|
on South East Asia |
| By: | Quimba, Francis Mark A.; Rosellon, Maureen Ane D.; Carlos, Jean Clarisse T. |
| Abstract: | In November 2015, the ASEAN Community composed of three (3) pillars: the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC), and the ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC) was established as a response by the ASEAN Member states to the need to develop a Post-2015 Vision of a cohesive, economically integrated, socially responsible and a truly people oriented, people -centered and rules-based ASEAN. Each pillar corresponds to a blueprint, and are part of the general master plan called ASEAN Community Vision 2025 with the theme "ASEAN 2025: Forging Ahead Together". <p>This study focuses on the AEC Blueprint 2025 and its characteristics and elements. After five years upon establishment, there is a need to assess how the Philippines has fared in achieving the key result areas in the AEC Blueprint 2025. <p>By comparing the baseline with the most recent data, this study found that the Philippines is among the middle of the pack (ranking from 4th to 6th) among the ASEAN countries. In terms of AEC vision and goals, the Philippines performance suggests that the country is generally on track and is progressing in the right direction. <p>Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | ASEAN Economic Community, AEC, AEC Blueprint, ASEAN 2025 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-37&r= |
| By: | Khuc, Quy Van; Ho, Hong-Hai; Nguyen, Thuy |
| Abstract: | financial literacy, financial investment, household financial, livelihood, Vietnam |
| Date: | 2021–07–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:s6cnr&r= |
| By: | , Asniar |
| Abstract: | In the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3 of 2014 concerning industri "Industry is all forms of economic activity that processes raw materials and/or utilizes industrial resources so as to produce goods that have added value or higher benefits, including industrial services". Industry is a branch of the economy whose rate of productivity development is faster than the development of the overall productivity level of the economic branch. So its role in creating production and creating jobs is certainly bigger than all branches of the economy. Humans are legal subjects as well as unique and prospective economic actors, with the development of all needs from all industrial sectors as Muslims are required to be within the framework of sharia rules, namely halal and ethical frameworks, namely thayib. So Islam is here to help develop the halal industri, especially in Indonesia so that it becomes a high economic value and is also profitable because it is based on sharia. |
| Date: | 2021–07–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:n98vq&r= |
| By: | Manta, Wahyuni |
| Abstract: | Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh antara penghidaran pajak dan pertumbuhan laba terhadap pendanaan eksternal pada perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) periode 2017 - 2019. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis pendekatan assosiatif. Jenis data dalam penelitan ini adalah Kuantitatif. Teknik analisis data dalam penelitian ini yaitu menggunakan, analisis Regresi Linier Berganda |
| Date: | 2021–07–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:nrhke&r= |
| By: | Resky, A.Sry Aska |
| Abstract: | Penduduk Indonesia masih menggantungkan hidupnya dari usaha disektor pertanian. Sebagian besar penduduk Indonesia masih tinggal di perdesaan dan bekerja sebagai petani, baik sebagai petani pemilik tanah pertanian maupun sebagai penggarap tanah atau buruh tani. Namun sayangnya kebanyakan petani Indonesia adalah petani yang tidak mempunyai tanah. Kalaupun mempunyai tanah pada umumnya hanya memiliki atau menguasai tanah yang sangat sempit atau bahkan sama sekali tidak mempunyai tanah pertanian. Seyogyanya ketika seseorang mempunyai mata pencaharian sebagai petani, maka idealnya petani dimaksud mempunyai lahan pertanian yang luasnya cukup memadai. Sebab dari usaha tani itulah seorang petani akan memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya, seperti kebutuhan sandang, pangan, papan, termasuk untuk biaya pendidikan anak-anaknya. Dengan luasan lahan pertanian yang memadai maka dapat mengangkat status sosial yang akan mensejajarkan pekerjaan petani dengan profesi yang lainnya, seperti Pegawai Negeri, pengusaha, dan lainlain, yang pada akhirnya pemerataan kesejahteraan antar sektor dan antar profesi akan dapat terwujud. kenyataannya, komoditas pertanian tidak pernah menjadi penyangga utama dari perekonomian Indonesia. Sektor pertanian juga tidak pernah menempatkan produk pertaniannya sebagai primadona komoditas ekonomi diIndonesia. Nasib para petani di Indonesia tidak semakin sejahtera, bahkan sebaliknya semakin lama semakin terpuruk. karena Penguasaan lahan pertaniannya semakin menyempit, bahkan tidak sedikit yang akhirnya kehilangan kepemilikan lahan pertanian dan berubah menjadi buruh tani. |
| Date: | 2021–07–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:qm63f&r= |
| By: | haeriah, Mulk |
| Abstract: | Pokok permasalahan yang penting diteliti adalah seperti apa keterkaitan hukum pengaturan hukum acara Mahkamah Konstitusi pada Peraturan Mahkamah Konstitusi. UUD Negara Republik Indonesia 1945 (UUD 1945) Pasal 24C ayat (6) menentukan bahwa hukum acara serta ketentuan lainnya tentang Mahkamah Konstitusi diatur dengan undang-undang. Berdasarkan ketentuan tersebut jelas bahwa hukum cara Mahkamah Konstitusi diatur dengan UU. |
| Date: | 2021–07–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:uhnvf&r= |
| By: | Sirajuddin, Muh Fajrin |
| Abstract: | Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memeriksa pengaruh rasio keuangan terhadap financial distress pada perusahaan manufaktur yang terdapat di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) periode 2015-2019. Penelitian ini merupakan replika dan modifikasi dari penelitian Baimwera dan Muriuki (2014) yang menyatakan bahwa hanya rasio pertumbuhan dan profitabilitas yang signifikan mempengaruhu financial distress. Peneliti menggunakan enam variabel independen yang diduga dapat mempengaruhi terjadinya financial distress. Keenam variabel tersebut adalah Earning Before Interest and Tax to Total Asset(EBITTA), Working Capital to Total Asset (WCTA), Market Value of Equity to Book Value of Total Liability (MVTL), Retained Earnings to Total Asset (RETA), Sales to Total Asset (SATA), dan Cash Flows from Operating to Total Asset (CFOTA). Data diuji pada satu tahun dan dua tahun sebelum terjadinya financial distress. |
| Date: | 2021–07–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:vxdhc&r= |
| By: | syahdhani, syarifah ihdah |
| Abstract: | Penelitian berjudul “Analisis Faktor – faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Minat Nasabah Menabung Di PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) Cabang Maros” Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis Faktor – faktor yang mempengaruhi minat nasabah menabung di Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero), Tbk. Cabang Maros. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pengumpulan data dengan cara membagikan kuesioner. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan rumus slovin. Metode analisis data yang digunakan yaitu analisis deskriptif, uji instrumen, analisis regresi linier berganda, uji asumsi klasik, dan uji hipotesis. |
| Date: | 2021–07–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:wz6dh&r= |
| By: | , Imran |
| Abstract: | Warga Negara yang baik tentunya warga Negara yang memiliki rasa cinta tanah air dan memiliki wawasan kebangsaan yang bagus, agar dapat menjadi pelindung dan pengembang Negara Indonesia kearah yang lebih baik. Karakteristik warga Negara yang harus |
| Date: | 2021–07–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:3tpxg&r= |
| By: | Camille Nessel |
| Abstract: | This article argues that Indonesia-EU economic relations have been accompanied by a post-colonial narrative, which has led to a transposition of anti-colonial sentiment towards the Netherlands to the EU as a whole. The post-colonial theoretical approach adopted assumes that human beings create meaning through narratives to make sense of the world that surrounds us, and that national histories contain narratives that legitimate the existence of nation-states. Through a study of Indonesian nationalism and the place of the EUropean in it, the article shows how economic relations between Indonesia and the EU have been shaped historically. It will be demonstrated how since Indonesia’s independence encounters between Indonesia and Europe has been accompanied by the experience of past colonization by an EU member state. This, it is argued, is the result of nation-building in Indonesia, whereby the other was needed to construct solidarity among its members. At present, so the article concludes, although progress has been achieved in Indonesia-EU relations, the self-image of the EU as a force for good has not reached Indonesia’s shores. |
| Date: | 2020–07–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/312423&r= |
| By: | Shigeru Kimura (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)); Ikarii Ryohei; Endo Seiya (The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (IEEJ)) |
| Abstract: | The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has brought us a ‘New Normal’ life style and the lockdown has severely harmed economic growth, with many countries estimated to record negative economic growth in 2020. Due to the high correlation between energy demand and economic growth, energy demand is also affected. Against this background, ERIA analyses how energy demand has decreased as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic using East Asia Summit (EAS) energy outlook models that are regularly updated by ERIA and apply an econometric approach. The outlook models cover the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 10 countries plus seven countries – Australia, China, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, and the United States. According to gross domestic product (GDP) growth estimates for EAS countries in 2020, only three countries – China, Lao PDR, and Viet Nam – show positive growth, though less than 2%, and the others show negative growth. Total Final Energy Consumption (TFEC) of the EAS countries fell in 2020, but it is expected to rebound in 2021 and projected to return to the originally forecast trend of energy demand up to 2050. Once official energy statistics become available, a comparison between model results and actual statistics will be made to understand how the energy outlook models trace the impact of the pandemic on energy demand. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, East Asia Summit, energy demand |
| JEL: | P18 |
| Date: | 2021–07–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2021-22&r= |
| By: | Mus, Ika Munarfah |
| Abstract: | Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis kinerja keuangan PT Unilever Indonesia Tbk 2018-2020. Jenis data yang digunakan yaitu data kuantitatif. Analisis data yang digunakan deskriptif kuantitatif yaitu analisis data yang didasarkan pada perhitungan untuk mengetahui kinerja keuangan dalam bentuk rasio keuangan. Adapun rasio keuangan yaitu rasio likuiditas, rasio solvabilitas, rasio aktivitas, dan rasio profitabilitas. |
| Date: | 2021–07–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:cz8hj&r= |
| By: | Yahya, Arfigo |
| Abstract: | Seiring dengan perkembangan zaman, data dan inovasi yang tersedia juga berkembang. Kemajuan-kemajuan ini membuat kita perlu berubah agar bisa bersaing baik di dalam maupun di luar negeri. Jika kita tidak menyesuaikan diri dengan cepat, jelas kita akan ditinggalkan, tidak berkembang dan tertinggal dari negara lain. Di era Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN (MEA) seperti sekarang ini, kita perlu cepat menyesuaikan diri dengan peningkatan inovasi dan data di segala bidang kehidupan. Kalau tidak, jelas kita tidak bisa bersaing dengan negara-negara ASEAN lainnya seperti Singapura, Malaysia, Thailand, Brunei, dan lain-lain dan kita akan menjadi pengamat di negara kita sendiri. Penyesuaian terhadap kemajuan inovasi dan data yang perlu kita lakukan di bidang ilmu pembangunan adalah dengan memanfaatkan inovasi dan data untuk membantu dan bekerja dengan pekerjaan yang kita lakukan di berbagai proyek pembangunan sehingga usaha yang kita susun dapat mencapai tujuan yang kita inginkan. telah ditetapkan. Salah satu jenis perubahan sesuai dengan kemajuan inovasi dan data adalah membuat kerangka data administrasi untuk kebutuhan bahan bangunan dalam proyek pembangunan. Intinya adalah untuk membuat pekerjaan pengembangan lebih sederhana, mengingat menemukan data untuk bahan sederhana dengan melihat biaya dari pemasok yang berbeda, bekerja dengan meminta, bekerja dengan aktivasi bahan, dll. Mengingat hal tersebut di atas, sangat penting untuk membuat kerangka data administrasi mengenai kebutuhan bahan bangunan dalam proyek pembangunan untuk bekerja dengan pekerjaan proyek pembangunan sehingga pekerjaan dapat berjalan secara positif dan dapat secara finansial cerdas, konsisten kualitas, dan ideal sesuai dengan apa yang telah ditetapkan. selanjutnya, menjadi tujuan bersama. |
| Date: | 2021–07–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:h5mvd&r= |
| By: | Quimba, Francis Mark A.; Barral, Mark Anthony A.; Rosellon, Maureen D.; Calizo, Sylwyn C. Jr. |
| Abstract: | Trade is an important component of the Philippine economy. Contemporary trade is shaped primarily by the evolution of Global Value Chains (GVCs), and this has a significant implication in integrating developing countries, such as the Philippines, into the global economy. An economy's inclusion into GVCs is affected by different factors, one of which is through a Free Trade Agreement (FTA). The impact of FTAs has long been studied in the Philippines, but the network effects of FTA trade shocks and its resulting impact to industry firm performance have not been explored as much. This study contributes to filling that gap by calculating the direct impact of trade agreements to the performance of various sectors. The results of the analysis show that FTA imports have a positive and significant direct effect on industry growth and labor productivity. The network effects, however, are not statistically significant for real Gross Value Added growth. On employment, the direct effect is negative and statistically significant, but the network effects would temper this effect because the upstream effect arising from customers is positive and statistically significant. The shock also has a positive and statistically significant direct effect on labor productivity, which implies that increasing imports increases labor productivity of Philippine sectors. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | trade, free trade agreement, Philippines, network effects, trade agreements, FTA, Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-31&r= |
