|
on South East Asia |
| By: | naryono, endang (STIE PASIM SUKABUMI) |
| Abstract: | The national covid-19 vaccination program carried out is still on a limited scale and is still below the target set by the government, especially compared to the population in Indonesia, this has resulted in the very highest Covid-19 growth rate, even the highest in Southeast Asia with one of the highest mortality ratios in the world in above 2.5%. The obstacle faced by the government is the limited number of vaccines imported from China, Europe and America, which incidentally are countries affected by COVID-19. then the uneven distribution of the covid-19 vaccine, this is due to the wide area of the country with uneven infrastructure facilities so that not all vaccinations can be carried out in sub-districts or out of town. This results in the low number of people being vaccinated and the last is the lack of socialization, education and training. distribution of information about the importance of being vaccinated against covid-19 so that many people refuse to be vaccinated, and do not understand the importance and benefits of having a vaccine for covid-19. This is a big gamble for Indonesia in dealing with COVID-19, which is getting more and more frightening with the discovery of a new variant resulting from a mutation that is much more deadly. This covid-19 vaccination is an absolute must and must be successful because if this fails it will result in a frightening humanitarian disaster, breaking the chain of distribution with strict rules and sanctions against the community in implementing the Health protocol must be carried out continuously and continuously |
| Date: | 2021–06–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:h842s&r= |
| By: | Zahra, Sufiani |
| Abstract: | Perbankan syariah atau perbankan Islam adalah suatu sistem perbankan yang pelaksanaannya berdasarkan hukum Islam. Di dalam perbankan itu sendiri sudah diatur ataupun sudah ditetapkan hukum perbankan itu sendiri. Negara kita Indonesia telah memiliki perangkat hukum yang cukup dalam mengatur hukum perbankan itu, diantaranya UU no.21 tahun 2008 tentang perbankan syariah, UU no.23 tahun 1999 tentang Bank Indonesia, selanjutnya ada Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti UU Republik Indonesia no.2 tahun 2008 tentang perubahan kedua atas UU no.23 tahun 1999 tentang Bank Indonesia. |
| Date: | 2021–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:8xy3u&r= |
| By: | , defrizal; MAGDALENA, FELICIA |
| Abstract: | Tujuan dilakukan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh tingkat perputaran kas, perputaran persediaan pada profitabilitas PT Mustika Ratu Tbk yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2007- 2017,serta untuk mengetahui pengaruh tingkat perputaran kas dan perputaran persediaan terhadap profitabilitas secara parsial maupun simultan pada PT Mustika Ratu yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2007 -2017. Variabel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari variabel independen dan dependen, variabel independen yang digunakan adalah perputaran kas dan perputaran persediaan, variabel dependen yang digunakan adalah profitabilitas. Periode penelitian ini yaitu dari tahun 2007 sampai dengan 2017. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder yang diperoleh dari Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI). Metode yang digunakan yaitu pengujian statistik dengan analisis regresi berganda dengan menggunakan Eviews 9. Hasil Penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa perputaran kas secara parsial berpengaruh negatif terhadap profitabilitas, perputaran persediaan secara parsial berpengaruh positif terhadap profitabilitas. Secara simultan Perputaran kas dan perputaran persediaan berpengaruh terhadap profitabilitas. |
| Date: | 2021–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:9yua3&r= |
| By: | Giao, Ha Nam Khanh; Vuong, Bui Nhat; Phuong, Nguyen Ngoc Duy; Dat, Ngo Tan |
| Abstract: | The objective of the present study is to explore the factors affecting domestic tourists’ satisfaction with the quality of ecotourism services. Survey data collected from 457 visitors visiting Mekong Delta, Vietnam were analyzed to provide evidence. Results from multiple regression analysis using SPSS software have determined that Food and beverage Shopping & entertainment services, Perceived price, Nature destination landscape, Security and Safety, Transportation had positive associations with domestic travelers’ satisfaction. Besides, this research also showed that female tourists tend to be more satisfied than male tourists. The main findings of this study provide practical implications for travel agencies and tourism managers. It implies that they should improve these factors in order to maintain and enhance domestic tourist satisfaction with the quality of ecotourism services in Mekong Delta, Vietnam. |
| Date: | 2021–06–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:vxg9r&r= |
| By: | Praptiwi, Rahma Nur |
| Abstract: | Buku ini merupakan kumpulan dari 3 penelitian yang dilakukan oleh penulis, yaitu reaksi saham pada peristiwa Pemilihan Presiden Indonesia tahun 2014, Pemilihan Kepala Daerah di Indonesia tahun 2015, dan Pemilihan Presiden Amerika Serikat Tahun 2020. Meskipun telah berusaha untuk menghindarkan kesalahan, penulis menyadari juga bahwa buku ini masih butuh penyempurnaan sehingga penulis berharap agar pembaca berkenan menyampaikan kritikan. Akhir kata, penulis berharap agar buku ini dapat membawa manfaat kepada pembaca. Secara khusus, penulis berharap semoga buku ini dapat memfasilitasi pembelajaran dan kajian khususnya terkait event study. |
