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on South East Asia |
| By: | Jaya, I Made Laut Mertha |
| Abstract: | Secara umum, buku ini membahas tentang tiga kajian penting tentang manajemen, yakni manajemen laba, dampak modal inteletual atas laba perusahaan dan akuntasi forensi dalam pemalsual laporan pajak. Buku ini merupakan suatu antologi tulisan yang setiap babnya menjabarkan secara mendalah masil riset atas tema tersebut. |
| Date: | 2021–10–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:yxsfd&r= |
| By: | Kohnert, Dirk (GIGA - German Institute of Global and Area Studies, Hamburg) |
| Abstract: | ABSTRACT & RÉSUMÉ & ZUSAMMENFASSUNG : The ASEAN summit of October 2021 showed the increased geopolitical importance of the Indo-Pacific realm. Today ASEAN is the most successful regional organization in Asia and the second largest worldwide behind the EU. The establishment of the New Asian-African Strategic Partnership (NAASP) more than 15 years before (2005) aimed to revive the Bandung spirit of the non-aligned movement of 1955. This time with a stronger focus on economic ties. In 2013 these countries counted around 620 million inhabitants or 8.8% of the world population. They wanted to fight colonialism and neocolonialism by promoting Afro-Asiatic economic and cultural cooperation. Almost all member countries gained sovereignty and political independence by the 1960s and 1970s, with the exception of Palestine. However, the aftermath of the Bandung conference also promoted negative developments, including the polarization of Asian countries, the strengthening of political authoritarianism and regional interventions. In addition, most countries continued to grapple with economic and political challenges, including poverty, debt burdens, backwardness, ignorance, disease and environmental degradation. Their access to the markets of the industrialized countries also remained limited. At the global level, the NAASP received little attention so far. Despite the longstanding rhetoric of Asia-Africa solidarity, Asia and Africa still lack formal institutional and trade links. Although interregional trade increased, Africa remained a small part of ASEAN with only around 2% of its total market. The most important trading countries of ASEAN with Africa were Thailand, Indonesia and Singapore, while South Africa, Nigeria and Egypt were the largest African import markets. RÉSUMÉ : 'Les relations commerciales entre l'ASEAN [ANASE] et l'Afrique: vers un partenariat renouvelé ?' --- Le sommet de l'ASEAN d'octobre 2021 a montré l'importance géopolitique accrue de la region indo-pacifique. Aujourd'hui, l'ANASE est l'organisation régionale la plus performante d'Asie et la deuxième au monde derrière l'UE. La création du Nouveau partenariat stratégique Asie-Afrique (NAASP) plus de 15 ans auparavant (2005) visait à raviver l'esprit de Bandung du mouvement des non-alignés de 1955. Cette fois en mettant davantage l'accent sur les liens économiques. En 2013, ces pays comptaient environ 620 millions d'habitants soit 8,8% de la population mondiale. Ils voulaient combattre le colonialisme et le néocolonialisme en promouvant la coopération économique et culturelle afro-asiatique. Presque tous les pays membres ont acquis leur souveraineté et leur indépendance politique dans les années 1960 et 1970, à l'exception de la Palestine. Cependant, les conséquences de la conférence de Bandung ont également favorisé des développements négatifs, notamment la polarisation des pays asiatiques, le renforcement de l'autoritarisme politique et les interventions régionales. En outre, la plupart des pays ont continué à faire face à des défis économiques et politiques, notamment la pauvreté, le fardeau de la dette, le retard, l'ignorance, la maladie et la dégradation de l'environnement. Leur accès aux marchés des pays industrialisés restait également limité. Au niveau mondial, le NAASP a reçu peu d'attention jusqu'à présent. Malgré la rhétorique de longue date de la solidarité Asie-Afrique, l'Asie et l'Afrique manquent encore de liens institutionnels et commerciaux formels. Bien que le commerce interrégional ait augmenté, l'Afrique est restée une petite partie de l'ASEAN avec seulement environ 2% de son marché total. Les principaux pays commerçants de l'ASEAN avec l'Afrique étaient la Thaïlande, l'Indonésie et Singapour, tandis que l'Afrique du Sud, le Nigéria et l'Égypte étaient les plus grands marchés d'importation africains. |
| Date: | 2021–11–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:africa:zpb43&r= |
| By: | Rakhmindyarto, Rakhmindyarto; Setyawan, Dhani |
| Abstract: | Indonesia is the 6th largest carbon emitter in the world. It is also one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change, with a population of 250 million people spread across thousands of islands and low-lying coastal areas. This paper investigates the political challenges to introduce a carbon tax as a climate policy option in Indonesia. It is based on the analysis of 29 in�depth elite interviews with key Indonesian stakeholders. It fnds that, while political elites seem, in principle, to be open to the idea of a carbon tax, they are also cognisant of the impact of corruption challenges in the Indonesia context. Meanwhile, the business community opposes a carbon tax and fears the introduction of additional costs that may infuence productivity and competitiveness. Non-government organisations, however, support its immediate introduction. Overall, this work makes an important contribution to the ever-growing academic debate on the introduction of carbon prices to assist carbon mitiga�tion eforts. It also has important ramifcations in terms of transparency, accountability and political pluralism in Indonesia. |
| Keywords: | Climate change · Climate policy · Carbon prices |
| JEL: | H2 H23 |
| Date: | 2020–04–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:111586&r= |
| By: | Setyawan, Dhani |