| By: | Keita Oikawa (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)); Yasuyuki Todo (Waseda University, Japan); Masahito Ambashi; Fukunari Kimura (Keio University, Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)); Shujiro Urata (Waseda University, Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)) |
| Abstract: | This study uncovers the impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on the business performance, outlook, and regional supply chains of manufacturing and non-manufacturing firms in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Member States and India. To address the aim, we conducted an extensive questionnaire survey via internet from November 2020 to February 2021 and received effective replies from 1,789 companies – comprising local firms, including large and small and medium-sized enterprises and multinational firms in all 11 countries. The results show vigorous private dynamism in the region. Firms’ business performance during the pandemic was distributed widely from positive to negative, and the firms that were adaptive to the COVID-19 shock – in terms of quickly arranging their supply chains – were more likely to perform well and have a better outlook. Many firms restructured their supply chains to a certain extent in response to the COVID-19 shock. Furthermore, most of the supply chain adjustments are unlikely to be reversed. The COVID-19 outbreak resulted in a number of reduced transaction links in the regional supply chains, while it delivered almost the same number of expanding transaction links. A somewhat disappointing outcome was that the least selected supply chain measure in the wake of the COVID-19 outbreak was supply chain digitalisation, which should have been an accelerator of digital transformation in the regional economy. |
| Date: | 2021–06–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2021-17&r= |
| By: | , Bandong |
| Abstract: | Perbankan syariah adalah sistem pertbankan yang pelaksanaannya berdasarkan hukum (syariah), Pembentukan sistem ini berdasarkan adanya larangan dalam agama islam untuk meminjamkan atau memungut pinjaman dengan mengenakan bunga pinjaman (bunga), serta larangan untuk berinve pada usaha-usaha yang bersifat (haram). Perbankan syariah memegang peran yang sangat penting dalam mendorong laju pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia, hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan menumbuhkan sektor investasi melalui dana pihak ketiga (DPK) dan menumbuhkan pembiayaan melalui pembiayaan yang diberikan (PYD) kepada masyarakat. |
| Date: | 2021–07–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:u5we9&r= |
| By: | Quimba, Francis Mark A.; Rosellon, Maureen Ane D.; Calizo, Sylwyn Jr. C. |
| Abstract: | This research aims to understand the relationship between preferential margin and Free Trade Agreement (FTA) utilization rates in the case of the Philippines. It uses an empirical model to estimate this relationship using an FTA import ratio as a variable for utilization and the difference between most-favored-nation (MFN) and FTA tariff rates as a variable for margin. Findings suggest that the preferential margin is positively associated with the utilization rates for FTA agreements. Results are found to be relatively robust after controlling for different fixed effects variables. Among the Philippines’ FTA partners, margin is revealed to be significant in increasing imports from its neighbors in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations region. Furthermore, the study found a positive and significant relationship between margin and imports of nearly all commodity groups. <p>Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, FTA utilization, imports, FTA utilization rate, preferential margin, margin of preference |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-25&r= |
| By: | Yamada, Hiroyuki; Vu, Tien Manh |
| Abstract: | Although various theoretical predictions have been made, empirical evidence on the impact of bribery remains limited, especially in the health sector. This study explores how the perception of bribery is associated with health service utilization in Vietnam by using provincial panel data during 2012–2018. We found that a higher perception of bribery is associated with fewer inpatient days, suggesting that bribery potentially influences the deterioration of welfare services. However, no such effect on the number of consultations at health facilities and the number of inpatients was detected. In addition, we found that a strong general anti-corruption campaign would offset the negative effects of bribery on the number of inpatient days. |
| Keywords: | bribery, health service utilization, anti-corruption campaign, Vietnam |
| JEL: | I12 I18 I19 |
| Date: | 2021–07–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:108883&r= |
| By: | Nguyen, Cuong Viet; Tran, Anh Ngoc |
| Abstract: | The FIFA Soccer World Cups often happen within one month just before the national entrance exam to universities and colleges in Vietnam. Watching soccer matches can distract male students from their studies and reduce their probability to pass the exam. We find that Vietnamese men who had the university entrance exam during the FIFA Soccer World Cups tend to have a lower proportion of having a bachelor's degree. Exposure to World Cups also reduces the probability of having a formal job, a high-skilled job and management position for men. Using the exposure to World Cups as a natural shock for tertiary education, we find a large and positive effect of tertiary education on employment. It confirms the important role of education in reducing gender gap in employment. |
| Keywords: | Return to education,employment,gender gap,World Cup,Vietnam |
| JEL: | J16 J21 I25 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:893&r= |
| By: | Palisungan, Elvira |
| Abstract: | Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh profitabilitas terhadap nilai perusahaan pada perusahaan. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah perusahaan sub sektor lembaga pembiayaan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode 2018-2020 yang berjumlah populasi sebanyak 19 perusahaan. Penentuan jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode purposive sampling, tujuan menggunakan purposive sampling ialah untuk mendapatkan sampel yang representatif sesuai dengan kriteria yang ditentukan peneliti. |
| Date: | 2021–07–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:n8bk4&r= |
| By: | Stathis Polyzos; Anestis Fotiadis; Aristeidis Samitas (College of Business, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, UAE) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to produce forecasts for tourism flows and tourism revenue for ASEAN and East Asian countries after the end of the COVID-19 pandemic. By implementing two different machine-learning methodologies (the Long Short Term Memory neural network and the Generalised Additive Model) and using different training data sets, we aim to forecast the recovery patterns for these data series for the first 12 months after the end of crisis. We thus produce a baseline forecast, based on the averages of our different models, as well as a worst- and best-case scenario. We show that recovery is asymmetric across the group of countries in the ASEAN and East Asian region and that recovery in tourism revenue is generally slower than in tourist arrivals. We show significant losses of approximately 48%, persistent after 12 months, for some countries, while others display increases of approximately 40% when compared to pre-crisis levels. Our work aims to quantify the projected drop in tourist arrivals and tourism revenue for ASEAN and East Asian countries over the coming months. The results of the proposed research can be used by policymakers as they determine recovery plans, where tourism will undoubtedly play a very important role. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, tourism, deep learning, ASEAN, East Asia |
| JEL: | H12 P46 Z32 |
| Date: | 2021–06–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2021-12&r= |
| By: | Situmorang, Fauzan Fahruza |
| Abstract: | Indonesia merupakan negara dengan potensi yang sangat besar. Lahan luar yang terbentang dari Papua hingga Aceh memiliki berbagai potensi pertanian yang baik. Selama kurun waktu 2005-2008, persentase kontribusi sektor pertanian terhadap PDB cenderung meningkat. Pada tahun 2008, rasio ini mencapai 14,68%, dan total PDB adalah 345302,8 (angka yang sangat-sangat sementara). Produk domestik bruto sektor pertanian pada tahun 2007 sebesar 547.235,56 miliar rupiah atau 13,83% dibandingkan dengan dua sektor lainnya. PDB meningkat 26,31% dibandingkan tahun sebelumnya. Di industri peternakan, persentase kontribusi terhadap PDB berfluktuasi hingga tahun 2008. Pada tahun 2008, tingkat kontribusi peternakan terhadap PDB adalah 1,57%, dan PDB adalah 370.107 juta rupiah (BPS 2008). |
| Date: | 2021–07–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:jrm9t&r= |
| By: | Duc Anh Dang (National Centre for Socioeconomic Information and Forecast, Viet Nam); Vuong Anh Dang (National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling University of Canberra, Australia) |
| Abstract: | Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and technical barriers to trade (TBTs) in destination markets may affect firms’ performance. In this paper, we examine how meeting foreign standards affects exporting firms’ innovation, reflected in the product quality, production processes, skills, and technological acquisition. The analysis relies on official regulations on non-tariff measures released by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and panel data for manufacturing firms in Viet Nam during 2013–2015. To correct for the potential endogeneity of SPS measures and TBTs and measurement errors, we use the number of SPS measures and TBTs imposed on other Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Member States as an instrument variable. Our results indicate that a higher number of SPS measures and TBTs applied by destination countries increases the probability of Vietnamese exporting firms’ skill acquisition. SPS measures also have higher positive impacts on product quality improvement and skill acquisition in the food processing sector. The SPS measures and TBTs have larger impacts on small firms than large firms. Foreign firms tend to acquire more technology and skills than domestic firms when facing SPS measures and TBTs by importing countries. Higher SPS measures and TBTs have more effects on the probability of acquiring skills by state-owned firms. However, the propensity of product quality and technological acquisition of non-state firms is much higher than that of state-owned firms when facing a greater level of SPS measures and TBTs. |
| Keywords: | trade, non-tariff measures, innovation |
| JEL: | F14 O33 |
| Date: | 2021–06–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2021-16&r= |
| By: | Ayako Obashi (Aoyama Gakuin University, Japan) |
| Abstract: | In the East Asian context, previous studies showed that trade occurring through production networks remained relatively steady amidst an economic shock and recovered faster and stronger once the shock was over. Using finely disaggregated product-level monthly bilateral trade data, we examine whether network trade in the East Asian region has been robust and resilient in face of the COVID-19 crisis, as well as in normal times, by conducting a series of survival analyses. We find a new set of empirical evidence suggesting the robustness of East Asian network trade in normal times and its resilience even amidst the COVID-19 shock. |
| Keywords: | East Asian production networks, COVID-19, survival analysis |
| JEL: | F14 F23 |
| Date: | 2021–06–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2021-10&r= |
| By: | Lili Yan Ing (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)); Gracia Hadiwidjaja (World Bank) |
| Abstract: | While East Asia has been moving forward with its regional integration agenda, one main challenge remains and is growing – non-tariff measures (NTMs). Animal, vegetable, and food products tend to be more regulated than other products, largely due to quality and safety standards. NTMs affect 66%–98% of total trade in those sectors. Our paper presents the frequency index, coverage ratio, and prevalence score to measure NTMs in the region. They are highest amongst food, vegetable, and animal products; and vary amongst other products, depending on the economy. We find that the high frequency index of NTMs does not necessarily translate to a high value of coverage ratio for trade. One explanation could be that countries tend to regulate imported goods which compete with the domestic products more than imported goods which they need. |
| Keywords: | East Asia, tariff, non-tariff measures, RCEP, WTO |
| JEL: | F F13 F14 F15 |
| Date: | 2021–07–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2021-21&r= |
| By: | , Rahmadana |
| Abstract: | Pasar modal merupakan sumber pembiayaan yang sangat dibutuhkan oleh para pelaku bisnis yang membutuhkan modal tambahan, sebagai salah satu pilihan pembiayaan bagi para penyokong keuangan daerah setempat. Andrew M. Chisholm mencirikan bahwa "pasar modal adalah tempat individu yang membutuhkan kegembiraan tambahan mencari orang lain yang perlu mengeksploitasi kualitas mereka." Definisi serupa juga dikemukakan oleh Alan N. Rechtschaffen bahwa pasar modal adalah tempat berkumpulnya pihak-pihak yang memiliki keterbatasan modal (financial backer) dengan individu-individu yang membutuhkan modal tambahan, baik modal saat ini maupun modal jangka panjang. Pasar modal adalah tempat atau kerangka kerja untuk mengatasi masalah aset untuk modal yang dibutuhkan oleh organisasi dan merupakan pasar di mana individu membeli dan menjual perlindungan. Sesuai referensi Kata Besar Bahasa Indonesia, pasar modal adalah semua latihan yang menyatukan minat pasar untuk cadangan jangka panjang. Sedangkan referensi Kata Hukum Kegelapan memberikan definisi yang lebih kecil terhadap pasar modal sebagai “pasar perlindungan dimana saham dan surat berharga berkembang dipertukarkan”. Seharusnya lebih kecil dengan alasan bahwa meskipun pasar modal memiliki makna yang lebih luas, pasar modal dicirikan secara jelas sebagai pasar proteksi di mana saham dan surat berharga (dengan rentang waktu yang luas) dipertukarkan. Di Indonesia, pengertian pasar modal menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1995 tentang Pasar Modal (UUPM) adalah kegiatan yang diidentikkan dengan Kontribusi Publik dan pertukaran Perlindungan, Organisasi Publik yang diidentikkan dengan memberikan Perlindungan, dan sebagai yayasan dan panggila diidentifikasi dengan Perlindungan. |