| Date: | 2021–07–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:jbu5w&r= |
| By: | rahmadanti, wina illirian sevi |
| Abstract: | In Indonesia itself, MSMEs are large in Indonesia economy, MSMEs are the largest contributors to GDP, most absorbing labor, as well as relatively resistant to financial crises. |
| Date: | 2021–06–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:2hn9z&r= |
| By: | Quimba, Francis Mark A.; Barral, Mark Anthony A.; Mark Anthony A. |
| Abstract: | The Japan-Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement (JPEPA), the first bilateral FTA that the Philippines entered into, aims to facilitate and promote free transborder flow of goods, services, capital, and people between the two countries. This paper explores the use of synthetic control method to understand the effects of JPEPA on Philippine exports. The results reveal that the Philippines benefited from the JPEPA as determined by the difference in the actual exports and the counterfactual exports. |
| Keywords: | JPEPA, Japan-Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement, Free Trade Agreement, transborder flow of goods, Philippine exports |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:pjdevt:pjd_2018_vol__45_no__1b&r= |
| By: | Bautista, Mark Edison Q.; Manzano, George N. |
| Abstract: | This study examines the survivability of Philippine micro, small, and medium enterprises’ (MSMEs) exports to select countries within the frameworks of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Boracay Action Agenda to Globalize MSMEs and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Strategic Action Plan for SME Development. It documents the survival rate and duration of Philippine exported goods and shows that most export relationships of the Philippines are brief. It also finds that MSMEs, on average, account for a more significant number of the Philippines’ export relations than large establishments. |
| Keywords: | MSMEs, export, micro, small, and medium enterprises, survival analysis, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Boracay Action Agenda to Globalize MSMEs, Association of Southeast Asian Nations Strategic Action Plan for SME Development |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:pjdevt:pjd_2018_vol__45_no__1c&r= |
| By: | Various Authors |
| Abstract: | This volume of the Philippine Journal of Development consists of articles on social housing, the Japan-Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement (JPEPA), export relationships of local enterprises, and water demand management. The first article examines the roles that local housing boards in the country’s highly urbanized cities play in bringing effective social housing services for the poor. Using the synthetic control method, the second article evaluates the effects of JPEPA on Philippine trade 10 years after it was signed by both countries. The third article analyzes the duration of Philippine micro, small, and medium enterprises’ export relationships with select countries, particularly its Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and Association of Southeast Asian Nations peers. The last article reviews water demand among households in Carcar City, Cebu, and recommends hard and soft mechanisms that can be adopted by the local government, water district, and individuals to better manage water consumption in the area. |
| Keywords: | micro, small, and medium enterprises, trade, MSMEs, Cebu, export, JPEPA, social housing, Japan-Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement, household water |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:pjdevt:pjd_2018_vol__45_no__1x&r= |
| By: | Nelson, Katherine; Sander, Bjoern Ole; Yen, Bui Tan |
| Abstract: | The agriculture sector contributes significantly to national greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries. Rice is a major contributor to methane emissions in Asia and many countries have recognized the potential to reduce emissions by including rice in their nationally determined contributions. This guide serves to bridge the gap in knowledge on developing and implementing action plans to achieve the ambitious targets to reduce emissions in rice. With a focus on Vietnam, this guide describes methods and tools for research organizations to support national governments to plan, finance, and implement mitigation actions in the rice sector. |
| Date: | 2021–07–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:8mzcj&r= |
| By: | Anisuzzaman Chowdhury (Adjunct Professor, Western Sydney University & The University of New South Wales (Canberra campus)) |
