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on South East Asia |
| By: | Dang, Trang Huyen; Nguyen, Cuong Viet; Phung, Tung Duc |
| Abstract: | This study provides evidence on the trends and drivers of inequality in Vietnam using Vietnam Household Living Standard Surveys. We find that inequality, regardless of the choice of welfare indicators and inequality measurements, has been stable in Vietnam. Inequality in income or expenditure is remarkably lower than inequality in assets. In 2016, the Gini coefficient of per capita expenditure and per capita income was 0.35 and 0.39, respectively, while the Gini coefficient in electricity consumption and housing value was 0.42 and 0.62, respectively. Using the decomposition analysis, we find that inequality between provinces accounts for 22% of the total inequality, while inequality between ethnic groups accounts for 15% of the total inequality. The regression analysis shows that inequality tends to be higher in provinces with higher initial income and poverty. This implies that high-income people are more likely to benefit from economic growth, especially in better-off provinces. |
| Keywords: | Economic integration,poverty,inequality,Vietnam |
| JEL: | F14 F15 I31 I32 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1067&r= |
| By: | Willem THORBECKE; KATO Atsuyuki |
| Abstract: | Indonesia's economic performance since 2000 has been respectable. It has not succeeded, however, at joining global value chains (GVC). Vietnam on the other hand is a key link in GVCs for electronics, textiles, and other sectors. This paper recounts the experiences of Indonesia and Vietnam at attracting foreign direct invest, exporting, and coping with the COVID-19 pandemic. It considers why Indonesia has been less successful than Vietnam at joining GVCs. It then concludes with several recommendations for how Indonesia could attract FDI and avoid scarring from the pandemic. |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:22010&r= |
| By: | Esteban J. Quiñones; Sabine Liebenehm; Rasadhika Sharma |
| Abstract: | The authors investigate the extent to which droughts impact migration responses of rural households in Thailand and Vietnam, as well as the role of underlying mechanisms such as risk aversion and socioeconomic status that may affect the response. |
| Keywords: | migration, droughts, Thailand, Vietnam, International |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:ac2ba236e1b8428fbeb6d8b4366e5477&r= |
| By: | SIREGAR, OKTARINI KHAMILAH |
| Abstract: | Kebijakan fiskal adalah kebijakan yang dibuat pemerintah untuk mengatur kondisi ekonomi negara/daerah melalui pengeluaran dan pendapatan pemerintah. Berdasarkan teori ricardian ekuivalen, kebijakan fiskal tidak memberikan pengaruh positif terhadap perekonomian nasional, karena adanya perilaku rasional konsumen tetapi teori keynesian mengatakan kebijakan fiskal memberikan pengaruh positif terhadap perekonomian. Dalam buku ini membahas mengenai faktor pengaruh kebijakan fiskal dalam keputusan fertilitas pada Pemerintah Kota dan Kabupaten di Indonesia selama siklus bisnis. Penulis menyadari bahwa buku ini masih jauh dari kesempurnaan. |
| Date: | 2022–02–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:rhw4z&r= |
| By: | putri, Aulia ananda |
| Abstract: | Koperasi sudah dikenal sejak lama oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Badan usaha yang menjalankan kegiatan usahanya berdasarkan atas asas kekeluargaan ini juga telah cukup banyak membantu meningkatkan perekonomian masyarakat dan pembangunan nasional. Sejak pertama kali diperkenalkan kepada masyarakat Indonesia, badan usaha koperasi telah mampu membantu masyarakat dalam meningkatkan kemampuan ekonominya melalui kegiatan-kegiatan usaha koperasi. Prinsip usaha dan karakter koperasi yang berbeda dengan badan usaha lainnya membuat badan usaha ini disenangi oleh masyarakat Indonesia yang melaksanakan seluruh kegiatan perekonomiannya berdasarkan sistem ekonomi kerakyatan. Sistem ekonomi kerakyatan yang ada di Indonesia ini memang secara umum sangat cocok dengan badan usaha yang berbentuk koperasi. Keduanya sama-sama menganut asas kekeluargaan dan mengedepankan prinsip gotong-royong. Koperasi sendiri di Indonesia pertama kali diperkenalkan oleh R. Aria Wiriatmadja di Purwokerto, Jawa Tengah pada tahun 1896. Dia mendirikan koperasi kredit dengan tujuan membantu rakyatnya yang terjerat hutang dengan rentenir. Koperasi tersebut 2 lalu berkembang pesat dan akhirnya ditiru oleh Boedi Utomo. Pada perkembangan selanjutnya, wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia yang pertama, Moh. Hatta menjadi salah satu tokoh nasional yang dengan gigih mendukung kehadiran koperasi di Indonesia. Hal inilah yang menjadikannya sebagai Bapak Koperasi Indonesia. 1 Secara resmi gerakan koperasi sendiri di Indonesia baru lahir pada tanggal 12 Juli 1947 pada Kongres I di Tasikmalaya yang pada akhirnya dijadikan sebagai Hari Koperasi Indonesia |