| Date: | 2021–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:n82je&r= |
| By: | Ho, Manh-Toan (Thanh Tay University Hanoi); Nguyen, Minh-Hoang |
| Abstract: | Social Sciences & Humanities Peer Awards (SSHPA) is an ecosystem of a scientific database and a science communication website. The project was funded by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under the National Research Grant No. 502.01-2018.19. The SSHPA database was validated by Nature's Scientific Data. |
| Date: | 2021–07–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:ym3j5&r= |
| By: | naryono, endang (STIE PASIM SUKABUMI) |
| Abstract: | Indonesia is one of the countries where the spread of COVID-19 is one of the highest in the world with an average daily from June to July 2021 of 14,000 people who are positive for COVID-19, which so far has touched 2.3 million people with a cure rate of 84% and a mortality rate of 2.6%. The increase in the number of people who are positive for COVID-19 has made the government's burden even heavier. The most crucial problem is the availability of beds, at the national level the hospital occupancy rate has been above 80% so that many hospitals are no longer accepting COVID-19 patients, limited oxygen and health workers are obstacles that must be addressed as soon as possible. The government's policy of implementing an emergency PSBB on the island of Java as a solution in reducing the positive Covid-19 has been effective, although there are still many weaknesses that must be evaluated. Emergency policies to deal with covid-19 patients who cannot be handled by hospitals using the concept of telemedicine with patients being treated at home by being provided with online consultation facilities, drugs ordered and delivered for free through online media, this concept is considered the most effective in an emergency pandemic case. this covid-19. |
| Date: | 2021–07–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:uk9pq&r= |
| By: | orinda, Widya |
| Abstract: | Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui (1) Pengaruh Citra Perbankan terhadap Keputusan Nasabah dalam Mengambil Kredit pada PD BPR Makassar; (2) Pengaruh Citra Perbankan terhadap Keputusan Nasabah dalam Mengambil Kredit dengan Pelayanan sebagai Variabel Moderasi pada PD BPR Bank Makassar; (3) Pengaruh Citra Perbankan terhadap Kredit Keputusan Nasabah dalam Mengambil Kredit dengan Prosedur Kredit sebagai Variabel Moderasi pada PD BPR Bank Makassar. Menurut Munandar (2015) (Kutipan dalam Daga,2021) Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara (APBN) merupakan rencana keuangan tahunan pemerintahan negara Indonesia yang disetujui oleh Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR). |
| Date: | 2021–07–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:zwynp&r= |
| By: | Fajri, Ratu Chaterine; Alamsyah, Robby; Purnomo, Agus |
| Abstract: | Menjadi penghasil kopi tertinggi di Indonesia, yakni Provinsi Lampung. Kecamatan Way Tenong yang terdapat di Kabupaten Lampung Barat sebagian besar bermata pencaharian penduduk yaitu sebagian petani. Iklim yang mendukung, dan lahan yang strategis memungkinkan besarnya pertumbuhan di bidang pertanian, spesialnya kopi Robusta. Sebagian besar penduduk Kabupaten Lampung Barat bermata pencaharian selaku pemilik perkebunan kopi. Tipe riset yang digunakan dalam riset ini ialah kuantitatif. Populasi dalam studi ini yakni Petani kopi yang terletak di Kecamatan Way Tenong Lampung Barat, ada pula jumlah ilustrasi yang hendak diteliti sebanyak 40 responden petani kopi. Analisis regresi berganda untuk menganalisis pengaruh modal, tenaga kerja, serta luas lahan berpengaruh terhadap penciptaan industri kopi robusta di Kecamatan Way Tenong Lampung Barat. Hasil perhitungan menampilkan kalau F- hitung dan F- tabel, menunjukkan kalau variabel independen mutlak mempengaruhi hasil terhadap variabel dependen. |
| Date: | 2021–07–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:aguqd&r= |
| By: | Ilman, Afnan Nur |
| Abstract: | Bank syariah adalah lembaga keuangan dengan tujuan khusus, yaitu bahwa perjanjian atau kegiatan pembiayaan mereka harus mematuhi hukum Islam (Khusairi, 2015). Dalam penyaluran dana, bank syariah menggunakan beberapa akad, diantaranya: wadiah dan mudharabah. Di Indonesia, perbankan syariah telah meningkat pesat dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Tentunya menjadi alternatif perbankan tradisional bagi masyarakat untuk melakukan aktivitas perbankan. Pasar modal tidak dapat dipisahkan dari kemajuan ekonomi suatu negara. Pasar modal digunakan untuk mengelola dana masyarakat dan untuk memperoleh kepemilikan saham perusahaan dengan menjualnya. Bentuk pasar modal syariah berfungsi sebagai media investasi bagi masyarakat muslim di pasar modal yang sejalan dengan prinsip- prinsip syariat. Ada beberapa standar yang harus diperhatikan untuk pembentukan pasar modal syariah yaitu membentuk harga secara wajar, adanya informasi yang sempurna, bebas dari riba, gharar, perjudian dan transaksi lainnya yang bertentangan terhadap aturan syariah. |
| Date: | 2021–07–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:ba6qn&r= |
| By: | Clemente, Roberto S.; Fajardo, Arthur L.; Ureta, Julie Carl P.; Ballaran, Vicente G. Jr.; Baulita, Arman S.; Tapire, Kristel Camille J. |
| Abstract: | This Project focused on the evaluation of National Irrigation Systems (NIS) in the Philippines which consisted of 22 NIS in Luzon and 17 NIS in Visayas and Mindanao and are represented by 151 Irrigators Associations (IAs). The overall objective is to evaluate the policy, programmatic, and institutional framework governing irrigation development and management for the main purpose of improving irrigation performance and productivity of irrigated lands. The methodological approach to meet the specific objectives consisted of data collection through site visits, field measurements, and Key Informant Interviews (KII) and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). This Project focused on the evaluation of National Irrigation Systems (NIS) in the Philippines which consisted of 22 NIS in Luzon and 17 NIS in Visayas and Mindanao and are represented by 151 Irrigators Associations (IAs). The overall objective is to evaluate the policy, programmatic, and institutional framework governing irrigation development and management for the main purpose of improving irrigation performance and productivity of irrigated lands. The methodological approach to meet the specific objectives consisted of data collection through site visits, field measurements, and Key Informant Interviews (KII) and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Results showed that siltation problems exist in canals of almost all NIS cases, causing reduced flow capacities that deprived the downstream portion from adequate water supply, among others. To improve performance of irrigation systems, good watershed management is needed as a preventive approach to address siltation of water courses and thus enhance water supply distribution. The National irrigation Administration (NIA) should allocate realistic resources for operation and maintenance to improve efficiency in water allocation and distribution from upstream to downstream users. |
| Keywords: | irrigation, national irrigation systems, program assessment, Philippine Resurgent Irrigation Development Program, National irrigation Administration |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-01&r= |
| By: | Ulep, Valerie Gilbert T.; Abrigo, Michael R.M.; Francisco-Abrigo, Kris; Uy, Jhanna; Haw, Nel Jason |
| Abstract: | The novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic that has infected at least 1.2 million people and caused more than 67,000 deaths worldwide. The Philippines has recorded 3,764 confirmed cases and 177 deaths as of April 7, 2020 and has implemented an enhanced Luzon-wide enhanced community quarantine (ECQ) from March 17 to April 30 in attempts to limit population movement and curb the spread of the epidemic. <p>Based on the disease transmission model, it is projected that aggressive efforts in the post-ECQ period to isolate at least 70 percent of infectious cases through better contact tracing, social distancing, individual or household isolation, and reduced delays in time to seek care for symptomatic cases are necessary to suppress the outbreak. Otherwise, lifting the ECQ but maintaining current conditions of delayed time to seek care for symptomatic cases merely delays the progression of the outbreak but still results in around 8 percent of the population infected. <p>For all scenarios that do not successfully isolate at least 70 percent of infectious individuals, demands for healthcare resources at the peak of the outbreak, i.e., by August 2020, far exceed available supply in the health sector. <p>The COVID-19 epidemic is expected to affect not only the country’s health system but also the economy. Projections based on a Leontief input-output model suggest that the Philippine economy may lose between 276.3 billion (best case) and PHP 2.5 trillion (worse case) due to COVID-19. The transport, storage, and communication sector, among others, is expected to suffer substantial losses because of expected declines in tourism (PHP 11.7-124.3 billion). Extending the ECQ by one more month may potentially cost the Philippine economy at least PHP 150 billion due to possible declines in household consumption as workers remain unemployed for longer periods. <p>Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019, disease transmission, Philippine health system, health system resource requirements, macroeconomic impact |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-15&r= |
| By: | Nobuaki Yamashita (Australian National University, Keio University, and Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology); Kiichiro Fukasaku (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses how the current COVID-19 pandemic is shaping global value chains in East Asia after the formidable disruptions inflicted by the health crisis. Some have expressed the view that global value chains would readjust and production processes would move home, i.e. reshoring, facilitated by the recent movement of protectionism measures in the post-pandemic world. We evaluate such concerns and examine the role of policy with a focus on non-tariff measures in East Asia. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, pandemic, global value chains (GVCs), Non-tariff measures (NTMs), East Asian countries |
| JEL: | F14 F15 |
| Date: | 2021–07–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2021-19&r= |
| By: | Natalia, Lisa |
| Abstract: | Penelitian yang saya lakukan ini bertujuan untuk melihat sejauh mana pengaruh pandemik covid-19 terhadap profitabilitas usaha mikro kecil menengah di kota makassar, Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data kuantitatif yaitu data dan informasi yang diukur menggunakan laporan keuangan. Pengaruh pandemik covid-19 ini membuat perekomomian yang ada di Indonesia menurun secara drastis, akibatnya 87,5 persen dari pelaku UMKM terpaksa menggulu tikar akibat pandemik, Dari jumlah ini, sekitar 93,2 persen diantaranya terdampak negatif disisi penjualan. Kemudian dari adanya pandemik membuat pelaku UMKM melakukan pembatasan karyawan dengan cara melakukan pemberhentian kerja karyawan akibat tidak mampu untuk membayar gaji karyawan karena tidak adanya pemasukan. UMKM yang mampu bertahan di kondisi saat ini yaitu UMKM yang mampu beradaptasi dengan kondisi yang ada saat ini dan mampu melakukan berbagai inovasi terbaru. kata kunci: Dampak Pandemi Covid-19 Terhadap UMKM, Profitabilitas, Covid-19, UMKM. |
| Date: | 2021–07–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:jqy8g&r= |
| By: | naryono, endang (STIE PASIM SUKABUMI) |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic for almost two years has had a very extraordinary and frightening impact, there have been 2.3 million cases of covid-19 with a cure rate of 84% and a death rate of 2.6% in July 2021. The Covid-19 pandemic has not only created a humanitarian disaster but has an impact National economic downturn, such as negative economic growth, declining purchasing power, increasing poverty and uncontrolled unemployment. The government's policy by carrying out a two-legged policy, the first is to break the chain of the spread of this pandemic with regulations and health protocol policies. The second is economic recovery during the pandemic with social assistance to the community, SMEs and industrialization so that they still have purchasing power to move the real sector. Inaccurate data, limited infrastructure and budget constraints are the biggest obstacles to economic recovery during the pandemic. UKMM is the final foundation and backbone of the national economy in the midst of an economic recession in its second year. |
| Date: | 2021–07–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:rvmcu&r= |
| By: | Guven, Cahit; Tong, Lan; Ulubasoglu, Mehmet |
| Abstract: | We study the effects of a large-scale System of Rice Intensification (SRI) program on the water productivity of rice in Vietnam by exploiting the provincial and time variations in SRI uptake and irrigation water supply over the period 2000–2012. Our findings document that the world’s second-largest rice exporter could produce four million tons of more rice with same water supply in the reasonably achievable case of 20% SRI uptake across its provinces. In addition, we find that SRI increases the output of other crops too, due at least partly to its possible water savings and soil nutrition preservation in rice production. Moreover, we show that SRI is more likely to be adopted in provinces with stronger quality of provincial institutions and weaker agricultural capital base. Numerous selectivity and randomization tests affirm that the water productivity effect of SRI is robust to selection in SRI uptake at province and district levels and addressing potential unobservables and omitted variables problems. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Technology; SRI; Impact Evaluation; Water Productivity |
