarchical process where segments given labels in a previous step are not considered in the subsequent. - Proximity to bus stops refers to the distances from both origin and destination of a segment to the nearest stops within 75 m RANDOM FOREST Features: 95th percentile speed, median speed, proximity to bus stops (0 if no and 1 if yes), heading change rate, low speed rate, 95 percentile acceleration, average (absolute) acceleration. Splitting data: at the rate of 75% vs. 25% Results and discussions: The prediction results of two methods were compared with the ground truth and showed on the normalised confusion matrixes in the following figure. Random forest generated higher accuracy (79.08%) than Rule-based (61.73%) thanks to detecting significantly more correctly walk and motorcycle that make up the largest percentages in the mode share; however, it identified obviously worse bus, bike and car. The reason is that random forest over-fitted seriously motorcycle and walks. This problem came from the nature of unbalanced mode usage and limited sample size of secondary modes (i.e. bike and bus). As for the rule-based approach, compared with random forest, it showed a considerable higher recalls of bus and bike. Rules failed to address overlapping of speed between modes but it demonstrated the advantage of a hierarchical process over random forest where all modes and features were examined simultaneously. To illustrate, bus was detected far better (53% vs. 11%) if only considered proximity to bus stops and speed profiles than considered adjacent to bus stops with a series of other features such as heading change rate, acceleration characteristics, distance and so on. Among five modes, motorcycle was the major source of misclassification. It could show similar behaviours to car, bus and bike. Whereas, detecting bus by origin and destination of each segment seems to be insufficient. Conclusion: Inferring modes from GPS data in emerging countries is demanding due to the inclusion of motorcycle as the main means. A hierarchical process would be better choice in case of the limited sample size of some modes. Together with the first and the last point, the association between GPS points between them and GIS data should be examined to gain higher precision level for bus classification. This paper contributes to the geographical diversity of the mode detection field. Besides, it is one of the first studies covering motorcycle in the list of classification. |
| Keywords: | MODE DETECTION,MOBILITY SURVEY,MOTORCYCLE,SMARTPHONE,GPS |
| Date: | 2022–03–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03670773&r= |
| By: | Duc Anh Dang; Ngoc Anh Tran |
| Abstract: | Government effectiveness has played an important role in tackling the crisis caused by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. This paper discusses the different aspects of government effectiveness in explaining the variation in the COVID-19 confirmed cases and death levels in Viet Nam. We use the Provincial Governance and Public Administration Performance Index in 2019 to measure the quality of government effectiveness at the local level. The findings show the importance of health system capacity in the battle against COVID-19. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, Pandemic, State effectiveness, Viet Nam, healthcare capacity, Transparency, Political participation |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2022-62&r= |
| By: | Halim, Ismail |
| Abstract: | Suatu badan usaha didefenisikan sebagai organisasi yang terstruktur dalam mengelola faktor-faktor produksi untuk mendapatkan keuntungan. Salah satu karakteristik yang penting dari badan usaha adalah manajemen yang baik. Jika suatu badan usaha dikelola dengan baik dapat meningkatkan kinerja badan usaha dan akan meningkatkan nilai badan usaha bagi para pemegang saham. Ada beberapa bentuk badan usaha antara lain, Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN), Badan Usaha Milik Swasta (BUMS), Badan Usaha Milik Daerah (BUMD), dan Badan Usaha Campuran. Sedangkan pengertian koperasi berdasarkan pasal 1 undang-undang nomor 25 tahun 1992 tentang perkoperasian diberikan pengertian sebagai berikut “koperasi adalah badan usaha yang beranggotakan orang-orang atau badan hukum koperasi dengan berlandaskan kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip koperasi sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasarkan atas asas kekeluargaan”. Adapun perbedaan koperasi dengan badan usaha lain yaitu, satu anggota dalam sebuah koperasi memiliki satu suara yang tidak dapat diwakilkan orang lain. Sementara dalam badan usaha lain, satu suara atau lebih dapat dimiliki oleh pemodal. Simpanan anggotan menjadi modal badan usaha lainnya diperoleh dari penjualan saham, perorangan, atau kelompok. |