| Abstract: | This paper has four objectives. First, it assesses progress made by Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar (CML) towards graduating from their Least Developed Countries (LDC) status, and summarizes potential impacts from the loss of International Support Measures (ISMs) on the “smooth†and “sustainable†transition after graduating, especially in the context of new challenges arising from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and rising trade tensions. Second, it examines the extent of these economies diversification and identifies impediments to structural transformation. Third, it reflects on possible pathways to structural transformation and recommends strategies for building productive capacity and resilience to external shocks, highlighting the role of regional cooperation in this regard. Fourth, it identifies areas needing capacity building support from the international community, including the United Nations Sustainable Development System (UNSDS), in particular the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). The paper takes the view that “smooth†and “sustainable†graduation critically depends on acquiring productive capacity for dynamic structural transformation of the economy. |
| Keywords: | structural transformation, LDC graduation, Colonavirus disease, COVID-19 impacts, least developed countries |
| JEL: | O11 O14 O57 P52 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:wpmpdd:wp/21/07&r= |
| By: | Zhenqian Huang (Macroeconomic Policy and Financing for Development Division, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific); Sweta C. Saxena (Macroeconomic Policy and Financing for Development Division, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific) |
| Abstract: | Governments in the Asia-Pacific region are taking administrative and policy actions to cope with COVID-19 pandemic and its adverse impacts. Most countries and territories have adopted travel restrictions and social distancing policies to slow the spread of the disease. While many countries have rolled out fiscal and monetary stimulus packages, their scale and policy focus differ depending on their national circumstances, implementation capacities and how severely they have been affected by COVID-19 disease. In going forward, the region needs to invest in health and social protection systems and embed long-term sustainability into stimulus packages and recovery policies in order to strengthen resilience to future shocks. Policy coordination across countries is critical to ensure that no one is left behind. |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:pbmpdd:pb112&r= |
| By: | Salas, J.M. Ian S.; Herrin, Alejandro N.; Abrigo, Michael R.M.; Racelis, Rachel H.; Ortiz, Danica A.P.; Tam, Zhandra C. |
| Abstract: | The Philippines is slowly ageing. In a little over a decade, the country’s elderly will comprise at least 7 percent of the total population. This rising tide may pose some substantial burden on the country’s resources. Nonetheless, the same economic and demographic forces that will eventually lead to population ageing may also provide potentials for economic growth. This paper documents the country’s historical experience of the demographic dividend using new National Transfer Account time-series estimates for the Philippines. These estimates also reflect how the interaction between public policy and population ageing may affect household welfare and fiscal balance in the foreseeable future. |
| Keywords: | National Transfer Accounts, demographic dividend, Philippines, population, ageing population |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:rpseri:rps_2020-02&r= |
| By: | Rosellon, Maureen Ane, D. |
| Abstract: | Electric Vehicles (EVs) have gained attention globally as countries pursue the use of alternative technologies that reduce harmful emissions, climate-related effects and reliance on the use of fossil fuels. In the Philippines, policies and programs in support of the EV industry have been implemented, while a pending legislation awaits enactment. In an attempt to contribute insights to the policy discussion on EVs, the study examines the EV industry in the Philippines, current regulations, and challenges faced by the industry. The study finds strengths and opportunities in the EV industry, which include positive industry outlook and prospects for manufacturing in the supply chain. It also identifies weaknesses and threats related to technology utilization and competition. The study also presents recommendations to take advantage of the industry's potentials. <p>Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | electric vehicles, clean technology, clean energy |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2021-15&r= |
| By: | Zeinab Elbeltagy (Intern, Macroeconomic and Financing for Development Division, UNESCAP); Zenathan Hasannudin (Macroeconomic Policy and Financing for Development Division, UNESCAP) |
| Abstract: | Access to finance has been found crucial in influencing firms’ real activities and economic performance.This paper investigates the relationship between the financing structure and firm performance by explor-ing a unique panel dataset of 59,968 Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) operating in the manufacturingsector in Indonesia over the 2010-2015 period. We collected a rich set of information about source ofloans to assess the firm performance using yearly total factor productivity (TFP) and labor productivityof each firm. We then examined whether more financing options available to women entrepreneurshipimproves firm performance. Our results show that financial factors are highly decisive to firms’ TFPand labor productivity. The MSEs which have access to external formal financing directly improvesproductivity at the firm level. Moreover, the study finds a significant underperformance of firms ownedby women entrepreneurs compared to those owned by men entrepreneurs. Nevertheless, we found thatwomen entrepreneurs who have access to formal financing improve their firm’s performance. The effectsof finance on productivity are also linked to the firm’s ownership, education, size and age. Our resultsare robust as demonstrated through the use of different approaches. These results provide support forpolicymakers to alleviate credit constraints to enhance productivity of micro and small enterprises andespecially woman entrepreneurship in Indonesia. |