| JEL: | O13 O33 Q18 Q25 |
| Date: | 2021–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:108768&r= |
| By: | Reyes, Celia M.; Asis, Ronina D.; Vargas, Anna Rita P.; Arboned, Arkin A. |
| Abstract: | The Philippines is generally winning its fight against poverty as the magnitude and incidence of poverty, income gap, and severity of poverty have all decreased in 2018. Poverty decomposition analysis shows that both economic growth and income redistribution factors have equally contributed to the declining poverty levels. However, the decline in poverty gap and poverty severity is largely explained by income redistribution. On the other hand, while inequality measures indicate a more equal distribution of income, poverty indicators continue to vary widely across the regions. Given these developments, the Philippine government has been enacting different policies and programs, including the conditional cash transfer program, social pension program, progressive taxation policies, and universal access to tertiary education policy, to further address poverty and inequality in country in pursuit of eradicating all forms of poverty as targeted by the Sustainable Development Goals. <p> Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, poverty, inequality, poverty decomposition |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-56&r= |
| By: | Briones, Roehlano M. |
| Abstract: | Tariffication of quantitative restrictions on rice imports was a key policy reform of the Duterte administration. This study reviews recent trends in the rice market, and assesses the poverty and distributional effects of rice tariffication using a computable general equilibrium model with microsimulation. Owing to the price difference between domestic prices in Philippines and exporting countries, imports of rice have surged under tariffication. As a result, domestic prices have fallen, though gross marketing margins have increased, amplifying the effect of the drop in retail prices on both wholesale prices and palay prices. The price and associated economic adjustments are expected to cause an increase in income poverty as conventionally measured. However, the increases are rather small, and would diminish over time. The value of the income loss suffered by the poor is far below what the amount provided by law to address problems in the rice economy with tariffication. <p> Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | poverty, trade liberalization, income distribution, microsimulation, Computable general equilibrium |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-43&r= |
| By: | Serzo, Aiken Larisa O. |
| Abstract: | This paper identifies certain policy issues in the current regulatory infrastructure of the Philippines, which may prevent digital platforms from innovating and participating in the global digital economy. <p>In brief, these policy issues relate to the incoherence between the national innovation strategy of the government and the mishmash of regulations that digital platforms are subjected to. In particular, this relates to investment regulations, as well as regulations on mass media, retail, advertising, logistics, telecommunications, and education. Such landscape has led to a regulatory environment that is unable to provide certainty as to the legality of the activities of Philippine-based digital platforms. <p>There is a plethora of constitutional, statutory, and policy support for innovation, e-commerce, digitization, and entrepreneurship in the Philippines. However, there is a disconnect between these policies and the environment created by the actual implementation of the regulations. <p> Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | regulatory reform, digital platforms, foreign direct investments, internet law, mass media, startups, internet economy |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-45&r= |
| By: | Manejar, Arvie Joy A.; Domingo, Sonny N. |
| Abstract: | The study looks into the disaster risk resilience of provincial governments in the Philippines using World Bank (WB) socioeconomic resiliency estimates and cross-sectional data generated by the Department of Interior and Local Government and the Philippine Statistics Authority. Treating provincial governments as decisionmaking units (DMUs) with bureaucratic sub-units at the provincial and city/municipal levels, composite efficiency scores were generated using an integrated Data Envelopment Approach. A WB-generated socioeconomic resiliency scorecard at the provincial level provided comparative output references for the model. Results show that disaster risk reduction and management inputs at the provincial and sub-province levels greatly contribute to improving socioeconomic capacity and decreasing asset risk. However, DMU efficiency scores varied across the different sub-regional domains. A majority of provincial subDMUs also got higher efficiency ratings compared to their municipal/community subDMU counterparts, implying the need to rebalance support and disaster resilience -related initiatives at the sub-provincial levels. |
| Keywords: | Disaster Risk Reduction and Management, Disaster Resiliency, Data Envelopment Analysis, provincial government |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-19&r= |
| By: | Majah-Leah V. Ravago (Department of Economics, Ateneo de Manila University); Raul V. Fabella (School of Economics, University of the Philippines); Karl Robert L. Jandoc (School of Economics, University of the Philippines); Renzi G. Frias (School of Statistics, University of the Philippines); J. Kathleen P. Magadia (Gas Policy Development Project, UPSCRFI) |
| Abstract: | One sizable group of energy users in the Philippines is the collection of firms in the Special Economic Zones (SEZs). The production process among many of the firms in the SEZs includes heating, which currently uses the more expensive and less environment-friendly diesel or liquefied petroleum gas as fuel. Thus, natural gas is a potential cost-competitive and cleaner substitute for the feedstock currently used in both heating process and electricity requirements of firms in SEZs. Our objective in this study is to assess the likelihood of firms to switch to natural gas and determine the profile of power and fuel use among firms in manufacturing and agro industrial SEZs. We find that the extent of knowledge about natural gas and their production technology process are the primary determinants of the likelihood to switch. Particularly, the knowledge that natural gas is a cost-competitive alternative along with the use of heating in the production process are critical to increasing a firm’s probability of switching. Hence, energy-intensive manufacturing firms that use more expensive fuel sources such as diesel for heating are more likely to switch to natural gas. These results also help shed light on facilitating the efficient transition away from less environment-friendly fuels to relatively cleaner natural gas and renewable sources. |
| Keywords: | Easterlin Paradox, Easterlin Hypothesis, Happiness-Income Model, Happiness Survey Question, Happy Poor |
| JEL: | A10 Y20 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agy:dpaper:202105&r= |
| By: | Ducanes, Geoffrey M. |
| Abstract: | This study develops and applies a method for estimating loan demand from small farmers and small fishers (SFF) in the Philippines, and projects this demand into the future. The method uses a patchwork of data, but most importantly the Small Farmers and Fisherfolk Indebtedness Survey (SFFIS) and the Registry System for Basic Sectors in Agriculture, to estimate credit loan demand from SFF in 2017. It also uses inflation and projected (or targeted) sectoral gross value-added growth to project SFF loan demand into the future. The loan demand for SFF is estimated to be from PHP 172 billion (low estimate) to PHP 367 billion (high estimate) in 2021. This is projected to grow to PHP 201 billion (low estimate) to PHP 431 billion (high estimate) in 2024. <p>Moving forward, the study suggests that the estimation of loan demand from SFF can be facilitated if the sampling design of the SFFIS can be revised so as to be made representative nationally (and possibly even by region) using the most recent Census of Agriculture and Fishers as the sampling frame. To help small farmers and fisherfolk, the government should ensure there is adequate fund, whether from government or from formal private sources, to meet the loan demand of small farmers and fishers for purposes of production, while still maintaining prudence. This will not only help small farmers and fishers keep their head above poverty, but also help boost food security in the country given the continuing risks of supply chain disruptions. <p> Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | agricultural credit, COVID-19, small farmers and fishers, credit demand estimation, credit demand projection, determinants of credit demand, logit regression, COVID-19 impact on credit demand |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-41&r= |
| By: | Cuenca, Janet S. |
| Abstract: | The Philippines has been badly affected by the coronavirus disease pandemic. In this light, the analysis of the 2021 President’s Budget determines how the pandemic shaped the budgetary distribution of government’s limited financial resources with focus on the top six departments/recipients for fiscal year (FY) 2021. It shows the high spending priority given to social and economic services which is consistent with the policy pronouncements of the government for FY 2021. The government’s greatest priority for FY 2021 is to sustain and strengthen government efforts in responding to and recovering from the pandemic. Nevertheless, the emphasis on these spending priorities in the 2021 President’s Budget Message creates an expectation that DOH and DSWD will rank much higher in the top 10 departments/recipients for FY 2021. Apparently, the 2021 proposed budget gives higher spending priority on maintenance of peace and order and national defense, which placed the Department of Interior and Local Government and the Department of National Defense in higher spots compared to the Department of Health and the Department of Social Welfare and Development. A close examination of various government documents (e.g., DBM 2020e) indicates that the proposed budget for the National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict (NTF-ELCAC) is part of the government’s recovery program to adapt to the post-pandemic life. <p> Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | President’s Budget, National Expenditure Program |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-35&r= |
| By: | Serafica, Ramonette B.; Oren, Queen Cel A. |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how digital platforms work and reviews their impacts across different sectors. It looks at the experience of the Philippines and other countries focusing on e-commerce and ride-hailing/delivery service platforms. Government-initiated platforms and applications in agriculture were also discussed. <p>The review of the literature highlights the various positive and negative effects of digital platforms in achieving inclusive and sustainable economic development. The emergence of various digital platforms and the technologies that drive them will continue to shape our economy and society in ways that we cannot yet fully anticipate. How well we manage the risks and exploit the opportunities will largely depend on finding the appropriate role of the government in the platform economy and the quality of regulatory governance. <p> Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | digital platforms, platform economy, multisided platforms |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-52&r= |
| By: | Maddawin, Ricxie B.; Diokno-Sicat, Charlotte Justine; Mariano, Maria Alma P.; Castillo, Angel Faye G. |
| Abstract: | The Performance Challenge Fund (PCF), established by the DILG in 2010, is a performance-based incentive program that gives financial subsidies to local government units (LGUs) that are awarded with the Seal of Good Local Governance (SGLG). Almost a decade after its introduction, how has the PCF evolved and been appreciated by local governments? Facing challenges such as budgetary constraints and the presence of other national government programs that offer support to local governments, is there a need for improvements in the design of the PCF and what are these areas that might foster improved governance for all local governments? To answer these questions, this study uses the results of a nationwide survey of all municipalities in the Philippines, focusing on the perceptions of the core members of the municipal planning team on the usefulness and importance of the PCF. Survey showed that majority of the local government respondents appreciated the PCF and recognized its importance. But the evidence also showed that about 20 percent of surveyed municipalities were never eligible to receive the PCF. Most of these municipalities were from the 5th and 6th income class, concentrated in the Bicol, Central and Eastern Visayas regions. In addition, there were some LGUs that were either consistently or not consistent recipients of the PCF. These results must be considered by policymakers especially with the recent passage of the Seal of Good Local Governance Law. |
| Keywords: | incentives, local governance, asymmetry, Performance Challenge Fund, Seal of Good Local Governance |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-05&r= |
| By: | Ulep, Valerie Gilbert T.; Uy, Jhanna; Casas, Lyle Daryll D. |
| Abstract: | Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) have become the major cause of disease burden in the Philippines. In 2019, NCDs accounted for about 70 percent of the 600,000 deaths nationwide; this is projected to increase in the medium to long term. The premature deaths due to NCDs are increasing in a much faster rate in poorest communities while declining in relatively rich areas. The growing burden of NCDs in poor communities have implications on the poverty reduction efforts and economic prospects of the country. Despite the growing threat of NCDs, the Philippine health system remains historically designed and oriented to address infectious diseases and maternal and child health. This has led to episodic and fragmented delivery of health services--a model that has difficulty handling NCDs. As the country embarks to institute major reforms in the Universal Health Care Act towards a primary health care-oriented and integrated health system, this study will identify the specific challenges in governance, financing, service delivery, and health human resources that hinder the realization of comprehensive and continuous delivery of NCD services in local communities. <p>Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | noncommunicable diseases, primary health care, health systems, Universal Health Care Act |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-39&r= |