| Date: | 2022–05–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:h9uef&r= |
| By: | Halim, Ismail |
| Abstract: | Pemasaran syariah bukanlah konsep yang eklusif, fanatis, anti modernitas dan kaku, konsep yang dilakukan bersifat fleksibel, sebagaimana keluasan dan keluwesan syariah Islamiyah yang melandasinya. Manajemen sebagai seni dalam menyelesaikan pekerjaan melalui orang lain.Sedangkan Stoner mengartikan manajemen sebagai proses perencanaan, pengorganisasian, pengarahan, dan pengawasan usaha-usaha para anggota organisasi dan penggunaan sumber daya organisasi lainnya agar mencapai tujuan organisasi yang telah di tetapkan. Dari dua pengertian di atas maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa manajemen bekerja dengan orang-orang untuk mencapai suatu tujuan dan menginterprestasikan organisasi dengan fungsi-fungsi perencanaan (Planning), pengorganisasian (Organizing), penyusunan personalia atau kepegawaian (Staffing), pengarahan dan kepemimpinan (leading), dan pengawasan (controlling). Lingkup manajemen pemasaran bank syariah melibatkan berbagai proses dalam tahapan pelaksaanaanya bank syariah harus mecari nasabah dan mengidentifikasi apa yang menjadi kebutuhan mereka, merancang produk dan jasa baik mutunya, menetapkan harga atas produk atau jasa tersebut, mempromosikan dan kemudian diberikan ke nasabah. Terdapat empat jenis prinsip dari bank syari’ah tersebut antara lain adalah Prinsip Amar Ma'ruf Nahi Munkar, keadilan, amanah dan pertanggungjawaban, serta komunikatif. |
| Date: | 2022–05–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:bzhsw&r= |
| By: | Tuấn, Nguyễn Trọng |
| Abstract: | Tác động của công nghệ Blockchain đến nền kinh tế Việt Nam |
| Date: | 2022–05–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:567de&r= |
| By: | Tuấn, Nguyễn Trọng |
| Abstract: | Tác động của công nghệ Blockchain đến nền kinh tế Việt Nam |
| Date: | 2022–05–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:pq3d2&r= |
| By: | Huyen, Nguyen Vi; Ngọc, Trần Thị Thanh; Huyền, Nguyễn Khánh; Linh, Nguyễn Phương; Châu, Mạc Thị Minh |
| Abstract: | Trong các nguồn lực phát triển kinh tế - xã hội, khoa học và công nghệ là một trong những nhân tố đóng vai trò quan trọng hàng đầu. Cách mạng khoa học và công nghệ đang tạo tiền đề, điều kiện và cũng là động lực hình thành và thúc đẩy hàng loạt các hiện tượng, công việc khác của con người trong đời sống, xã hội (KH&CN, 2021). Khoa học - công nghệ góp phần mở rộng khả năng phát hiện và khai thác có hiệu quả các nguồn lực, sản phẩm khoa học - công nghệ đóng góp trực tiếp vào GDP, đồng thời quyết định tăng trưởng trong dài hạn và chất lượng tăng trưởng, tạo điều kiện chuyển đổi từ chiều rộng sang chiều sâu. Khoa học - công nghệ ngày càng phát triển kéo theo sự ra đời hàng loạt của các công nghệ mới, hiện đại như: vật liệu mới, công nghệ nano, công nghệ sinh học, điện tử, viễn thông… làm tăng các yếu tố của sản xuất - kinh doanh, tăng thu nhập, điều đó dẫn đến sự gia tăng chi tiêu cho tiêu dùng của người dân và do đó cũng tăng đầu tư cho cả nền kinh tế (G.Hưng, 2020). Sự phát triển công nghệ luôn mang đến những điểm đột phá, và cách thức vận động mới cho nền kinh tế thị trường. Thế nhưng đã có nhiều câu hỏi được đặt ra là liệu rằng công nghệ có đang thực sự mang lại cho con người cơ hội làm việc hay là hay là đang lấy đi những công việc từ tay của những người công nhân? Máy móc có đang chiếm lấy công việc của chúng ta? Hay chính người công nhân đã trở nên lỗi thời bởi trí tuệ nhân tạo và robot? Để trả lời cho những câu hỏi trên, nhóm 3 chúng tôi đã quyết định viết bài luận này nhằm nghiên cứu những vấn đề xung quanh tác động của khoa học công nghệ tới cơ hội việc làm của con người trên toàn thế giới. Cấu trúc bài luận bao gồm ba phần như sau: Thực trạng; Tác động; Nguyên nhân; Giải pháp. |