| Abstract: | Indonesia's transport sector has experienced rapid growth that has caused excessive fossil fuel energy consumption. Over 2000 to 2016 total final energy consumption in Indonesia’s transport sector has grown by 10% per annum so that transport now provides a large and rapidly growing component of total energy use. This study analyzes the specific characteristics of energy intensity in the transportation sector in Indonesia from 2000 to 2016 by employing a multiplicative Log Mean Divisia Index-II. The passenger transport sector in Indonesia, including the four modes of road, rail, water and air is examined in this study. Overall, the decline in energy intensity in passenger transport is attributed to the intensity effect. In passenger transport, the improvement of intensity effect was found to have significantly reduced the overall aggregate energy intensity, while the change in structural effect was found to have a relatively small reduction in the aggregate energy intensity. |
| Keywords: | energy efficiency, passenger transportation, energy intensity, Indonesia |
| JEL: | N7 |
| Date: | 2020–07–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:106114&r= |
| By: | Kohnert, Dirk (GIGA - German Institute of Global and Area Studies, Hamburg) |
| Abstract: | ABSTRACT & RÉSUMÉ & ZUSAMMENFASSUNG : The ASEAN summit of October 2021 showed the increased geopolitical importance of the Indo-Pacific realm. Today ASEAN is the most successful regional organization in Asia and the second largest worldwide behind the EU. The establishment of the New Asian-African Strategic Partnership (NAASP) more than 15 years before (2005) aimed to revive the Bandung spirit of the non-aligned movement of 1955. This time with a stronger focus on economic ties. In 2013 these countries counted around 620 million inhabitants or 8.8% of the world population. They wanted to fight colonialism and neocolonialism by promoting Afro-Asiatic economic and cultural cooperation. Almost all member countries gained sovereignty and political independence by the 1960s and 1970s, with the exception of Palestine. However, the aftermath of the Bandung conference also promoted negative developments, including the polarization of Asian countries, the strengthening of political authoritarianism and regional interventions. In addition, most countries continued to grapple with economic and political challenges, including poverty, debt burdens, backwardness, ignorance, disease and environmental degradation. Their access to the markets of the industrialized countries also remained limited. At the global level, the NAASP received little attention so far. Despite the longstanding rhetoric of Asia-Africa solidarity, Asia and Africa still lack formal institutional and trade links. Although interregional trade increased, Africa remained a small part of ASEAN with only around 2% of its total market. The most important trading countries of ASEAN with Africa were Thailand, Indonesia and Singapore, while South Africa, Nigeria and Egypt were the largest African import markets. RÉSUMÉ : 'Les relations commerciales entre l'ASEAN [ANASE] et l'Afrique: vers un partenariat renouvelé ?' --- Le sommet de l'ASEAN d'octobre 2021 a montré l'importance géopolitique accrue de la region indo-pacifique. Aujourd'hui, l'ANASE est l'organisation régionale la plus performante d'Asie et la deuxième au monde derrière l'UE. La création du Nouveau partenariat stratégique Asie-Afrique (NAASP) plus de 15 ans auparavant (2005) visait à raviver l'esprit de Bandung du mouvement des non-alignés de 1955. Cette fois en mettant davantage l'accent sur les liens économiques. En 2013, ces pays comptaient environ 620 millions d'habitants soit 8,8% de la population mondiale. Ils voulaient combattre le colonialisme et le néocolonialisme en promouvant la coopération économique et culturelle afro-asiatique. Presque tous les pays membres ont acquis leur souveraineté et leur indépendance politique dans les années 1960 et 1970, à l'exception de la Palestine. Cependant, les conséquences de la conférence de Bandung ont également favorisé des développements négatifs, notamment la polarisation des pays asiatiques, le renforcement de l'autoritarisme politique et les interventions régionales. En outre, la plupart des pays ont continué à faire face à des défis économiques et politiques, notamment la pauvreté, le fardeau de la dette, le retard, l'ignorance, la maladie et la dégradation de l'environnement. Leur accès aux marchés des pays industrialisés restait également limité. Au niveau mondial, le NAASP a reçu peu d'attention jusqu'à présent. Malgré la rhétorique de longue date de la solidarité Asie-Afrique, l'Asie et l'Afrique manquent encore de liens institutionnels et commerciaux formels. Bien que le commerce interrégional ait augmenté, l'Afrique est restée une petite partie de l'ASEAN avec seulement environ 2% de son marché total. Les principaux pays commerçants de l'ASEAN avec l'Afrique étaient la Thaïlande, l'Indonésie et Singapour, tandis que l'Afrique du Sud, le Nigéria et l'Égypte étaient les plus grands marchés d'importation africains. |
| Date: | 2021–11–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:africa:ph35m&r= |
| By: | Diding Sakri; Andy Sumner; Arief Anshory Yusuf |
| Abstract: | Various scholars have estimated levels of intergenerational mobility in OECD countries. Fewer estimates are available for developing countries, where mobility arguably matters more due to starker differences in living standards. This paper presents new estimates of mobility for a developing country, namely Indonesia. The estimates are based on data from five waves of the Indonesian Family Life Survey, a longitudinal analysis of socio-economic status which began in 1993. We constructed a pooling sample consisting of 9,445 matching pairs of children and their parents. |
| Keywords: | Intergenerational Mobility, Longitudinal data analysis, Indonesia, Household survey |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2022-12&r= |
| By: | Bui, Dzung; Dräger, Lena; Hayo, Bernd; Nghiem, Giang |