| By: | Mojambo, Gabriel A.M.; Tulung, Joy Elly; Saerang, Regina Trivena |
| Abstract: | Despite of the abundant opportunities in Indonesian bank industry, digital era began to challenge banks to fully embrace the use of technology (information) with the objective of prolong competitive advantage. An organization becomes a reflection of its top managers. In facing such challenges, Top Management Team (TMT) members initiative to overcome the current status quo, will be reflected to the company under their management. For this reason, an effective TMT structure is a mandatory during the digital era to digitalize banking firms. This research investigates the relationship between top management team characteristics and Indonesian banks financial performance during the digital era. For top management team characteristics, this research includes functional background, gender diversity, average age, level of education, IT Expertise, and experience in years. While to measure the performance of Indonesian banks financial performance the paper includes return on asset (ROA), capital adequacy ratio (CAR), and non-performing loan (NPL). The results show that gender diversity have positive significant influences on NPL, average age have positive significant influences on ROA, CAR, NPL, and IT expertise have positive significant influences on CAR. |
| Keywords: | Bank, Top Management Team, Financial Performance |
| JEL: | G2 G21 G3 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:108783&r= |
| By: | Sui-Jade Ho (Bank Negara Malaysia); Özer Karagedikli (South East Asian Central Banks (SEACEN) Research and Training Centre and Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis (CAMA)) |
| Abstract: | By conducting a high-frequency event study similar to Gürkaynak et al. (2005), we find that two factors are needed to adequately capture the effects of monetary policy announcements for a non-inflation targeting emerging market economy, Malaysia. These factors are the surprise changes in the policy rate (Overnight Policy Rate, OPR) and the information about the future path of monetary policy. We find that the path factor has a strong influence on long-term government bond yields, corporate bond yields and spreads. Our findings are indicative of the view that monetary policy communication is mostly about revealing information pertaining to the central bank’s assessment of the economic outlook, as opposed to an unconditional binding commitment to follow a specific policy path. |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sea:wpaper:wp44&r= |
| By: | Sasiwimon Warunsiri Paweenawat; Lusi Liao |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the impact of COVID-19 on different demographic groups in the Thai labour market using the Labour Force Survey in 2018 and 2019. We construct a new set of COVID-19 impact indicators capturing both the degree of risk in industries and degree of occupational flexibility in the Thai context. Our results show that the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is highly unequal across demographic groups and it may further worsen the pre-existing inequality in the Thai labour market as a result of the composition of industrial sectors and occupations. The results suggest that education attainments and income levels play a significant role in protecting individuals from the current crisis, indicating the important contribution of human capital. In addition, marriage affects men and women differently in the COVID-19 crisis, with married women suffering more. Finally, our study highlights the need for government supports that target vulnerable groups, including workers with low education, informal workers, private employees, older women, and the young, who are more likely to be affected by COVID-19. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, labour market, demographics, Thailand |
| JEL: | J21 J24 J16 J12 |
| Date: | 2021–06–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2021-11&r= |
| By: | Nguyen, Cuong Viet |
| Abstract: | In this study, we examine characteristics of employment in FDI in Vietnam. Workers from FDI account for 5.6% of working people. Female and younger people are more likely to work the FDI sector. Compared with private and public sectors, the FDI sector has a lower share of workers who have tertiary education. The FDI sector has a high proportion of workers with social insurance, at 95%. However, there is a relatively large proportion of the FDI workers receiving daily wages and piece payment. The FDI workers have a high number of working hours and more likely to have overtime working hours. The FDI workers have lower wages per hour than those in the private and public sector. However, once observed characteristics of workers are controlled for, the FDI workers have higher hourly and monthly wages than the private as well as public workers. The proportion of FDI workers who moved out of the FDI sector was 11% over a three-month period and 31% over a two-year period. Older workers are more likely to move out of the FDI sector than young ones. There is no evidence that workers move out of the FDI sector after age 35. |
| Keywords: | FDI,employment,labor,Vietnam |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:901&r= |
| By: | Sui-Jade Ho (Bank Negara Malaysia); Oezer Karagedikli (South East Asian Central Banks Research and Training) |
| Abstract: | By conducting a high-frequency event study similar to Gürkaynak et al.(2005), we find that two factors are needed to adequately capture the effects of monetary policy announcements for a non-inflation targeting emerging market economy, Malaysia. These factors are the surprise changes in the policy rate (Overnight Policy Rate, OPR) and the information about the future path of monetary policy. We find that the path factor has a strong influence on long-term government bond yields, corporate bond yields and spreads. Our findings are indicative of the view that monetary policy communication is mostly about revealing information pertaining to the central bank’s assessment of the economic outlook, as opposed to an unconditional binding commitment to follow a specific policy path. |
| JEL: | J31 J64 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:202126&r= |
| By: | Henry Penikas (Bank of Russia, Russian Federation); Anastasia Skarednova (Alfa-Bank, Russian Federation); Mikhail Surkov (Bank of Russia, Russian Federation) |
| Abstract: | The recently finalized Basel Framework continues allowing banks to use internal data and models to define risk estimates and use them for the capital adequacy ratio computation. World-wide there are above two thousand banks running the Basel internal models. However, there are countries that have none of such banks. For them there exists a dilemma. Namely, which transition path to adopt out of the two. The voluntarily one as in the EU or the mandatory one as in the US. Our objective is to take the investor perspective and benchmark those two modes. Thus, we wish to find whether there is a premium for any of them, or perhaps that they are equivalent. The novelty of our research is the robust estimate that investors prefer mandatory transition style to the voluntarily one. Such a preference is reflected in the rise of the mean return and decline in stock volatility for the transited banks in the US and right the opposite consequences in the EU. However, we should be cautious in interpreting our findings. Such a preference may not only be the premium for the breakage of the vicious cycle and the ultimate improvement in the banks’ risk-management systems and the overall financial stability. It may also hold true if and only if the mandatory transition for particular institutions is accompanied by a restriction for other banks in the region to transit. Our findings are of value primarily to the emerging economies like Argentine and Indonesia. |
| Keywords: | Basel II, Basel III, BCBS, CAR, difference-in-difference, D-SIB, G-SIB, IRB, risk-weight. |
| JEL: | C21 G12 G17 G18 G21 |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bkr:wpaper:wps74&r= |
| By: | Briones, Roehlano M. |
| Abstract: | This study aims to address a gap in existing data and literature regarding the socioeconomic profile of agricultural workers within rural households. It implemented a survey collecting panel data on the full range of labor and economic activities of rural households with agricultural workers, including patterns of employment and seasonality; other relevant worker and household characteristics; and the community-level context. A socioeconomic profile of rural and agricultural workers was developed. Statistical analysis confirmed that individuals of working age are more likely to become an agricultural worker if they are male, older, less educated, and are in a barangay with better rural infrastructure and more remote from the urban center. Moreover, weekly working hours for agricultural workers is greater for younger workers, those better educated, and in barangays nearer the urban center. Several implications for policy and further research were stated. |
| Keywords: | human capital, gender, structural change, agricultural worker, rural employment, seasonality, agricultural wage, underemployment, rural infrastructure |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-17&r= |
| By: | Reyes, Celia M.; Abrigo, Michael R.M.; Quimba, Francis Mark A.; Baje, Lora Kryz C.; Tam, Zhandra C.; Calizo, Sylwyn C. Jr.; Bayudan-Dacuycuy, Connie; Borromeo, Nicoli Arthur B.; Hernandez, Gabriel Iñigo M.; Bautista, Dennis M.; Ocampo, Jan Christopher G. |
| Abstract: | Given new programs and policies in the Philippines, there is a need to formulate a macroeconometric model (MEM) to gain more insights on how the economy and its sectors are affected. This paper discusses the estimation of an annual MEM that will be used for policy analysis and forecasting with respect to the opportunities and challenges brought about by new developments. The formulation of an annual MEM is useful in assisting major macroeconomic stakeholder, such as the National Economic and Development Authority and the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) in their conduct of policy simulations, macroeconomic surveillance, and economic analysis. Given this backdrop, PIDS and BSP have collaborated to estimate an annual MEM, which has four blocks, namely, the real sector, fiscal sector, trade sector, and monetary sector. Using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag model approach, these sectors are modeled separately although the linkages with each other are specified. These sectoral models are then put together and tests on the predictive accuracy of the forecast of the overall model are conducted. Some ways to further improve the annual MEM are provided. |
| Keywords: | policy analysis, macroeconometric model, Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model, National Income Accounting |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-16&r= |
| By: | Rola, Agnes C.; Olviga, Therese R.; Faderogao, Francis John F.; Faulmino, Chrislyn Joanna P. |
| Abstract: | This project aims to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the government's irrigation program. It focuses on technical, physical, and institutional aspects of performance of both national (NIS) and communal irrigation systems (CIS), and selected case studies. The governance component describes and analyzes the governance mechanisms of the entire irrigation project cycle from planning to monitoring and evaluation. It draws on the findings from the other studies within this project, while focusing on governance, particularly higher-level issues cutting across national and communal systems and also across the other water sector agencies. <p>Results of the study validated that irrigation development plan is fragmented both vertically and horizontally. Respondents from the national agencies all agreed that an integrated irrigation development plan is needed. Recommendations include the establishment of water resource and research centers in academes, to have a central body for data storage and analysis. An apex body to harmonize policies and programs across the water sector will also be ideal. |
| Keywords: | Institutional arrangements, irrigation governance, water governance, free irrigation policy, water rights, project cycle |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-08&r= |
| By: | Domingo, Sonny N.; Manejar, Arvie Joy A. |
| Abstract: | Around 300 million indigenous peoples (IPs) have been identified across 70 countries. Fourteen million of them are located in the Philippines, with their cultural zones taking up as much as 44 percent of the country’s land area. There has been much confusion regarding their identity and rights, resulting in a lengthy policy and institutional evolution in the sector. This, eventually, resulted in the passage of the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) in 1997 and the establishment of the National Commission of Indigenous Peoples (NCIP). It took almost a decade for the institution to issue salient guidelines and regulations under the IPRA. The delay also affected numerous opportunities in the sector, such as in leveraging indigenous cultural communities (ICCs) and their ancestral domains against encroachment. The landmark legislation safeguarded essential core rights of the IPs/ICCs. While the IPRA seemingly provide enough protection to IP/ICC rights, the protection of these rights remained contentious on the ground. The IPs/ICCs true empowerment is visible only through their claim and stewardship of ancestral domains, preservation of the integrity of their cultural heritage, and the protection of their basic human rights and social entitlements. Going forward, the IPs/ICCs must assume their rightful place as empowered stewards of their historical domains, and mainstream their interests and advocacies. The Commission, as the enabling institution, would have to review its bureaucratic functions and address the roots of certain weaknesses to better deliver mandated services, and own its critical role in safeguarding the welfare of IPs/ICCs. |
| Keywords: | culture, welfare, indigenous peoples, IPRA |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-20&r= |