| Keywords: | Total factor productivity, inclusive financing, woman entrepreneurship |
| JEL: | G21 J16 L25 L26 N65 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:wpmpdd:wp/20/09&r= |
| By: | Diokno-Sicat, Charlotte Justine; Mariano, Maria Alma P. |
| Abstract: | In a developing country such as the Philippines, social protection is crucial in providing support to the poor and vulnerable. There has been recent progress in the design and delivery of social protection programs, owing largely to a more coherent social protection strategy and framework introduced in 2009. Efforts to consolidate programs and improve their targeting, design, and implementation are well documented. In addition, social protection programs were believed to have contributed to an observed reduction in poverty and inequality. However, more work is needed to increase the coverage, as well as improve the implementation and coherence of social protection policy. This paper aims to provide an overall view of national government social protection expenditures in the Philippines. Public expenditure trends in social protection were examined, with emphasis on selected major programs. Social protection efforts in the Philippines were compared with those in other countries and a review of existing literature on current social protection programs in the country was made to guide policymakers in rethinking either the design or the existence of these programs. The paper concluded with recent developments in social protection policy that could be continued to further the gains of social protection efforts in the last decade. |
| Keywords: | social safety nets, social protection, public expenditure, social insurance, labor market intervention, implicit subsidy |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:rpseri:rps_2021-01&r= |
| By: | Navarro, Adoracion M.; Reyes, Celia M.; Francisco, Kris A. |
| Abstract: | This common country assessment update for the Philippines underpins the sustainable development partnership framework for the Philippines and the United Nations (UN). Taking off from the analysis of the national baseline on sustainable development goals (SDGs) and progress in the SDGs, this report employs UN’s approach of framing the sustainable development outcomes under three pillars, namely, people, prosperity and planet, and peace. The report dissects the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) impacts and trajectories of the sustainable development outcomes under each pillar. COVID-19 impacts are anticipated to result in a regression in human development capacities and opportunities. These are also expected to thwart economic prosperity, change consumption behavior, and affect the environment. Delays in peacekeeping activities and fiscal resources realignments might also affect the communities that are trying to recover from violence and armed conflicts, especially in Mindanao. To mitigate further regression in development, the report recommends the following, among others: for the people pillar, governance improvements in areas such as social welfare programs delivery to vulnerable groups; for the prosperity and planet pillar, science-based policy strategies that will consider the current problems exposed by the pandemic, as well as incorporate the timeliness of the policy responses; and for the peace pillar, the continued cooperation between the national government and the Bangsamoro government in ensuring that the recently gained peace dividends are protected and stakeholders do not slide back on their commitments. <p>Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | United Nations, COVID-19, SDGs, human development, prosperity and planet, peace, people |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2021-06&r= |
| By: | Zhenqian Huang (Macroeconomic Policy and Financing for Development Division, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific); Sweta C. Saxena (Macroeconomic Policy and Financing for Development Division, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific) |
| Abstract: | Asia and the Pacific is facing its worst economic contraction at least since the 1970s due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The consequent economic weakness is likely to set back the region’s socio-economic progress and is predicted to push a significant number of people into unemployment and poverty while increasing inequality. Although slowdown in economic activities has provided some breathing space to the environment, such a benefit could turn out to be temporary. The region faces a difficult path to recovery, due to deepened existing vulnerabilities that include weak economic conditions and other exogenous shocks. These challenging times call for unprecedented relief and stimulus policies and offer an opportunity for countries to align their socio-economic policies with the 2030 Agenda to ensure a more inclusive, greener and more resilient future. Such policies include increasing investments in Sustainable Development Goals and strengthening governance to improve investment efficiency. Climate resilience should be built into investment projects. Regulatory changes could catalyze such efforts to “build forward better”. Partnership with local, national and international stakeholders is critical for Governments to support this development transition. |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:pbmpdd:pb115&r= |