| Abstract: | In evaluating surveys conducted in Thailand and Vietnam during the COVID-19 pandemic, we find that the marginal propensity to consume is significantly larger for positive than for negative income shocks. This result contradicts a prediction from the lifecycle permanent income model with borrowing constraints as well as empirical evidence from industrialized countries. However, our finding is consistent with Kahneman and Tversky’s prospect theory, according to which the combination of income uncertainty and loss aversion can induce households to react more strongly to positive than to negative shocks. |
| Keywords: | Marginal propensity to consume (MPC); Unanticipated income shocks; COVID-19; Thailand; Vietnam |
| JEL: | E21 H31 D84 |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:han:dpaper:dp-695&r= |
| By: | Cezera, Stéphane; Uyen, Pham Hoang; Uyen, Vo Thi Le; Chung, Pham Van; Nguyen, Manh-Hung |
| Abstract: | Purpose of the paper: This study aims to consider the Covid impact on stock – price volatility of different industry groups in Vietnam by using the M-GARCH model. |
| Date: | 2022–02–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:126616&r= |
| By: | Dzung Bui (University of Marburg); Lena Draeger (Leibniz University of Hannover); Bernd Hayo (University of Marburg); Giang Nghiem (Leibniz University of Hannover) |
| Abstract: | In evaluating surveys conducted in Thailand and Vietnam during the COVID-19 pandemic, we find that the marginal propensity to consume is significantly larger for positive than for negative income shocks. This result contradicts a prediction from the lifecycle permanent income model with borrowing constraints as well as empirical evidence from industrialized countries. However, our finding is consistent with Kahneman and Tversky’s prospect theory, according to which the combination of income uncertainty and loss aversion can induce households to react more strongly to positive than to negative shocks. |
| Keywords: | Marginal propensity to consume (MPC); Unanticipated income shocks; COVID-19; Thailand; Vietnam. |
| JEL: | E62 E71 D12 D83 H31 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:202207&r= |
| By: | Vu, Tien Manh; Yamada, Hiroyuki |
| Abstract: | We examine the returns to test scores from the 2009 Vietnamese National Entrance Examination to University (NEEU) of individuals born in 1991. We investigate their labor outcomes in terms of hourly wage measured in 2018 or 2020. We find that a one standard deviation increase in the standardized test score on the NEEU is associated with a 7–9 percent increase in wage rate 9–11 years later. The results also suggest that mathematics test scores have a significant correlation with wage rate in the long run. |
| Keywords: | Test scores; Cognitive skills; Returns to education; Vietnam |
| JEL: | I26 J23 J24 |
| Date: | 2022–01–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:111714&r= |
| By: | Nguyen, Cuong Viet; Vu, Linh Hoang |
| Abstract: | This study uses a large-scale dataset from Vietnam to analyze the impacts of parental absence due to migration, death, or divorce on children's school enrollment, for children aged from 7 to 22. We find children from two-parent families have a better chance of enrolling at all levels of education than those from single-parent families. Within single-family types, the negative effect on children of parental divorce is higher than that of parental death, while the effect of parental migration is the lowest. Comparing the effect of single-father and single-mother households, we find that children living with a single mother tend to have higher school enrollment than those living with a single father, indicating the critical role of mothers in children's education. |
| Keywords: | Children,Young,Education,Vietnam |
| JEL: | I1 I2 O1 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1033&r= |
| By: | Effendi, Maya Syafriana |
| Abstract: | Kajian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi dalam pengembangan teori kredit perbankan. Untuk teori kredit perbankan, kajian ini memberikan pendekatan baru untuk mendeteksi faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi penyaluran kredit berupa komponen tingkat kesehatan bank menggunakan pendekatan risk based bank rating terhadap penyaluran kredit. Disamping itu, kajian determinan kredit perbankan juga dapat menjelaskan teori penawaran uang, dimana Bank berfungsi sebagi lembaga intermediasi yang kegiatannya menghimpun dana dari masyarakat kemudian menyalurkan kembali dana tersebut kepada masyarakat yang membutuhkan dana dalam bentuk kredit. Penyaluran kredit sebagai kegiatan memberikan dana atau uang kepada pihak lain, hal ini dapat diartikan sebagai bentuk penawaran uang. Kebutuhan masyarakat menjadi penentu dalam penawaran uang, namun bank tidak dapat serta merta memenuhi kebutuhan kredit dari masyarakat. Dari teori ini kita dapat mendeteksi perilaku penawaran kredit perbankan yanh dapat dipengaruhi oleh persepsi bank terhadap prospek bank terhadap prospek usaha debitur dan kondisi perbankan itu sendiri, antara lain; permodalan (CAR), jumlah kredit macet (NPL), dan loan to deposit ratio (LDR). |
| Date: | 2021–11–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:6whjk&r= |
| By: | Nguyen, Cuong Viet; Nguyen, Manh-Hung; Nguyen, Toan Truong |
| Abstract: | We estimate the impact of temperature extremes on mortality in Vietnam, using daily data on temperatures and monthly data on mortality during the 2000-2018 period. We find that both cold and heat waves cause higher mortality, particularly among older people. This effect on mortality tends to be smaller in provinces with higher rates of air-conditioning and emigration, and provinces with higher public spending on health. Finally, we estimate economic cost of cold and heat waves using a framework of willingness to pay to avoid deaths, then project the cost to the year 2100 under different Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios. |
| Keywords: | climate change,weather extremes,mortality,health,Vietnam |
| JEL: | I10 Q54 O15 R23 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1034&r= |
| By: | ARIANTI, BAIQ FITRI |