| Date: | 2022–05–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:q4zkp&r= |
| By: | Mai, Nhat Chi |
| Abstract: | Phạm Minh Chính (sinh ngày 10 tháng 12 năm 1958) là một chính trị gia người Việt Nam. Ông hiện là Thủ tướng Chính phủ nước Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam, Phó Chủ tịch Hội đồng quốc phòng và an ninh Việt Nam, Ủy viên Bộ Chính trị Ban Chấp hành Trung ương Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam khóa XIII, Trưởng Ban Chỉ đạo Quốc gia phòng chống dịch COVID-19, Đại biểu Quốc hội Việt Nam khóa XV thuộc Đoàn đại biểu Quốc hội thành phố Cần Thơ. |
| Date: | 2022–04–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:d3wsp&r= |
| By: | Azizah, Fithri |
| Abstract: | Koperasi diatur dalam beberapa peraturan perundang-undangan. Koperasi diatur mulai dari UUD 1945, Undang-Undang Nomor 14 Tahun 1965 tentang Perkoperasian, yang kemudian dicabut dan diganti dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 1967 tentang Pokok-Pokok Perkoperasian, kemudian diganti lagi dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 25 Tahun 1992 tentang Perkoperasian (selanjutnya disebut UU Koperasi), dan pada tahun 2012 UU Koperasi diganti lagi dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2012 tentang Perkoperasian (selanjutnya disebut UU Koperasi 2012) . Sekarang, UU Koperasi 2012 telah dibatalkan oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi sehingga yang berlaku sekarang adalah UU Koperasi. Eksistensi Koperasi sebagai badan usaha dengan tegas dinyatakan dalam UU Koperasi. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari definisi Koperasi yang diatur dalam Pasal 1 angka 1 UU Koperasi . Dalam Pasal 1 angka 1 UU Koperasi, Koperasi didefinisakan sebagai badan usaha yang beranggotakan orang-seorang atau badan hukum Koperasi dengan melandaskan kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip Koperasi sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasar atas asas kekeluargaan. |
| Date: | 2022–05–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:zupn8&r= |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is increasingly involved in offering policy advice on public pension issues to member countries. Public pension spending is important from both fiscal and welfare perspectives. Pension policy and its reforms can have significant fiscal and distribution implications, can influence labor supply and labor demand decisions, and may impact consumption and savings behavior. This technical note provides guidance on assessing public pension systems’ macrocriticality, i.e., sustainability, adequacy, and efficiency; it also discusses the issues and policy trade-offs to be considered when designing responses aiming to address these dimensions of the pension system. The paper emphasizes the importance of taking a long-term, comprehensive perspective when evaluating public pension spending and providing policy advice. Where feasible, reforms should be gradual and transparent to allow individuals ample time to adjust their work and savings decisions and to facilitate consumption smoothing over their lifecycle to avoid poverty in old age. It is also important to ensure that pension systems’ design and reforms do not lead to undesirable impacts in other policy areas including general tax compliance, health insurance coverage, labor force participation among older workers, or labor market informality. The paper emphasizes the importance country-specific social and economic objectives and constraints, as well as political economy realities – factors that can determine whether a pension reform is a success or failure. |
| Keywords: | Fiscal Policy; Social Protection; Pensions; Fiscal Sustainability; Defined Benefit; Defined Contribution; pension policy; policy engagement; Policy advice; General consideration; pension provision; C. IMF-supported program; Pension spending; Pension reform; Aging; Europe; Africa; Global; Southeast Asia; Eastern Europe |