| Date: | 2022–03–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:g9yjx&r= |
| By: | Ramadani, Ainun |
| Abstract: | Indonesia mempunyai tiga pilar kekuatan ekonomi yang melaksanakan berbagai kegiatan usaha dalam tata kehidupan perekonomian, diantaranya Badan Usaha Milik Negara, Badan Usaha Milik Swasta dan Koperasi. Koperasi merupakan bagian tiga pilar perekonomian yang turut serta membantu kesejahteraan masyarakat, dan memilki peranan yang sangat penting dalam perekonomian nasional. Koperasi memiliki sub unit simpan pinjam, yang merupakan media penyimpanan dan pinjaman bagi para anggotanya, dimana operasional transaksi menggunkan sistem bunga seperti halnya bank. Tingkat bunga pada keuangan konvensional termasuk koperasi merupakan salah satu pertimbangan anggota dalam memutuskan untuk menyimpan dan meminjam pada koperasi. Sistem bunga yang diberlakukan oleh lembaga keuangan konvensional maupun oleh koperasi merupakan bentuk riba yang dilarang di setiap agama termasuk agama Islam. Riba merupakan bantuk penambahan untuk mencapai keuntungan secara sepihak yang terdapat dalam transaksi yang dilakukan oleh lembaga keuangan konvensional. Solusi yang dapat dilakukan oleh koperasi berserta pengurus dan anggota dengan merubah atau melakukan konversi dari sistem operasional transaksi konvensional berbasis bunga (riba) menjadi sistem operasional berdasarkan syariah. Konversi dan akuisisi lembaga keuangan konvensional menjadi syariah menjadi trend pembetukan bank syariah di tahun 2008 dan menjadi salah satu upaya yang dapat ditempuh untuk meningkatkan lembaga keuangan syariah khususnya koperasi syariah di Indonesia secara lebih cepat. Untuk itu banyak warga Indonesia yang butuh mengenal Koperasi Syariah secara umum. Berdasarkan uraian diatas, maka penulis tertarik untuk membahas mengenai sejarah koperasi syariah di Indonesia dengan judul “Koperasi Syariah dan UMKM”. |
| Date: | 2022–03–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:cgj43&r= |
| By: | Halim, Ismail |
| Abstract: | Koperasi & UMKM adalah bagian integral global bisnis nasional, memiliki kedudukan, potensi, & peranan yg sangat krusial & strategis pada mewujudkan tujuan pembangunan ekonomi dan memecahkan perkara ekonomi dalam khususnya. Berbagai cara sudah dipakai insan buat memecahkan permasahan ekonomi yg sudah dihadapi keliru satunya merupakan koperasi. Koperasi merupakan badan bisnis yg beranggotakan orang seseorang atau badan aturan koperasi menggunakan melandaskan kegiatannya dari prinsip koperasi sekaligus menjadi gerakan ekonomi warga yg dari atas asas kekeluargaan, bisa berperan pada proses pemerataan & peningkatan pendapatan warga dan mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi & berperan pada mewujudkan stabilitas nasional dalam biasanya & stabilitas ekonomi dalam khususnya. Koperasi merupakan wadah bagi kelompok masyarakat berpenghasilan rendah untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya dan berusaha meningkatkan taraf hidupnya. untuk membantu debitur kepada rentenir. Koperasi tersebut kemudian dibantu perkembangannya oleh pejabat Belanda dan akhirnya menjadi program resmi pemerintah Belanda. Selama tahun 1933-an, koperasi Syariah tumbuh pesat, dengan pemerintah kolonial Belanda khawatir jika koperasi menjadi pusat perlawanan, koperasi pada akhirnya akan dibatasi. Pada tanggal 12 Juli 1947, gerakan koperasi Indonesia mengadakan Kongres Koperasi yang pertama di Tasikmalaya, dan tanggal tersebut ditetapkan sebagai Hari Koperasi Indonesia. |
| Date: | 2022–03–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:na3f5&r= |
| By: | Dudek, Thomas (Victoria University of Wellington); Brenøe, Anne Ardila (University of Zurich); Feld, Jan (Victoria University of Wellington); Rohrer, Julia (University of Leipzig) |
| Abstract: | Does growing up with a sister rather than a brother affect personality? In this paper, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the effects of siblings' gender on adults' personality, using data from 85,887 people from 12 large representative surveys covering 9 countries (the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Australia, Mexico, China, and Indonesia). We investigated the personality traits risk tolerance, trust, patience, locus of control, and the Big Five. We found no meaningful causal effects of the gender of the next younger sibling, and no associations with the gender of the next older sibling. Based on high statistical power and consistent results in the overall sample and relevant subsamples, our results suggest that siblings' gender does not systematically affect personality. |