| Abstract: | Kajian dalam buku ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bahwa literasi keuangan merupakan kemampuan dalam membuat penilaian informasi dan mengambil keputusan yang efektif tentang penggunaan dan pengelolaan uang. Literasi keuangan juga merupakan kombinasi dari kemampuan individu, pengetahuan, sikap dan akhirnya perilaku individu yang berhubungan dengan uang serta bisa membedakan kebutuhan dan keinginan. Jika seseorang memiliki literasi keuangan yang rendah maka pengetahuan tentang keuangan juga rendah, hal ini sangat penting bagi seorang individu agar tidak salah dalam mengelola keuangannya. Pengetahuan tentang keuangan yang kurang mengakibatkan kerugian bagi individu karena terjadinya kesalahan dalam mengelola keuangannya seperti kesalahan dalam penggunaan kredit/utang yang tidak tepat, penggunaan kartu kredit yang tidak bijak, tidak adanya perencanaan keuangan yang baik dan sebagainya. Keterbatasan financial dapat menyebabkan stress dan rendahnya kepercayaan diri. Literasi keuangan yang kian mendapat perhatian terutama di negara – negara maju semakin menyadarkan kita betapa pentingnya “melek” keuangan. Maka dari itu pihak – pihak yang terkait terutama kepada pihak OJK dan lembaga keuangan lainnya harus melakukan edukasi secara merata dibidang keuangan kepada masyarakat indonesia bukannya hanya pada masyarakat kota namun juga pada masyarakat yang terpencil agar mereka dapat mengelola keuangan secara cerdas, sehingga rendahnya pengetahuan dan pemahaman tentang industri keuangan dapat diatasi serta masyarakat tidak mudah tertipu dengan produk – produk investasi yang menawarkan keuntungan tinggi dalam jangka pendek tanpa mempertimbangkan resikonya. Pengetahuan dan pemahaman tentang keuangan pribadi dibutuhkan individu agar dapat membuat keputusan yang benar dalam keuangan, sehingga mutlak diperlukan setiap orang dapat secara optimal menggunakan instrumen – instrumen serta produk keuangan yang tepat. Kurangnya pengetahuan literasi keuangan menjadi masalah serius dan menjadi tantangan besar bagi masyarakat indonesia. |
| Date: | 2022–01–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:t9szm&r= |
| By: | Tran, Nhuong; Chan, Chin Yee; Aung, Yee Mon; Bailey, Conner; Akester, Michael; Le Quyen, Cao; Tu, Trinh Quang; Van Cuong, Hoang; Sulser, Timothy B; Wiebe, Keith |
| Abstract: | The Vietnamese fisheries sector, including both marine fisheries and aquaculture, has made spectacular progress in recent years, becoming one of the top seafood producing and exporting countries in the world. Looking forward, development goals of this sector must address challenges associated with climate change, including changing distribution of commercially important marine species such as tuna and disruptions to land-based aquaculture production systems. This study investigates the likely impacts of climate change on Vietnam’s fisheries sector by exploring plausible future scenarios for four key commodities representing capture fisheries (tuna), freshwater aquaculture (pangasius catfish and tilapia), and brackish water aquaculture (shrimp). The extent of impact varies, but climate change represents a potentially significant threat to sustainable production in each production system. Producers, policy makers, and other stakeholders need to plan for and adapt to climate change to ensure the sustainable development of Vietnam’s fisheries sector. This study uses a foresight scenario analysis using a qualitative scenario approach as the starting point for additional modeling of climate change impacts. |
| Date: | 2022–01–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:72har&r= |
| By: | Lambrecht, Isabel; Mahrt, Kristi; Cho, Ame |
| Abstract: | Women’s and youth’s roles in agriculture vary across contexts and over time. Limited quantitative information is available on this topic from Southeast Asia in general, and particularly from Myanmar. We use nationally representative data to document women’s and youth’s involvement in agriculture in rural Myanmar. First, we show that women and youth contribute substantially to agriculture. Women in farm households perform 39 percent of household farm labour days, and 43 percent of agricultural wage workers are women. Twenty-seven percent of adults performing household agricultural work are youth and 22 percent of agricultural wage workers are youth. Yet, women’s farm wages are 29 percent lower than men’s farm wages. Youth’s farm wages are 17 percent lower than farm wages of non-youth for men, but we don’t find similar wage differences for women. Second, we find a significant gender gap in land rights, but the share of women who have land rights is still sizable. Nineteen percent of adult men are documented landowners compared to seven percent of adult women. Few youth have land rights, but the likelihood increases with age. Third, we explore cropping patterns. No crops are grown exclusively by men or women, but rice is more often and vegetables are less often cultivated by households where men are the sole agricultural decision makers. Finally, we focus on access to credit. Women receive loans less often than men (21 percent vs. 26 percent) and youth rarely receive loans (4 percent). Women’s loans are more often aimed at alleviating basic needs, such as food and health expenditures. Men’s loans are more often aimed at investment in productive activities, especially farming. The evidence suggests that including men, women and youth equally in agricultural projects and policy making is critical to advance equity and achieve development goals. |
| Keywords: | MYANMAR; BURMA; SOUTHEAST ASIA; ASIA; gender; youth; agriculture; women; role of women; equity |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2071&r= |
| By: | Alias Nurul Ashikin (UKM - Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia); Mohd Idris Nor Diana (UKM - Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia); Chamhuri Siwar (UKM - Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia); Md. Mahmudul Alam (UUM - Universiti Utara Malaysia); Muhamad Yasar (Universitas Syiah Kuala) |