| Date: | 2022–06–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imftnm:2022/004&r= |
| By: | Agnusia, Nur Adillah; dewi, Asmila |
| Abstract: | Strategi pemasaran bank syariah menjadi menarik untuk disimak karena penerapan kesyariatan Islam dalam produk yang ditonjolkan kepada para nasabah. Oleh karena itu, semua bank syariah sudah tentu menjaring nasabah yang beragama Islam. Mereka akan menjadi sasaran untuk menggunakan berbagai produk perbankan dengan prinsip syariah. Pihak bank syariah tentu saja harus menjamin kemurnian dan ketaatan dalam menjalankan prinsip syariah di bidang perbankan. Dengan begitu, para nasabah terutama yang benar-benar ingin menabung dan menyimpan dananya yang terbebas dari bunga bank yang diharamkan, dapat terwujudkan semua itu. Sementara itu, bank syariah juga tidak menutup bagi para nasabah dari agama dan kepercayaan lain. Silakan untuk bergabung dan memanfaatkan berbagai produk perbankan dengan prinsip syariah. Nasabah non Islam pasti juga sudah mengetahui secara umum tentang prinsip syariah yang diterapkan. Dengan begitu, mereka akan mengetahui untung ruginya jika menyimpan dananya di bank syariah. |
| Date: | 2022–05–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:8ganp&r= |
| By: | Tuấn, Nguyễn Trọng |
| Abstract: | Tác động của công nghệ Blockchain đến nền kinh tế Việt Nam |
| Date: | 2022–05–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:mwvyc&r= |
| By: | Mai, Nhat Chi |
| Abstract: | Kinh tế thị trường định hướng xã hội chủ nghĩa là tên gọi mà Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam đặt ra cho mô hình kinh tế hiện tại của nước Cộng hòa Xã hội Chủ nghĩa Việt Nam. Nó được mô tả là một nền kinh tế thị trường nhiều thành phần, trong đó nhà nước giữ vai trò chủ đạo và có trách nhiệm định hướng nền kinh tế, với mục tiêu dài hạn là xây dựng chủ nghĩa xã hội. |
| Date: | 2022–03–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:gnc82&r= |
| By: | Mai, Nhat Chi |
| Abstract: | Bài viết nghiên cứu tác động của lạm phát đến thị trường chứng khoán Việt Nam bằng mô hình GARCH. Kết quả cho thấy, các chỉ số chứng khoán thường đồng biến với chỉ số lạm phát. Tỷ lệ lạm phát càng cao, kéo theo chỉ số thị trường chứng khoán càng lớn. Bên cạnh đó, nhà đầu tư chứng khoán Việt Nam thường đầu tư bằng các khoản vay tín dụng ngắn hạn và sử dụng đòn bẩy tài chính, dẫn đến nguy cơ thị trường và toàn bộ nền kinh tế thiếu ổn định. |
| Date: | 2022–01–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:azcqd&r= |
| By: | Tung, Dao Duy (Tay Do University) |
| Abstract: | Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu là tổng hợp các đánh giá về sự trải nghiệm, giá trị cảm nhận và sự hài lòng của du khách trong đại dịch Covid -19. Kết quả của nghiên cứu góp phần khuyến nghị với nhà quản lý du lịch cho việc hồi phục và tăng trưởng. Nhóm tác giả thu thập tài liệu nghiên cứu, thu thập ý kiến phỏng vấn các nhà quản lý du lịch, thảo luận với các hướng dẫn viên du lịch và 30 du khách lưu trú tại Khách sạn Ninh Kiều đã đi du lịch tại TP. Cần Thơ. Kết quả khảo sát cho thấy quản lý trải nghiệm khách hàng đến gia tăng giá trị và sự hài lòng du khách là rất cần thiết. Các yếu tố cần đầu tư: Sản phẩm, thương hiệu hoặc dịch vụ; Giá cả; Địa điểm; Khuyến mãi; Nhân viên; Bằng chứng vật chất; Quy trình; Bầu không khí. Giá trị cảm nhận của khách hàng, sự tích luỹ được gia tăng tạo nên sự hài lòng, giữ được lòng trung thành của khách hàng. Từ đánh giá này, để phục hồi phát triển trong đại dịch Covid - 19 hiện nay, các doanh nghiệp du lịch Việt Nam cần có chiến lược cụ thể để cải thiện các các yếu tố trên. Hạn chế của nghiên cứu là nghiên cứu định tính, hướng tới sẽ thực hiện bằng định lượng |
| Date: | 2021–11–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:cn2jb&r= |
| By: | Nguyen-Tien, Viet; Dai, Qiang; Harper, Gavin D.j.; Anderson, Paul A.; Elliott, Robert J.R. |
| Keywords: | lithium-ion-batteries; electric vehicles; circular economy; recycle; life cycle assessment; supply chain; material flow analysis; transitions; transition management |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2022–05–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:115263&r= |