| By: | Serafica, Ramonette B.; Quimba, Francis Mark A.; Cuenca, Janet S. |
| Abstract: | In January 2020, the Philippines joined the World Trade Organization Joint Statement Initiative on E-commerce which seeks to develop a multilateral agreement on trade-related aspects of e-commerce. This paper explores the costs and benefits of possible trade disciplines, particularly the moratorium on customs duties on electronic transmissions. Based on estimates of digitizable products, the foregone revenue of a moratorium represents about 0.10 percent and 0.65 percent of national government revenues using the average MFN rate and the bound tariff rate, respectively. Estimates based on broader definitions of electronic transmission range from 0.59 to 1.38 percent and from 3.68 to 8.59 percent of national government revenues using the average MFN rate and bound rate, respectively. However, there are practical difficulties and policy constraints which could limit the actual intake from tariffs. Various barriers to cross-border data flows could also adversely affect not only data-intensive industries but the economy more broadly. Thus, the country should support trade rules that facilitate cross-border data flows. At the same time, the government must invest in digital infrastructure necessary for an efficient and effective tax system fit for the digital economy. |
| Keywords: | e-commerce, WTO, digital trad, RTAs, customs duties, World Trade Organization |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-46&r= |
| By: | Aayush Tandon |
| Abstract: | With only a decade left to reduce emissions drastically, the scale, pace and extent of global transformation needed is truly demanding. Long-term emission goals and the nature of the low-emission transition in each country will be a function of its unique socio-economic priorities, capabilities, resource endowment, vision for post 2050 economic structure, and social and political acceptability of what constitutes a just transition. As we enter the “decade for delivery”, a whole of economy approach is needed to realise the low-emission transition. This includes focusing not only on upscaling zero and near-zero emitting technologies and businesses but also supporting, to the extent possible, the progressive lowering of emissions in high emitting and hard to abate sectors. In this context, “transition finance” is gaining traction among governments and market participants. To identify the core features of transition finance, this paper reviews 12 transition relevant taxonomies, guidance and principles by public (Japan, Singapore, Malaysia, Russia, European Union, EBRD) and private actors (Climate Bonds Initiative, International Capital Markets Association, Research Institute for Environmental Finance Japan, AXA Investment Managers and DBS), as well as 39 transition relevant financial instruments (vanilla transition bonds, key performance indicator-linked fixed income securities). This paper does not aim to define transition finance, but rather to review emerging approaches and instruments to highlight commonalities, divergences as well as issues to consider for coherent market development and progress towards global environmental objectives. Based on the review, this paper puts forth two preliminary views. First, that the essence of transition finance is triggering entity-wide change to reduce exposure to transition risk; second, that transition finance may be better understood as capital market instruments with a set of core functions/attributes rather than a specific format or label. |
| Keywords: | finance, low-carbon transition, sustainable debt, taxonomy, transition risk |
| JEL: | D5 E4 Q01 |
| Date: | 2021–08–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:179-en&r= |
| By: | Albert, Jose Ramon G.; Tabunda, Ana Maria L.; Vizmanos, Jana Flor V.; Cuenca, Janet S.; David, Carlos Primo C.; Francisco, Kris A.; Labina, Charlie S. |
| Abstract: | This study aims to describe the prevailing supply and demand conditions, patterns and recent trends regarding science and technology (S&T) human capital in the Philippines by examining secondary data from various data sources. Overall, the results show that although the scientific workforce constitutes only a minute share of the total workforce, and that the variegated occupations across S&T do not have uniform growth potentials as regards employment, both the government and the private sector need to support most of S&T disciplines, especially in the wake of new tasks from emerging technologies of the fourth industrial revolution. Despite an increasing demand for S&T resources and indicators on employability prospects, many of the young do not pursue and persevere in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) careers. Government and the private sector should be incentivizing them toward STEM even as early as junior high school. Providing financial assistance or scholarships can be helpful, but this alone may not be enough to produce the needed pool of future S&T human resources. Government is advised to also gain insights on various factors that affect the supply of S&T workers to craft necessary policies for incentivizing S&T graduates to persevere in their disciplines, and actively participating in the economy. The future appears favorable for engineers given our current level of productivity, technology, and projected growth. In contrast, the economy may not be able to accommodate the increasing supply of workers with computing/information and technology background. Although some, if not many, of those with computing skills may be accommodated in new jobs. Still, it may be prudent to substantially invest in S&T human resources, and provide supporting mechanisms to make our S&T human resources agile and our innovation ecosystem flourish. <p>Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | science and technology, human capital, human resources, labor market, innovation, science, technology, engineering and mathematics |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-32&r= |
| By: | Ballesteros, Marife M.; Orbeta, Aniceto C. Jr.; Corpus, John Paul P.; Paqueo, Vicente C.; Reyes, Celia M. |
| Abstract: | This study evaluates the impact of Microenterprise Development (MD) assistance on the labor supply, income, expenditure, savings, and capital investment of beneficiaries of Pantawid Pamilya, the Philippine government’s conditional cash transfers (CCT) program. The assistance is provided by the Sustainable Livelihood Program (SLP) of the Department of Social Welfare and Development. MD assistance consists of capacity building, group formation, and grants. We focus on MD assistance where the grant component consisted of the Seed Capital Fund (SCF)--a grant worth a maximum of PhP10,000 per beneficiary household used as startup capital or as additional capital for microenterprise. The microenterprise may be run individually or as a group. The evaluation is implemented through a matching design: SCF-recipient CCT households from January 2018 to June 2018 were matched with nonrecipient CCT households. We use data from a survey of 2,592 CCT households in 39 cities/municipalities. In our sample, 91 percent of SCF-recipient households were part of a group-managed business project. We find positive impacts on labor supply, but imprecisely estimated null impacts on household income, expenditure, savings, and capital expenditure. The lack of pre-intervention variables for matching, possible biases from self-selection and nonrandom selection of target areas, possible spillover effects, and insufficient power are some of the weaknesses of the study. Despite these limitations, qualitative data on business project implementation point to serious issues which support the null impacts found on household welfare. These include a substantial business closure rate, lack of participation among group members in business operation, lack of earning opportunities for group members, management issues, and low profitability. Moreover, cost-benefit analysis suggests that program costs outweigh program benefits. To improve SLP's effectiveness, the study recommends packaging the livelihood assistance with supporting interventions such as life skills coaching and savings promotion; recognizing the relative merits of group-based versus individual livelihood projects; improving project development and selection towards greater commercial viability; and strengthening existing supporting interventions such as capacity-building, business monitoring, and technical support. <p>Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | social protection, livelihood, microenterprise, Sustainable Livelihood Program |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-36&r= |
| By: | Elazegui, Dulce D.; Luyun, Roger A. Jr. |
| Abstract: | The project aims to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the government's irrigation program with focus on the technical, physical, and institutional aspects of performance of communal irrigation systems (CIS). <p>Using primary and secondary data collection, key-informant interview and focus group discussions with key actors, and walkthroughs to gauge the physical irrigation conditions, the study finds that, among others, majority of the sampled CIS are gravity systems, except in some provinces where there are more pump irrigation systems, coming from lakes, rivers, creeks, springs, runoff, and ground water. While some rivers tapped have adequate flows for irrigation even during the dry seasons, unreliable water supply is a major problem for majority of the CIS that tap water from less dependable water sources, such as small rivers and creeks, or rely on springs and runoff during long dry months. The study suggests that the presence of a dependable surface water source and a good shallow aquifer, as well as the soil type and its suitability to different type of crops, be used as major criteria for irrigation development. On the problem of water supply sources, there should be a concerted and united effort on the part of concerned government agencies and the academe to identify potential sites for diversion dams and storage reservoirs. The Free Irrigation Service Act should also clarify its provisions regarding CIS implementation, among others. |
| Keywords: | irrigation, agriculture, program assessment, communal irrigation systems, Free Irrigation Service Act, FISA |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-02&r= |
| By: | Mitsuyo Ando (Keio University, Japan); Kenta Yamanouchi (Kagawa University, Japan); Fukunari Kimura (Keio University, Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)) |
| Abstract: | Despite its impressive economic growth in the past few decades, India is slow in adopting a task-by-task international division of labour or international production networks (IPNs). Using international trade data for international comparison from multiple angles, this paper visualises the position of India – particularly in machinery IPNs and information and communication technology (ICT) services. Although machinery industries are at the centre of IPNs in East Asia, the paper clearly visualises that India has not yet participated in Factory Asia. Rather, trade data indicate that India is still engaged in import-substituting industrialisation. The paper also argues that ICT services are a strength for the Indian economy, and its competitiveness could be utilised effectively by combining new technologies with traditional industries such as manufacturing. India still has huge potential for utilising the mechanics of a new international division of labour to accelerate economic growth, innovation, and poverty alleviation. |
| Keywords: | International production networks, unbundling, machinery, global value chain (GVC) participation, gravity equation |
| JEL: | F14 F68 O53 |
| Date: | 2021–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2021-14&r= |
| By: | Albert, Jose Ramon G.; Mendoza, Ronald U.; Vizmanos, Jana Flor V.; Cuenca, Janet S.; Muñoz, Mika S. |
| Abstract: | In 2012, the government established a Performance-Based Bonus (PBB) scheme to reward performance, align individual personnel and team-level efforts with agency-wide targets, and improve public service delivery in the Executive Department. The Department of Budget and Management, together with other oversight agencies and the Development Academy of the Philippines, manage the implementation of the PBB using the framework of the Results-Based Performance Management System. They deem it critical to study the effect of the PBB on government efforts to boost productivity and push reforms, as well as government employees’ individual and team-level motivations and productivity, especially given the budgetary implications of the incentive scheme. Prior to this study, a process evaluation of the PBB was conducted to clarify whether and to what extent the PBB worked as planned. This follow-up study examines the possible impact of the PBB by employing mixed methods research drawing on primary and secondary data, undertaking not only a perception-based survey on effects of the PBB on over 1,200 respondents, but also seven focus group discussions with PBB focal points and members of the performance management teams of selected agencies, as well as representatives of oversight agencies. The findings suggest while the PBB has had some design issues and implementation challenges (e.g. changes in eligibility requirements across the years, gaming and dysfunctional behavior), the PBB is generally welcomed across the bureaucracy. Further, there is evidence that the PBB has contributed to boosting individual, team-level and agency-wide improvements in motivation and productivity. Results of the study suggest that PBB could be further re-designed to sharpen its effects on public sector reform. <p> Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. <p> |
| Keywords: | productivity, performance-based bonus, public sector performance, motivation Results-Based Performance Management |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-34&r= |
| By: | Quimba, Francis Mark A.; Barral, Mark Anthony A. |