| Abstract: | The east coast of Malaysia is frequently hit by monsoon floods every year that severely impact people, particularly those living close to the river bank, which is considered to be the most vulnerable and high-risk areas. We aim to determine the most vulnerable area and understand affected residents of this community who are living in the most sensitive areas caused by flooding events in districts of Temerloh, Pekan, and Kuantan, Pahang. This study involved collecting data for vulnerability index components. A field survey and face-to-face interviews with 602 respondents were conducted 6 months after the floods by using a questionnaire evaluation based on the livelihood vulnerability index (LVI). The findings show that residents in the Temerloh district are at higher risk of flooding damage compared to those living in Pekan and Kuantan. Meanwhile, the contribution factor of LVI-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) showed that Kuantan is more exposed to the impact of climate change, followed by Temerloh and Pekan. Among all the principal components shown, food components were considered to be the most vulnerable. Meanwhile, water components were categorised as the most invulnerable. Preventive planning involves preserving human life, minimising damage to household products, preserving crops and animals, adequate supply of clean water and food, good health and ensuring financial sustainability as an indication of changing livelihoods, sustainable food-storing systems, and other protective steps to curb damage and injury caused by annual flood strikes. Information generated on LVI assessment and adaptation procedures will help policymakers reduce people's vulnerability in the face of floods and ensure proper plans are put in place in all relevant areas. |
| Keywords: | livelihood vulnerability indices,flood,flood adaptation,preventive planning,Pahang,Malaysia |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03520176&r= |
| By: | Azra Iqony, Maria |
| Abstract: | Kopi Kapal Api telah ada sejak zaman penjajahan Belanda datang ke Indonesia. Sebelumnya, perusahaan kopi Kapal Api didirikan, pada tahun 1927, tiga orang bersaudara yaitu Go Soe Loet, Go Bi Tjong dan Go Soe Bin mendirikan pabrik penggorengan kopi di kawasan Pabean, Surabaya dan menghasilkan produk unggulan yang diberi nama Kopi Bubuk Hap Hoo Tjan. Kemudian, produk kopi tersebut dijual berkeliling kampong dan di sekitar Pelabuhan Tanjung Perak dengan sepeda onthel. Ketiga anak dari Go Soe Lot, yakni; Soedomo (pimpinan PT. Santos Jaya Abadi), Indra, dan Soetikmo turut membantu memasarkan produk kopi tersebut. Kebanyakan dari pelanggan Kopi Bubuk Hap Hoo Tjan, merupakan para pelaut dan orang-orang berlalu lalang di sekitar pelabuhan. Karena hal inilah yang menginspirasi Soedomo untuk membuat perusahaan kecil yang memproduksi kopi dengan lambang kapal api yang mencerminkan sebuah harapan baru, semangat juang, dan kemajuan teknologi. Pada saat itu, kapal api merupakan bukti dari kemajuan teknologi dengan segala kecanggihan yang dimilikinya sehingga dianggap mewah. Kapal api sendiri merupakan alat transportasi yang dimaknai sebagai pemberi harapan baru dalam dunia perdagangan. Seiring berjalannya waktu, semakin terjaganya kualitas dan kuantitas dari produk Kopi Bubuk Hap Hoo Tjan tersebut, membuat perusahaan produksi ini semakin berkembang pesat. Hingga pada akhirnya, Goe Soe Lot dan kedua saudaranya membagi masing-masing pekerjaannya (kongsi). Goe Soe Lot mendapat bagian di pabrik penggorengan kopi dan melanjutkan produksi kopi tersebut. sambil dibantu oleh ketiga anaknya. Lambat laun, perusahaan Kopi Bubuk Hap Hoo Tjan penjualannya mengalami penurunan omset dan pada akhirnya gulung tikar pada tahun 1980-an. Akan tetapi berbeda halnya dengan perusahaan kopi kecil yang dibuat oleh Soedomo dan kedua saudaranya justru mengalami peningkatan. Sebuah keberuntungan meski perusahaan awal telah gulung tikar. Berbekal pengalaman yang Sodeomo dapatkan selama membantu ayahnya berjualan kopi, sayap-sayap perusahaan Kopi Kapal Api mulai berkemang pesat mengimbangi persaingan di dunia perdagangan. Sehingga perusahaan melakukan inovasi, yang mana kopi bisa dinikmati dimana saja dan kapan saja dengan tetap menjaga kualitas kopi Kapal Api. Dengan racikan kopi yang turun temurun inilah yang menjadikan cita rasa Kopi Kapal Api tetap menjaga kualitasnya hingga saat ini dan mendapatkan tempat di hati masyarakat Indonesia. Bahkan di tahun 1985, Kopi Kapal Api melakukan ekspansi ke berbagai negara dan memasuki pasar mancanegara. Diawali meninvansi produk di Arab Saudi, kemudian mulai masuk di pasar Hongkong tahun 1987, berlanjut ke Malaysia dan Taiwan. Selain kopi yang tersedia dari berbagai macam kemasan, PT. Santos Jaya Abadi juga memproduksi permen Espresso Candy dan permen Relaxa, yang hingga kini menjadi produk andalan. Hingga sampai saat ini, Kopi Kapal Api tetap konsisten menjaga kualitas produknya sehingga tetap banyak diminati dan tentunya dengan harga yang sangat bersahabat. Kalau kamu bagaimana? |
| Date: | 2021–12–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:6z9ar&r= |
| By: | Dang, Hai-Anh (World Bank); Glewwe, Paul (University of Minnesota); Lee, Jongwook (University of Minnesota); Vu, Khoa (University of Minnesota) |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates how Vietnam's Escuela Nueva (VNEN) program, an educational reform for primary schools supported by the World Bank, affected the cognitive (mathematics and Vietnamese) and non-cognitive (socioemotional) skills of students in that country. We use propensity score matching to estimate both short-term (1-3 years) and long-term (5-7 years) average treatment effects on the treated (ATT). We find that the impacts of VNEN on students' cognitive skills are relatively small in the short-term, and that they are larger for boys, ethnic minorities, and students in Northern Vietnam. The VNEN program modestly increased primary school students' non-cognitive skills in the short-term; these impacts on non-cognitive skills are sizable and significant for ethnic minority students, although there seems to be little gender difference. The long-term impacts are less precisely estimated, but they appear to fade away, showing little or no impact of the VNEN program on cognitive skills. There is little variation of long-term impacts by gender or geographical region, although the imprecision of the estimates for ethnic minority students does not allow us to rule out large long-term impacts on cognitive skills for those students. The program's impacts on non-cognitive skills also seem to have dissipated in the long-term. |
