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on South East Asia |
| By: | Suzuki, Aya; Nam, Vu Hoang; Lee, Guenwoo |
| Keywords: | International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315025&r= |
| By: | Michel, Bob; Falcão, Tatiana |
| Abstract: | International maritime shipping is an essential part of global business. Since the establishment of the current international tax regime in the 1920s, there has been a consensus that profits generated by this business are taxable only in the residence state –the state where the shipowners are located. Source states – the port states where business physically takes place – are generally expected to exempt income from international shipping. This standard is currently reflected in Article 8 of the OECD Model and Article 8 (Alternative A) of the UN Model, and is incorporated in the vast majority of bilateral tax treaties currently in force. Exclusive residence state taxation of shipping profits is problematic when the size of mercantile fleets and shipping flows between two states are of unequal size. This is often the case in relations between a developed and developing country. The latter often lack a substantial domestic mercantile fleet, but serve as an important revenue-generating port state for the fleet of the developed country. To come to a more balanced allocation of taxing rights in such a case, a source taxation alternative has been inserted in UN Model Article 8 (Alternative B). From its inception, Article 8B has been labelled impractical due to the lack of guidance on core issues, like sourcing rules and profit allocation. This gap is said to explain the low adoption rate of Article 8B in global tax treaty practice. In reality, tax treaty practice regarding Article 8B is heavily concentrated and flourishing in a handful of countries in South/South-East Asia – Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand. All these countries subject non-resident shipping income to tax in their domestic income tax laws. Except for India, all countries are able to exercise these domestic tax law rules in relation to shipping enterprises located in the biggest shipowner states, either because they have a treaty in place that provides for source taxation or because there is no treaty at all and thus no restriction of domestic law. None of the relevant tax treaties contain a provision that incorporates the exact wording of Article 8B of the UN Model. If other countries, like coastal countries in sub-Saharan Africa, are looking to implement source taxation of maritime shipping income in the future, they are advised to draw on the South/South-East Asian experience. Best practice can be distilled regarding sourcing rule, source tax limitation, profit attribution and method of taxation (on gross or net basis). In addition to technical guidance on tax, the South/South-East Asian experience also provides important general policy considerations countries should take into account when determining whether source taxation of maritime shipping profits is an appropriate target for their future tax treaty negotiations. |
| Keywords: | Governance, |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idq:ictduk:16939&r= |
| By: | Ian Prates (Social Accountability International); Richard Anker (Anker Research Institute); Martha Anker (Anker Research Institute) |
| Abstract: | This report updates the living wage and living expenses for a basic but decent living standard for a family for urban Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City. The net living wage (i.e. take home pay required for decency) and cost of a basic but decent living standard for a family are updated to the study month (March) of 2020 to take into account the amount of inflation since the original study in March 2016. Without accounting for inflation, the net living wage estimated in 2016 would not be sufficient for workers to have a basic but decent standard of living in 2020 because the purchasing power of the living wage would have decreased. Similarly, living expenses for a reference family are also updated to March 2020 to account for inflation. |
| Keywords: | Living Wage, Vietnam, urban, Anker Methodology. |
| JEL: | D10 J13 J22 J30 J80 |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iad:glliwa:200403&r= |
| By: | Ana Kristel Lapid (Asian Development Bank); Rogelio Jr Mercado (Asian Development Bank); Peter Rosenkranz (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | Cross-border bank positions in the Asia and the Pacific region remain highly concentrated to few counterparties, exposing the region to financial risks and policy spillovers. Consequently, assessing the determinants and impacts of the region’s cross-border banking concentration is relevant in designing appropriate policies to promote financial development and safeguard financial stability. To this end, we construct cross-border bank concentration measures for 47 economies in Asia and the Pacific from 2000 to 2019. The results show that higher capital account and trade openness as well as per capita income are significantly associated with lower cross-border bank concentration. Moreover, elevated cross-border bank concentration tends to lower domestic credit growth and nonperforming loans, while we find no impact on bank profitability for the region. |
| Keywords: | cross-border bank exposures, cross-border bank concentration, credit growth, non-performing loans, bank profitability, Asia and the Pacific |
| JEL: | E44 F36 G21 O16 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcd:tcduee:tep0121&r= |
| By: | Ian Prates (Social Accountability International); Richard Anker (Anker Research Institute); Martha Anker (Anker Research Institute) |
| Abstract: | This report updates the living wage and living expenses for a basic but decent living standard for a family for rural Vietnam. The net living wage (i.e. take home pay required for decency) and cost of a basic but decent living standard for a family in rural Vietnam are updated in this report to March (the study month) of 2020 to take into account the amount of inflation since the original study in March 2016. Without accounting for inflation, the net living wage estimated in 2016 would not be sufficient for workers to have a basic but decent standard of living in 2020 because the purchasing power of the living wage would have decreased. Similarly, living expenses for a reference family are also updated to March 2020 to account for inflation. |
| Keywords: | Living Wage, Vietnam, rural, Anker Methodology. |
| JEL: | D10 J13 J22 J30 J80 |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iad:glliwa:200402&r= |
| By: | Utami, Anisa; Harianto, Harianto; Krisnamurthi, Bayu |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis, Marketing |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315229&r= |
| By: | Le, Tho; Dung, Le Canh; Umetsu, Chieko |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315145&r= |
| By: | Ridwan Rusli (Technische Hochschule Köln); Youngho Chang (Singapore University of Social Sciences) |
| Abstract: | We study how transboundary, intergovernmental .re and haze negotiations interact with local, subnational government collusion and capture in a decentralized country. The local go- vernment collusion and capture problem is modelled as a competing principals and common agency problem that interacts with the central government’s game of chicken. The results show that the central government can persuade farmers and prevent burning when the incre- mental benefits from slashing and burning are lower, the total direct and indirect costs and damages of fire and haze are higher and the required enforcement and abatement costs are not too high. Neighbouring governments can help mitigate the central government’s budget constraint and deter or punish violating multinational companies. We develop a multitask multiprincipal framework to expand our solution set to include partial burning outcomes and negative compensations. The results inform on a set of policy strategies to these complex transboundary fire and haze negotiation and local capture problems. |
| Keywords: | Forest and peatland fires, mechanical clearing, slash and burn, game of chicken, multitask, multiprincipal, common agency, collusion and capture. |
| JEL: | Q23 Q57 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:luc:wpaper:21-12&r= |