| Keywords: | personality, economic preferences, sibling gender, sibling sex |
| JEL: | J12 J16 J24 |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15137&r= |
| By: | Resky, Andi Sry Aska |
| Abstract: | Koperasi adalah badan hukum yang didirikan oleh orang perseorangan atau badan hukum koperasi, dengan pemisahan kekayaan para anggotanya sebagai modal untuk menjalankan usaha, yang memenuhi aspirasi dan kebutuhan bersama dibidang ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya sesuai dengan nilai dan prinsip koperasi. Menurut undang-undang nomor 17 tahun 2012, ada 2 bentuk koperasi, yaitu koperasi primer dan koperasi sekunder. Sedangkan jenis koperasi ada beberapa macam, yaitu koperasi konsumsi, koperasi produksi, koperasi jasa, koperasi simpan pinjam, koperasi single purpose dan multi purpose. Di Indonesia pada umumnya hampir semua jenis koperasi melakukan penjenjangan sampai dengan tingkat induk atau setingkat dengan induk. Jenis koperasi berdasarkan penjenjangan koperasi, yaitu koperasi primer, koperasi pusat, koperasi gabungan, dan koperasi induk. Cara penjenjangan koperasi adalah sebagai berikut: 1. Penjenjangan dengan sistem federasi dan kebalikannya. 2. Penjenjangan dengan sistem sentralisasi dan kebalikannya. 3. HYBRID MIXTURE. |
| Date: | 2022–03–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:ch2uv&r= |
| By: | Do, Huyen Thanh; Nguyen, Cuong Viet; Nguyen, Long Thanh; Nguyen, Phuong Minh; Ngo, Quyen Ha; Phung, Tung Duc |
| Abstract: | This study explores the impact of COVID-19 and how Vietnamese citizens perceived and experienced measures adopted by central and local governments to contain the CVODI-19 pandemic in 2021. In general, the COVID-19 pandemic had a more severe impact in 2021 than in 2020. Citizens showed great concern about their children’s education (76 percent) and their personal health (68 percent). COVID-19 negatively impacted employment and income, with 77 percent of the respondents reporting income reduction due to the pandemic. The poor, ethnic minorities, unskilled, non-farm workers, and those working in the service sector or living in provinces with longer lockdowns were the most likely to suffer. Compared with 2020, in 2021, respondents showed a high but declining positive assessment of government performance in dealing with the pandemic, with 84 percent of the respondents rating the responses from the Central Government as good or very good (97 percent in 2020), 89 percent rating the response from their provincial governments’ responses as good or very good (94 percent in 2020). Only 13 percent of the respondents received support from the Government’s package. However, ethnic minorities, female, poorer and rural respondents were less likely to receive the support. For the support recipients, delivery was regarded as timely and transparent, but administrative procedures to get access to the package were not simple. Meanwhile, support from non-governmental organizations (NGOs), social organizations, charity foundations, and individuals was distributed more efficiently, with 25 percent of the respondents receiving support from these sources. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19,government policy,citizens' opinions,aid package,Vietnam |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1068&r= |
| By: | Taqiyuddin, Muhammad (Darussalam University) |
| Abstract: | This research was conducted through several stages. First, participate in becoming a member in EDCCASH program activities. Second, confirm the system that is run at EDC with similar financial practices that have occurred. Third, examine aspects that intersect between the results of the two studies above with a multidisciplinary perspective. Both Law, Economics, as well as religion and government regulations. This research uses the mixed method (mixed method). Where, data were obtained through field investigations (field research) plus a literature review related to cases similar to this EDCCASH. The choice of this method is based on the facts: 1) EDCCASH is a new player in crypto currency. 2) EDCCASH is socialized with an investment offer approach. 3) some features of the investment scheme in EDCCASH look identical to the investment model with the Ponzi scheme. 4) EDCCASH always confirms that the program has been approved by OJK (Financial Services Authority) |
| Date: | 2021–07–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:zhjnv&r= |
| By: | Aizhamal Rakhmetova; Roman Hoffmann; Mariola Pytlikova |