| Keywords: | VNEN, Vietnam Escuela Nueva, education, cognitive skills, non-cognitive skills, impact evaluation, propensity score matching, IV |
| JEL: | I2 O1 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15005&r= |
| By: | Jonatan A. Lassa; Gisela Emanuela Nappoe; Susilo Budhi Sulistyo |
| Abstract: | Humanitarian and disaster management actors have increasingly adopted cash transfer to reduce the sufferings and vulnerability of the survivors. Case transfers have also been used as a critical instrument in the current COVID-19 pandemic. Unfortunately, academic work on humanitarian and disaster-cash transfer related issues remains limited. This article explores how NGOs and governments implement humanitarian cash transfer in a post-disaster setting using an exploratory research strategy. It asks What are institutional constraints and opportunities faced by humanitarian emergency responders in ensuring an effective humanitarian cash transfer and how humanitarian actors address such institutional conditions. We introduced a new conceptual framework, namely humanitarian and disaster management ecosystem for cash transfer. This framework allows non-governmental actors to restore complex relations between the state, disaster survivors or citizen, local market economy and civil society. Mixed methods and multistage research strategy were used to collect and analyze primary and secondary data. The findings suggest that implementing cash transfers in the context of post tsunamigenic earthquakes and liquefaction hazards, NGOs must co-create an ecosystem of response that not only aimed at restoring peoples access to cash and basic needs but first they must restore relations between the states and their citizen while linking the at-risk communities with the private sectors to jump-starting local livelihoods and market economy. |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2202.04811&r= |
| By: | Effendi, Maya Syafriana |
| Abstract: | Kajian ini merupakan suatu pendekatan baru dengan mengkaitkan risk based bank rating yang memengaruhi penyaluran kredit dan implikasinya terhadap Return on Asset. Return on Assets (ROA) adalah indikator yang akan menunjukkan bahwa apabila rasio ini meningkat maka aktiva bank telah digunakan dengan optimal untuk memperoleh pendapatan. Return on Assets (ROA) melihat sejauh mana investasi yang telah ditanamkan mampu memberikan pengembalian keuntungan sesuai dengan yang diharapkan. Semakin besar ROA yang dimiliki, semakin efisien penggunaan aktiva sehingga akan memperbesar laba. Semakin besar Return on Assets (ROA) suatu bank semakin besar pula tingkat keuntungan yang dicapai bank tersebut dengan laba yang besar maka suatu bank dapat menyalurkan kredit lebih banyak. |
| Date: | 2021–11–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:jtz9u&r= |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Selected Issues |
| Keywords: | D. Policy discussion; priority investment list; spending Needs; secondary education; development spending needs; Sustainable Development Goals (SDG); Infrastructure; Renewable energy; Asia and Pacific |
| Date: | 2022–01–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2022/015&r= |
| By: | Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Diao, Xinshen |
| Abstract: | Gender differences in the engagement of work activities across sectors are important elements of gender inequality in rural livelihoods and welfare in developing countries. The role of production technologies, including agricultural mechanization, in addressing gender inequality, is increasingly explored. Knowledge gaps remain, however, including, how agricultural mechanization differentially affect labor engagements across sectors. This study aims to partly fill these knowledge gaps through micro-evidence from 8 countries (Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, Tanzania, India, Nepal, Tajikistan and Vietnam), using several nationally representative panel data and supplementary data, and applying Correlated-Random-Effects Double-Hurdle models with Instrumental-Variables. We find that the use of tractors and/or combine harvesters by the household induces greater shift from farm activities to non-farm activities by female members than by male members. While statistical significance varies, these patterns generally hold consistently across all 8 countries studied. These patterns also seem to hold across different farm sizes. While these are short-term relations, agricultural mechanization proxied by tractor and/or combine harvesters is one of the important contributors to gendered rural livelihood. Future studies should more closely investigate underlying mechanisms and implications of these patterns. |
| Keywords: | ETHIOPIA; GHANA; NIGERIA; WEST AFRICA; TANZANIA; EAST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; INDIA; NEPAL; SOUTH ASIA; TAJIKISTAN; VIET NAM; VIETNAM; SOUTH EAST ASIA; ASIA; agricultural mechanization; tractors; combine harvesters; gender; labour; models; data; correlated-random-effects double hurdle model; panel data |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2066&r= |