| Abstract: | International relations is an important aspect in the development of an economy and of a region. It provides economies opportunities to work together to address economic, social, political, environmental, and security issues. It also allows sharing of information, technology, and best practices to help economies progress together. Such cooperation is realized through participation and commitments in regional blocs, such as the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). Exploring the patterns of such cooperation provides an understanding of how APEC has evolved. It also helps APEC identify the course that it may take in the next decades. The quality of cooperation may also reveal how member-economies have fared so far in their participation, as well as their economic or political stance on certain issues. To do such analysis, however, it must be noted that there are pieces of information that cannot be easily discerned by quantitatively analyzing available structured data. Analyzing cooperation may require a different type of methodology. This paper, therefore, explores the concepts and potential uses of content analysis in understanding international cooperation. <p> Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | content analysis, text analysis, international cooperation |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-58&r= |
| By: | Quimba, Francis Mark A.; Rosellon, Maureen Ane D.; Calizo, Sylwyn C. Jr. |
| Abstract: | This study presents the indications of the presence of a digital divide in Asia through indicators for the region and selected Asian countries. The digital divide can be seen as a determinant for the use of digital platforms as material access and skills access affect how these platforms will be used and maximized. Data from a number of countries in Asia show that certain segments of the population have better access (motivational, material, skill, and usage) to computers and the internet. These would include those who live in the urban or more affluent areas, those who are neither too old nor too young to utilize the technology, those who are male, those who are more skilled/educated, and those who have high levels of trust. van Dijk’s model posits that these groups would also be more likely participate in - and benefit from - the platform economy. As noted by van Dijk’s model, the digital platforms will face their own divide, which has already started to manifest in certain platforms. The case of accommodation platforms show that the more commercialized and touristy areas will benefit the most. This will place a wider gap between commercial and touristy areas and its periphery. Other platforms also face trust issues and security issues. Capital platforms will tend to increase the income inequality among individuals as documented by the study of JP Morgan. Meanwhile, those who have assets would tend to earn more from digital platforms. To address the inequality that may be caused by the digital platforms, policy interventions should address not only the provision of material access but also addressing the other forms of divide. <p>Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | gender, inequality, digital divide, platform divide, internet, access |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-30&r= |
| By: | Xunpeng Shi (Australia–China Relations Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Australia); Tsun Se Cheong (Department of Economics and Finance, The Hang Seng University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong); Michael Zhou (Australia–China Relations Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Australia) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the debates on supply chain resilience and the economic and emissions impact of supply chain rerouting using Australia and China trade as an example. The estimations demonstrate that, in both export and import cases, a trade embargo between Australia and China, despite being compensated by alternative supply chains, will cause gross domestic product loss and emissions increases for both countries. Moreover, even if all other countries gain from the markets left by China, many of them suffer from overall gross domestic product loss and emissions increase. The findings that ASEAN and China may also suffer from an Australia–China trade embargo, despite a gain in trade volume, suggests that no country should add fuel to the fire. The results suggest that countries need to defend rules-based trading regimes and continuously promote regional economic integration. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19; supply chain; global value chain; economic integration; Australia; China |
| JEL: | F18 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–07–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2021-20&r= |
| By: | , Dahlia |
| Abstract: | Dalam hal pengertian, Hukum Pasar Modal adalah hukum yang mengatur hubungan hukum antara investor (yang memiliki dana) dengan Emiten atau Perusahaan Publik (yang membutuhkan dana) melalui Bursa Efek sebagai media tempat bertemu; sedangkan Hukum Penanaman Modal adalah hukum yang mengatur tentang bagaimana investor asing yang bermaksud menanamkan modalnya (dalam bidang usaha tertentu) di Indonesia. Penamanan modal ini tentunya bisa dilakukan secara langsung sesuai dengan ketentuan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. Dengan demikian maka terminologi ”pasar” memiliki perbedaan arti dengan terminologi ” penamanan”. Hukum Pasar Modal lebih ditujukan kepada penanaman modal tidak langsung (indirect Investment). |
| Date: | 2021–07–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:xu2pd&r= |
| By: | Cuenca, Janet S. |
| Abstract: | The study analyzes the efficiency implications of fiscal decentralization using stochastic frontier analysis (SFA). It uses health expenditure (in per capita real terms) data from local government units (LGUs) as input. The output variables of interest include access to safe water and sanitation, health facility-based delivery, and access to hospital inpatient services. It also uses LGU income and its major components (i.e., own-source revenue and income revenue allotment, in per capita real terms) as covariates, as well as the health expenditure decentralization ratio, to account for fiscal autonomy on the expenditure side. Two measures of fiscal decentralization were also used as factors affecting efficiency to account for financial/fiscal autonomy of the LGUs on the income side (i.e., the ratio of own-source revenue to expenditures and ratio of own-source revenue to income). Issues on mismatch between local government fiscal capacity and devolved functions, fragmentation of health system, existence of two-track delivery system, and unclear expenditure assignments, among others, inevitably create inefficiency. These issues should be addressed to fully reap the potential benefits (e.g., efficiency gains) from fiscal decentralization, particularly health devolution. |
| Keywords: | efficiency, Philippines, fiscal decentralization, health devolution, stochastic frontier analysis |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-06&r= |
| By: | Tabuga, Aubrey D.; Domingo, Sonny N.; Ulep, Valerie Gilbert T.; Diokno-Sicat, Charlotte Justine |
| Abstract: | The unprecedented coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is the most challenging public health crisis the world has faced in a century. It has overwhelmed global and national health service and disaster management infrastructure and brought economies to a standstill/halt. It serves as both an eye-opener and an impetus to leapfrog reforms to strengthen governance systems and structures. It propels us to innovate and install more forward-looking systems and strategies that will enable us to permanently gain the capacity to survive and win over multiple and complex challenges that we face now and in the future. In the public sector, the pandemic shows the importance of having harmonization and synergy between and among national government agencies and sub-national governments. It has illustrated the importance of investing in digital education, e-commerce, and innovative ways of delivering social protection as well as fostering business innovations to meet fast-changing demand. The literature discusses quite a number of public sector innovations particularly in developed countries and the approaches are combinations of various governance methods, with styles varying depending on the context. Yet on the overall, the public sector has very few models for innovation. This background paper briefly scans the recent literature of public sector innovations and other efforts implemented in the strengthening of governance systems. The goal is to gather insights that may be useful for the Philippines case for enhancing its governance strategies, improving overall performance in service delivery, and building resilience against risks in the long-term. <p>Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, coronavirus disease, disaster management, risk reduction, innovative governance, public sector innovation |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-23&r= |
| By: | Edsel L. Beja, Jr. (Department of Economics, Ateneo de Manila University) |
| Abstract: | The commentary discusses five items pertinent to Palanca-Tan (2021), namely: Easterlin Paradox, Easterlin Hypothesis, happinessincome model, happiness survey question, and happy poor. The goal is to offer clarification and to help enrich the understanding of readers of Palanca-Tan. |
| Keywords: | Easterlin Paradox, Easterlin Hypothesis, Happiness-Income Model, Happiness Survey Question, Happy Poor |
| JEL: | A10 Y20 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agy:dpaper:202104&r= |
| By: | Donny Pasaribu (The Australian National University); Deasy Pane (The National Development Planning Agency, Indonesia); Yudi Suwarna (Jakarta Investment Center, Indonesia) |
| Abstract: | As people’s mobility determines the spread of COVID-19 virus, this paper scrutinises factors that drive their mobility responses during the pandemic. Utilising Google mobility data, labour force statistics and daily COVID-19 data, this study finds that mobility changes are induced by various heterogeneous behavioural responses across provinces in Indonesia. Variations in the pre-pandemic labour structure, people’s perception of health risks and local policy settings define the mobility changes. In addition, behavioural responses are larger in the early pandemic phase, indicating the importance of arrangements to manage the situation in the early period. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19,Google mobility, employment structure |
| JEL: | R23 I19 O33 |
| Date: | 2021–06–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2021-13&r= |
| By: | Serafica, Ramonette B.; Bayudan-Dacuycuy, Connie; Baje, Lora Kryz C.; Orbeta, Aniceto C. Jr. |
| Abstract: | The emergence of digital labor platforms has broadened market work opportunities although certain segments of the population, such as women and those belonging to the younger generation may be naturally drawn to platform or online work. This has important implications on skill formation and human capital development, especially in countries where online work is mostly found at the lower end of the value chain. In addition, this may result in the widening gaps in terms of social protection coverage and may cause social protection schemes to become unsustainable. This paper aims to investigate these issues in the context of making online work a sustainable form of work. <p>Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | social protection, Philippines, Online work, digital labor platforms, skills formation |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-27&r= |
| By: | Abrigo, Michael R.M. |
| Abstract: | The study uses incidence analysis to examine the financial costs and benefits from the Philippine’s National Health Insurance Program (NHIP) through the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) that accrue to different age groups and socio-economic classes. It finds that premium contributions to and benefits payment by PhilHealth are both pro-poor. As a public transfers program, PhilHealth reallocates resources from higher to lower income population. As a pseudo-pension program, it transfers resources from workers to finance health care of retirees. As a health insurance, its premium contributions are not actuarially fair given the benefits it provides. Over the course of an average Filipino’s lifetime, the NHIP is estimated to lose about 40 centavos for every peso an individual contributes directly or indirectly as premium to PhilHealth. <p> Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | social health insurance, Philippines, National Transfer Account, Benefit incidence analysis, Cost incidence analysis |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-51&r= |
| By: | Reyes, Celia M.; Domingo, Sonny N.; Agbon, Adrian D.; Olaguera, Ma. Divina C.; Umlas, Anna Jennifer L.; Zuluaga, Katrina Mae C. |
| Abstract: | The province of Benguet holds a competitive advantage in the production of cut flowers because of its unique weather and climate; however, the access to and use of information on weather and climate phenomena in agricultural decision making is not guaranteed despite its provision. This presents a critical issue to examine given that the changing climate situation in the region could adversely affect production and living standards without reliable sources of information for the same. In this paper, the researchers thus aimed to explore the barriers in the applications of weather and climate information to cut flower production in Atok, Benguet. It was found that while barriers also exist on the side of hydrometeorological information producers’ dissemination of information, there also exist significant financial, infrastructural and capacity barriers that include lack of working capital to implement optimal decision alternatives dictated by adverse weather conditions, the lack of reliable phone service and power to disseminate and access the information, and the absence of forecasts translated into the vernacular or laymanized. |
| Keywords: | agriculture, Philippines, weather and climate information, Cut flower production, smallholder farming |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-10&r= |
| By: | Baje, Lora Kryz C.; Ballesteros, Marife M.; Bayuday-Dacuycuy, Connie; Ancheta, Jenica A. |
| Abstract: | Cognizant of the value and contribution, as well as of the challenges in the agricultural finance, the government has intensified its lending programs designed to help the agricultural sector, specifically, the smallholders. Thus, affordable and easy access retail lending has intensified in recent years. Despite these efforts, significant problems remain. These include the lack of markets and low prices, which have significant implications on the overall repayment capacity and credit rating of the small farmer and fisherfolk (SFF). Indeed, these lending programs are unlikely to become successful if financing and production are not viewed in the bigger context of a value chain financing. Thus, this paper looks into the SFF’s financing ecosystem and provides recommendations on how the existing value chain financing can become more inclusive and sustainable. <p>Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | agriculture, Philippines, agricultural financing, agricultural value chain financing, small farmer and fisherfolk |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-38&r= |