| Abstract: | Despite an increasing number of studies, there is no scientific consensus on the extent and conditions under which environmental factors influence migration. In particular, little is known about the role played by financial resources that may facilitate or hinder migration under environmental stress. Empirical evidence shows that some households migrate in response to environmental hazards while others remain in place, potentially being trapped due to lack of resources, i.e. poverty constraints. However, little is known about how access to financial resources influences the decision of a household to stay or migrate. On one hand, financial resources can help to alleviate poverty constraints and to cover migration costs, thereby increasing migration (climate-driver mechanism); on the other hand, financial resources can also improve the adaptation capacities of households at the place they reside, and thus reduce migration responses to environmental changes (climate-inhibitor mechanism). To shed light on households’ migration decisions in response to climate shocks depending on their access to financial resources, we utilize rich micro-data from Indonesia and exploit two sources of variation in climate and cash transfers. Our results suggest that better access to financial resources facilitates the climateinhibitor mechanism for short-term rainfall shocks and natural disasters. At the same time, better accessibility to financial resources enhances the climate-driver mechanism for accumulated rainfall shocks and temperature anomalies. |
| Keywords: | climate change; migration; financial resources; adaptation; |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cer:papers:wp724&r= |
| By: | Wei, John (University of Otago) |
| Abstract: | Kinship has been the primary concern among young queer people in today’s China and other parts of Asia under the strong and ongoing familism, who often find it challenging to come out and negotiate their sexuality with their parental family. This paper adopts the concept of stretched kinship to critically analyze the digital videos released by PFLAG China (Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays in China) from 2015 to 2020, focusing on the experiences of the parents in their responses to young people’s coming out. It both extends and challenges the concept of stretched kinship by turning the spotlight from queer youth to their parents—a topic often overlooked in queer Asian and Chinese studies—to examine how Chinese parents reject and accept their queer child contextualized in the rapid and ongoing social change in twenty-first-century China and Asia. |
| Date: | 2022–02–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:3sx7c&r= |
| By: | , MIRNAWATI |
| Abstract: | Keberadaan Koperasi memiliki arti penting bagi negara kesejahteraan Indonesia. Sebagai bangsa yang pernah dijajah dengan jangka waktu yang lama, koperasi sebagai salah satu implementasi ekonomi kerakyatan menjadi upaya sistematis untuk mengoreksi struktur perekonomian Tama yang bercorak kolonial. Sistem perekonomian yang dipraktekkan oleh kolonial yang bercorak kapitalis menghasilkan kegetiran hidup bagi rakyat akibat ketiadaan perikemanusiaan dan perikeadilan yang dipraktekkan. |
| Date: | 2022–03–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:p6rwc&r= |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | The RBZ is in the process of recommencing on-site examinations, but due to COVID-19 operational restrictions, these will need to be undertaken remotely. The RBZ has developed a draft remote examination framework document to guide this work and requested AFS assistance to review the framework, and also provide information on how other supervisors are undertaking examinations remotely. The mission provided training on international practice of remote examinations, which was presented by supervisors from the Bank of Ghana (BOG), Bank of Thailand (BOT) and the De Nederlandsche Bank (DNB) and reviewed the draft remote examination framework document. The training covered adjustments to examination framework and operational issues and key points of consideration when undertaking examinations remotely. The mission also reviewed the RBZ consolidated examination manual, to provide feedback to the RBZ on the feasibility of undertaking supervisory examinations remotely, as described in the manual and provide points for consideration for undertaking such examination remotely. |
| Date: | 2022–02–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2022/063&r= |
| By: | Francisca Fernando; Juliet Johnson; Katharine Christopherson; Audrey Yiadom; Hanan Yazid; Clara Thiemann |