| By: | Valentin Bellassen (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Filippo Arfini (University of Parma = Università degli studi di Parma [Parme, Italie]); Federico Antonioli (University of Parma = Università degli studi di Parma [Parme, Italie]); Antonio Bodini (University of Parma = Università degli studi di Parma [Parme, Italie]); Michael Boehm (ECOZEPT, Montpellier, France); Ružica Brečić (Faculty of Economics [Zagreb] - University of Zagreb); Sara Chiussi (University of Parma = Università degli studi di Parma [Parme, Italie]); Peter Csillag (Corvinus University of Budapest); Michele Donati (University of Parma = Università degli studi di Parma [Parme, Italie]); Liesbeth Dries (WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]); Marion Drut (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Matthieu Duboys de Labarre (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Hugo Ferrer (CREDA - Centre for Agro-Food Economy & Development, UPC-IRTA, Castelldefels, Spain - UPC - Université polytechnique de Catalogne); Jelena Filipović (University of Belgrade [Belgrade]); Lisa Gauvrit (ECOZEPT, Montpellier, France); José Gil (CREDA - Centre for Agro-Food Economy & Development, UPC-IRTA, Castelldefels, Spain - UPC - Université polytechnique de Catalogne); Matthew Gorton (Newcastle University [Newcastle]); Viet Hoàng (School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam); Mohamed Hilal (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Kamilla Knutsen Steinnes (OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University); Apichaya Lilavanichakul (KU - Kasetsart University); Agata Malak-Rawlikowska (SGGW - Warsaw University of Life Sciences); Edward Majewski (SGGW - Warsaw University of Life Sciences); Sylvette Monier-Dilhan (US ODR - Observatoire des Programmes Communautaires de Développement Rural - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Paul Muller (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Orachos Napasintuwong (KU - Kasetsart University); Kalliroi Nikolaou (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki); Mai Nguyen (School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam); an Nguyễn Quỳnh (School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam); Ioannis Papadopoulos (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki); Jack Peerlings (WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]); Aron Török (Corvinus University of Budapest); Thomas Poméon (US ODR - Observatoire des Programmes Communautaires de Développement Rural - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Bojan Ristic (University of Belgrade [Belgrade]); Burkhard Schaer (ECOZEPT, Montpellier, France); Zaklina Stojanovic (University of Belgrade [Belgrade]); Barbara Tocco (Newcastle University [Newcastle]); Marina Tomic Maksan (Faculty of Economics [Zagreb] - University of Zagreb); Mario Veneziani (University of Parma = Università degli studi di Parma [Parme, Italie]); Gunnar Vitterso (OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University) |
| Abstract: | The dataset Sustainability performance of certified and non-certified food (https://www.doi.org/10.15454/OP51SJ) contains 25 indicators of economic, environmental, sustainability performance and social performance, estimated for 27 certified food value chains and their 27 conventional reference products. The indicators are estimated at different levels of the value chain: farm level, processing level, and retail level. It also contains the raw data based on which the indicators are estimated, its source, and the completed spreadsheet calculators for the following indicators: carbon footprint and food miles. This article describes the common method and indicators used to collect data for the twenty-seven certified products and their conventional counterparts. It presents the assumptions and choices, the process of data collection, and the indicator estimation methods designed to assess the three sustainability dimensions within a reasonable time constraint. That is: three person-months for each food quality scheme and its noncertified reference product. Several prioritisations were set regarding data collection (indicator, variable, value chain level) together with a level of representativeness specific to each variable and product type (country and sector). Technical details on how relatively common variables (e.g., number of animals per hectare) are combined into indicators (e.g., carbon footprint) are provided in the full documentation of the dataset. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license. |
| Keywords: | Protected designation of origin,Certified food,Social performance,Environmental performance,Economic performance,Sustainability performance,Protected geographical indication,Organic farming |
| Date: | 2021–12–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03526645&r= |
| By: | Vichet Sam |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this article is to analyze the determinants of the gender income gap among farmers in Cambodia, with a focus on the role of formal credit usage. To decompose the gender income gap, this article applies the Blinder?Oaxaca decomposition technique to the data from the FinScope survey conducted at the end of 2015. First, our findings show that the gender income gap is mainly explained by the gender gap in education levels and farm size. Second, the use of formal credit may contribute to the gender income gap although there is no difference in the level of formal credit usage between male and female farmers. Male farmers with formal credit usage are associated with 8 percentage points higher earnings than female farmers. Further research into the factors to explain why this correlation is higher for male farmers is therefore crucial. |
| Keywords: | Gender income gap, formal credit usage, agriculture, Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jic:wpaper:227&r= |
| By: | Irina Safitri Zen (International Islamic University Malaysia [Kuala Lumpur]); Abul Quasem Al-Amin (University of Waterloo [Waterloo]); Md. Mahmudul Alam (UUM - Universiti Utara Malaysia); Brent Doberstein (University of Waterloo [Waterloo]) |