| By: | sari, Ade Indah |
| Abstract: | This research explored the social entrepreneurship factors to reduce the rate of unemployment in North Sumatra Indonesia. Social entrepreneurship is built through four main elements, namely social value, civil society, innovation, and economic activity. Through the element of innovation, a new form of social entrepreneurship was discovered. Theoretical reviews of social entrepreneurship practices that have been applied in various elements of civil society show innovation elements. An effort to overcome unemployment in Medan Municipality many forms of Social Entrepreneurships were analyzed. Social entrepreneurship that is most appropriately adopted in the city of Medan to reduce unemployment is to empower young women. It concluded that the synergic forms of Social Entrepreneurship with universities, banking institutions and the government, elements of social entrepreneurship including social value, civil society, innovation and economic activity |
| Date: | 2021–07–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:eynqs&r= |
| By: | alifianto, firman |
| Abstract: | Penelitian yang kami lakukan disini dilatar belakangi karena berbagai masalah yang berhubungan dengan perdagangan bisnis dan pengembangan SDM. Penanganan masalah yang berkaitan dengan hal tersebut harus perlu didukung juga dengan adanya sumber-sumber daya yang kualitasnya pun perlu ditingkatkan secara terus-menerus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan pengembangan sumber daya manusia yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan ini serta pegawainya dari tahun 1997 melalui program pelatihan minimal selama 1 bulan atau maksimal selama 3 bulan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif yang dilaksanakan di Kota Tulungagung. Penulis menggunakan teknik Purposive Sampling dengan menunjuk dari beberapa informan yang lebih memiliki pemahaman lebih mendalam dari permasalahan yang diteliti. Hasil dari penelitian yang kami peroleh dari riset adalah berupa data dari hasil wawancara bahwa Pemahaman dan kesadaran masyarakat maupun perusahaan yang melakukan transaksi pajak dalam pemenuhan kewajiban pajak penghasilan masih kurang yang mana meskipun mengetahui bahwa penghasilan yang diperoleh melalui transaksi pajak merupakan objek pajak, tetap saja baik masyarakat dan perusahaan tersebut tidak mendaftarkan diri untuk mendapatkan NPWP, melaksanakan kewajiban pemenuhan pajaknya dengan tidak memasukkan penghasilan dari transaksi pajak yang dilakukan ke dalam SPT tahunannya. Bahkan ada perusahaan yang tidak mengetahui transaksi pajak yang dilakukannya itu dikenai pajak penghasilan. Wajib pajak sendiri selayaknya memahami pentingnya pemenuhan pajak penghasilannya, karena pajak yang dibayarkan oleh wajib pajak akan digunakan sebagai biaya bagi pembangunan nasional yag dilakukan oleh pemerintah, maka wajib pajak harus memenuhi pajak dalam setiap tahun |
| Date: | 2021–07–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:amxr4&r= |
| By: | Briones, Roehlano M. |
| Abstract: | Much progress has been made in pursuing liberalization of agricultural trade in the Philippines. However, some significant tariff and non-tariff barriers remain. This study evaluates the economic impacts of completing the agenda of policy reform by removal of these remaining trade barriers. Scenario analysis using computable general equilibrium modeling finds that trade liberalization is associated with a more rapid expansion in imports and a wider agricultural trade deficit; slower growth of agricultural GDP and wages; higher overall GDP and higher industry- fiscal position and national savings. Liberalization radically accelerates growth of imports for Hogs, and Sugar, while slowing down export contraction of Coconut, Banana, Mango, and most other exports. It slows down output growth of most import substituting goods, while accelerating output growth of export-oriented sectors. Trade liberalization also accelerates growth in per capita consumption, as well as total per capita expenditure. Lastly, it increases social welfare, though the gain is small in relation to base year expenditure. <p>Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | trade liberalization, agriculture, Tariffs, non-tariff barriers, computable general equilibrium modeling |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-42&r= |
| By: | Orbeta, Aniceto C. Jr.; Potestad, Maropsil V.; Melad, Kris Ann M. |
| Abstract: | To provide evidence on the drivers of the quality of education in the country, this study focuses on the correlates of test performance of 15-year-old students in the Philippines. It aims to quantitatively measure the roles of individual, family, and school characteristics in test performance. It uses the 2018 Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) which include a rich set of student, family, and school characteristics. In addition to the average relationship between the variables provided by ordinary least squares, it also provides an analysis for high and low performing students using quantile regressions. The estimation results show that, in terms of individual characteristics, there is consistent negative correlation between grade repetition, age at start of primary schooling and incidence of bullying and test scores across mathematics, science and reading. For household characteristics, parental occupation and emotional support are positively correlated with test scores. For school characteristics, disciplinary climate provided a consistent positive correlation with test scores. In addition, to these results the paper also found puzzling results that require in-depth studies. The paper also provided recommendations in the light of the estimation results. <p> Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | basic education, K to 12, test scores, PISA, correlates, test performance, junior high school |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-57&r= |
| By: | Afees A. Salisu (Centre for Econometric & Allied Research, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Abeeb Olaniran (Centre for Econometric & Allied Research, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we investigate the effect of oil price uncertainty shock on real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of 33 developed and emerging economies using the Global Vector Autoregressive (VAR) framework that allows us to capture the transmission of global shocks while simultaneously accounting for distinct characteristics of individual countries. Utilizing quarterly data over the period of 1980Q1 to 2019Q2, we show that, in general, oil price uncertainty shock has a statistically significant negative impact on GDP for 28 out of the 33 countries, but with varying magnitude and persistence. Overall though, we find the adverse effect on real GDP to be relatively stronger for the developed group of countries than the emerging ones. Hence, our results suggest that policymakers must be ready to undertake expansionary policies (of varying order) in the wake of an oil price uncertainty shock to prevent deep recessions, except in the cases of Norway, Philippines and Saudi Arabia, for which output tends to increase in a statistically significant manner. |
| Keywords: | Oil price uncertainty shock, Real GDP, GVAR |
| JEL: | C32 E32 Q02 |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202153&r= |
| By: | Yose Rizal Damuri (Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Indonesia); Prabaning Tyas (Tenggara Strategics, Indonesia); Haryo Aswicahyono (Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Indonesia); Lionel Priyadi (Tenggara Strategics, Indonesia); Stella Kusumawardhani (Tenggara Strategics, Indonesia); Ega Kurnia Yazid (Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Indonesia) |
| Abstract: | A timely and reliable prediction of economic activities is crucial in policymaking, especially in the current COVID-19 pandemic situation, which requires real-time decisions. However, making frequent predictions is challenging due to the substantial delays in releasing aggregate economic data. This study aims to nowcast Indonesia’s economic activities during the COVID-19 pandemic using the novel high-frequency Facebook Mobility Index as a predictor. Employing mixed-frequency, mixed-data sampling, and benchmark least-squares models, we expanded the mobility index and used it to track the growth dynamics of the gross regional domestic product of provinces in Java and Bali and performed a bottom-up approach to estimate the aggregated economic growth of the provinces altogether. Our results suggested that the daily Facebook Mobility Index was a considerably reliable predictor for projecting economic activities on time. All models almost consistently produced reliable directional predictions. Notably, we found the mixed data sampling-autoregressive model to be slightly superior to the other models in terms of overall precision and directional predictive accuracy across observations. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, nowcasting, GDP, mobility, Mixed-frequency |
| JEL: | C20 C53 R11 |
| Date: | 2021–07–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2021-18&r= |
| By: | Amaliah, Nur Indah |
| Abstract: | Pasar imodal imerupakan isalah isatu iindikator ipertumbuhan iekonomi isebuah inegara. iPerkembangan ipasar imodal isekarang iini isangat icepat isebagai ialternatif iuntuk iindividu iatau iperorangan iberinvestasi. iPerkembangan ipasar imodal ikonvensional iyang isangat icepat iternyata ipada ikenyataannya ibanyak imenimbulkan iunsur ispekulatif idalam ikegiatannya. iHal iini iyang iterjadi ipada ipasar imodal idi iAmerika iSerikat idan inegara-negara ilainnya idi idunia.Perkembangan ipasar imodal iyang ipenuh ispekulatif imemunculkan ikeprihatitan ibagi ipelaku idi ipasar imodal imodal. iMaka, isetelah ikemunculan ibank isyariah, ilalu iasuransi isyariah, imaka idirintislah ipasar imodal isyariah iyang idiberi inama iJakarta iIslamic iIndex i(JII) ioleh ipara ipelaku ipasar imodal iyang isesuai isyariah. iPasar imodal isyariah imemberikan ikepada ipara iinvestor irasa ikeamanan idan ikepastian idalam ibertransaksi isesuai idengan ipraktek isyariah, idan iterhindar idari iunsur ispekulatif. iDalam iperkembangannya,Jakarta iIslamic iIndex i(JII) idirubah inamanya imenjadi iIndek iSaham iSyariah iIndonesia i(ISSI). |
| Date: | 2021–07–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:zemp9&r= |
| By: | Daga, Rosnaini |
| Abstract: | Penelitianinibertujuanuntukmengetahuiapakahkualitasprodukdankualitas pelayanankaryawanberpengaruhterhadapminatmenabungnasabahpadaBank RakyatIndonesiaKantorCabangRantepao.Variabelindependenyangdigunakan dalam penelitianiniadalahkualitasprodukdankualitaspelayanan.Sedangkan variabeldependenyangdigunakanadalahminatmenabung.Minatmenabung merupakansuatukeputusanseseorangdimanadiamemilihsalahsatudari beberapaproduktabunganyangdiminati.KualitasprodukdanKualitaspelayanan inimenjadipentingkarenaakanberdampaklangsungpadacitraperusahaan. Kualitas produk dan Kualitas pelayanan yang baik akan menjadisebuah keuntunganbagiperusahaan.Populasiyangdigunakandalam penelitianini adalahnasabahtabunganBRIKantorCabangRantepao,sedangkansampelyang digunakan dalam penelitian iniadalah random sampling yaitu pengambilan anggotasampelsecaraacak |
| Date: | 2021–07–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:tf5yr&r= |
| By: | Ibrahim D. Raheem (The EXCAS, Liege, Beligium); Kazeem B. Ajide (University of Lagos, Nigeria); Xuan V. Vo (University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam) |
| Abstract: | The trilogy among economic growth, social capital (SC), and financial development is examined based on three hypotheses: first, SC is important in the finance-growth nexus. Second, there is a threshold effect of SC in the finance-growth nexus. Third, the SC-finance-growth trilogy depends on the countries' income level. Building dataset for 70 countries,someinteresting results were obtained: (i) the marginal effects of both SC and finance promotes economic growth at higher levels; (ii)there is evidence of a threshold effect of SC, as finance enhances more growth when SC is below the threshold level; (iii) higher-income countries tend not to benefit from the SC-finance-growth trilogy. These results suggest that the influence of SC on growth trajectory is exaggerated in the literature. The study recommends that policymakers should pursue other sources of economic growth aside SC, while ensuring that the level of SC does not deteriorate. |
| Keywords: | Economic growth, Financial development, Social capital, and Threshold effect |
| JEL: | O43 G20 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:21/050&r= |
| By: | Inocencio, Arlene B.; Inocencio, Albert Dale |
| Abstract: | This paper synthesizes the results and findings of the four component studies under the resurgent irrigation development assessment: the technical and institutional assessments of national and communal irrigation systems, the water resource assessment, as well as the governance components. This synthesis is structured according to the research questions posed to the component studies along the project cycle. The first two components provided technical and institutional evaluations of selected national and communal irrigation systems from Luzon to Mindanao from project identification to preparation, appraisal, and selection; to project implementation, operations maintenance, and monitoring and evaluation. The water resources component of the study assessed irrigation service areas as originally planned/designed and compared them to the actual service areas with respect to water availability, land use (including flood vulnerability), and status of irrigation facilities. The governance component, on the other hand, discussed and analyzed the governance mechanisms for the irrigation sector and the irrigation project from planning to monitoring and evaluation. |
| Keywords: | water policy, communal irrigation systems, water governance, technical and institutional assessments, irrigation management, national irrigation systems |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-21&r= |