| Abstract: | It is well established that a wide range of legal impediments in countries’ domestic laws have prevented women from achieving full economic empowerment, which in turn has negative macroeconomic implications. In many countries, laws often reflect and perpetuate gender norms that limit women’s economic participation, and removal of these impediments through legal reform has been shown to be an effective method to catalyze greater participation of women in the economy—along with the related macroeconomic benefits. Once legal barriers are removed and provisions for more equal treatment under the law are embedded, the law can also be employed as a powerful tool to incentivize women to pursue equal opportunities, change mindsets regarding the role of women, and hold institutions and individuals accountable for achieving results. Accordingly, it is imperative for countries to focus on eliminating existing legal impediments and designing appropriate incentives to increase women’s participation in the economy. This paper goes beyond previous Fund work by categorizing the key sources of laws that impede women’s economic empowerment, as well as ways in which the law can be used as a tool to create behavioral changes and shifts in perceptions of women in the economy. Case studies of six countries (Iceland, Peru, Rwanda, The Philippines, Tunisia, and the United States) that rank high in gender equality in their respective regions demonstrate how legal reforms have been implemented in differing contexts to help achieve women’s economic empowerment. Given the relevance to the Fund’s mandate, the paper also notes the case for a stepped-up role for the IMF in advising on legal reforms that remove barriers to, and incentivize, women’s economic empowerment. Although this paper highlights dominant belief systems and cultural norms that have contributed to limiting the economic empowerment of women, it does not intend to render any judgment on these systems or norms. |
| Keywords: | gender gap, inequality, inclusive growth |
| Date: | 2022–02–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2022/037&r= |
| By: | Joshua AIZENMAN; Menzie CHINN; ITO Hiroyuki |
| Abstract: | Over the years, policymakers have explored various combinations of varying degrees of monetary policy independence, exchange rate stability, and financial openness, while recognizing that not all three policies can be achieved to the fullest extent – this is known as the "monetary trilemma" hypothesis. In recent years, holding international reserves (IR) has become an important policy instrument as a buffer or insurance against liquidity shortages. Significant and fundamental economic events such as currency crises have often changed the policy mix. In this paper, we find that countries' policy mixes have been diverse and have varied over time from the perspective of both the monetary trilemma and IR holdings. We then illustrate how the combination of the three trilemma policies and IR holding drastically changed before and after the Asian Financial Crisis (AFC). However, the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) did not lead to a drastic change in the policy arrangements. We find that countries that faced large terms of trade shocks or negative economic growth during the crisis increase IR holding in the post-AFC. Countries that had negative growth during the crisis also tend to pursue more exchange rate flexibility and more open financial markets. This characteristic is true for commodity exporters, but not for manufacturing exporters. Countries with large current account deficits (i.e., "large capital borrowers") tended to be more sensitive to economic growth at the time of the AFC. Countries that are under IMF stabilization programs or those with sovereign wealth funds tend to hold more IR. These characteristics were not found in the aftermath of the GFC. In general, countries increased their IR holdings after the GFC, but did not respond to the during-crisis economic and institutional conditions. |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:22029&r= |
| By: | Bagsic, Cristeta |
| Abstract: | This paper is a replication and extension of Schaeck, Cihak, and Wolfe (2009). In contrast to results for a heterogeneous set of countries in Schaeck, Cihak, and Wolfe (2009), findings herein indicate that there is a chance that competition engenders systemic banking crisis for ASEAN EMEs, and that although concentration may not increase the probability of a banking crisis, at decreasing levels of competition, increasing concentration could damage financial stability. When controls for regulation and macroprudential tools are introduced, the opposite effects of competition and concentration on financial stability becomes more apparent. |
| Keywords: | financial stability; concentration; competition; banking crises |
| JEL: | E5 G1 |
| Date: | 2021–12–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:112397&r= |