| Abstract: | The carbon footprint of households is a significant contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for 24% of total emissions. As a result, it is critical to quantify a household's carbon footprint in order to reduce it over time. One of the best ways to measure carbon emitted from various sectors of the economy, including household daily activities, is to calculate a country's carbon footprint (CF). This study statistically examined the magnitude of households' carbon footprints and their relationships with household daily activities and certain socio-economic demographic variables in Malaysia. Results revealed that the average household carbon footprint amounted to 11.76 t-CO2. The average also showed that the primary carbon footprint, 7.02 t-CO2 or 59.69% was higher compared to the secondary carbon footprint which was 4.73 t- CO2 or 40.22% and assessment revealed significant differences among household types. The largest carbon footprint was evident in a medium-high cost urban area, estimated at 20.14 t-CO2, while the carbon footprint found in a rural area was 9.58 t-CO2. In the latter, the primary carbon footprint was almost double the figure of 5.84 t-CO2 (61%) than the secondary carbon footprint of 3.73 t-CO2 (39%). The study reveals a higher carbon footprint in urban areas compared to rural ones depicting the effects of urbanisation and urban sprawl on household lifestyles and carbon footprints. Despite some limitations, the findings of this study will help policymakers design and implement stronger policies that enforce low-carbon activities and energy-saving goods and services in order to reduce urban Malaysia's carbon footprint dramatically. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Emissions,Lifestyle,Energy,Households,Carbon Footprint |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03520198&r= |
| By: | Daiju Aiba; Sovannroeun Samreth; Sothearoath Oeur; Vanndy Vat |
| Abstract: | In April 2017, the Cambodian central bank introduced an interest rate cap (IR cap) policy relating to lending by microfinance institutions (MFIs). There was no restriction on lending rates before the policy implementation and many of the MFIs was lending at a rate of more than 18%. Thus, there was some concern about the negative effects the IR cap policy may have on outreach efforts by MFIs. This paper explores the impact of the IR cap on MFIs, by accessing granular data from the credit registry database in Cambodia. We use 6,897,168 individual loans from all regulated financial institutions, including commercial banks, specialized banks, and microfinance institutions in the period from January 2016 to March 2019. We find that both the average size per loan and the probability of requiring collateral increased after the IR cap policy was introduced for MFIs, as small-sized loans and non-collateral loans are typically costly for microfinance institutions to extend. In addition, we found that the borrowers of small-sized loans before the IR cap were likely to be excluded from the formal financial market after the IR cap. Those findings suggest that the IR cap did have an impact on the outreach of financial systems. |
| Keywords: | Interest Rate Cap, Microfinance, Cambodia, Regulation, Bank Lending |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jic:wpaper:224&r= |
| By: | Ekundayo Peter Mesagan (Pan Atlantic University, Lagos, Nigeria.); Kazeem Bello Ajide (University of Lagos, Nigeria); Xuan Vinh Vo (University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam) |
| Abstract: | This scientific enquiry examines the role of capital investment in the energy-pollution model in SANEM countries. The methodology is based on the Pooled Mean Group (PMG), which is appropriate for a heterogeneous panel. Findings reveal that energy use negatively impacts CO2 emissions in Algeria, South Africa, Morocco, and the panel, in the short-run; however, it positively impacts CO2pollution in Nigeria, Egypt, and the panel, in the long-run. Again, investment exerts a positive effect on CO2 in South Africa and Algeria, whereas it is negative in Nigeria, Egypt, and Morocco. Capital investment also expands short-run pollution in the panel, but it reduces long-run pollution. Lastly, the energy-investment interaction reduces the panel’s CO2pollution in the short-run and long-run, as well as, in Morocco, Egypt, Nigeria, and South Africa, except in Algeria. Thus, we conclude that capital investment is crucial in the energy-pollution nexus and suggest cooperation in attracting low-carbon emitting investments to the region. |
| Keywords: | Capital Investment; Carbon Emissions; Energy Use; Energy Policy; Africa |
| JEL: | Q32 Q48 Q53 F23 O55 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:21/101&r= |
| By: | Umar Ahmed (UUM - Universiti Utara Malaysia); Most Aktar (UUM - Universiti Utara Malaysia); Md Alam (UUM - Universiti Utara Malaysia) |
| Abstract: | This is a pre-publication copy. The published article is copyrighted by the publisher. Racial Discrimination and Poverty Reduction for Sustainable Development Definition The concept of racial discrimination is gaining a lot of recognition and acceptance in the drive to explain and reduce high levels of poverty among various social groups. Racial discrimination has many guises throughout the world as it affects individuals and communities. Racial discrimination can be seen as any form of unequal treatment against certain individuals or groups as a result of certain features attributed to such as skin color, ethnic origin or race (Felice 2002). In this case, individuals can experience discrimination such as denied employment opportunities, business engagements, being made a social or political outcast, and not having equitable access to available resources that other groups share. There is no doubt that discrimination based on race, gender or skin color at the individual level or within institutional formations promotes poverty and related situations (Hardaway and McLoyd 2009). This makes the challenge more important in order to help people escape from poverty. Accordingly, the issues discussed here will help researchers and policymakers end poverty in such a way that the strategies are sustainable. |
| Date: | 2021–11–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03520071&r= |
| By: | Most Asikha Aktar (Comilla University); Md Mahmudul Alam (UUM - Universiti Utara Malaysia) |
| Date: | 2021–03–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03520087&r= |