| By: | Zhenqian Huang (Macroeconomic Policy and Financing for Development Division, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific); Lulu Zhao (Intern, Macroeconomic Policy and Financing for Development Division, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific) |
| Abstract: | COVID-19 and the oil prices crash induced by it have imposed a double whammy on fuel-exporting countries in Asia and the Pacific. Compared to other countries, they are likely to experience greater economic weaknesses, as they face not only slowdown in economic activities, but also revenue shortfalls, deteriorating export earnings and capital flight, and depreciation pressure on currencies due to lower-than-expected oil prices. To cope with the immediate negative impacts of COVID-19, countries have introduced timely and necessary large and targeted fiscal and monetary policy measures. However, these immediate policy measures should not take the policy attention away from the long over-due and much-needed structural economic transformation in fuelexporting countries. Excessive dependence on fuels, especially oil, has kept these countries very vulnerable to the commodity boom and bust cycles.Therefore, when designing economic recovery packages, countries should also embed long-term sustainability considerations by introducing measures that can help them diversify their economies and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:pbmpdd:pb113&r= |
| By: | Zhenqian Huang (Macroeconomic Policy and Financing for Development Division, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific); Sweta C. Saxena (Macroeconomic Policy and Financing for Development Division, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific) |
| Abstract: | Asia and the Pacific is facing its worst economic contraction at least since the 1970s due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The consequent economic weakness is likely to set back the region’s socio-economic progress and is predicted to push a significant number of people into unemployment and poverty while increasing inequality. Although slowdown in economic activities has provided some breathing space to the environment, such a benefit could turn out to be temporary. The region faces a difficult path to recovery, due to deepened existing vulnerabilities that include weak economic conditions and other exogenous shocks. These challenging times call for unprecedented relief and stimulus policies and offer an opportunity for countries to align their socio-economic policies with the 2030 Agenda to ensure a more inclusive, greener and more resilient future. Such policies include increasing investments in Sustainable Development Goals and strengthening governance to improve investment efficiency. Climate resilience should be built into investment projects. Regulatory changes could catalyze such efforts to “build forward better”. Partnership with local, national and international stakeholders is critical for Governments to support this development transition. |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:pbmpdd:pb114&r= |
| By: | Henrik Hansen (Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark); S Kanayade (CESD, Myanmar); John Rand (Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark); Neda Trifkovic (Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark) |
| Abstract: | Using linked employer-worker panel data from Myanmar, we estimate wage returns to workplace training. First, we document a low prevalence of training in manufacturing enterprises. Second, we find the wage premium associated with training of about 7%, which is in the range found in other South-East Asian countries. Third, we show that workplace training is offered selectively to workers and when this is the case, the wage gap between trained and untrained workers doubles. Fourth, we find that previous training does not contribute to higher present wage, which indicates low transferability of workplace training in Myanmar. While this setup may benefit employers, workers get short-lived benefits from training, which do not carry throughout the working life. Fifth, we find a convex profile of the returns to training with respect to education and that specific industries such as food, apparel and printing lend themselves more to the benefits from training. Considering the wage return as a lower bound of productivity gains from training, our results suggest that government support of workplace training programs could help increase performance of the manufacturing sector in Myanmar. |
| Keywords: | training, wage, manufacturing, myanmar |
| JEL: | J31 J16 M53 O53 |
| Date: | 2021–07–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kud:kuderg:2110&r= |
| By: | Ly Dai Hung (Vietnam Institute of Economics, Hanoi, Vietnam) |
| Abstract: | The paper analyzes the development pathway of Quang Nam province in comparison with the whole economy, based on the dynamics of three strategic breakthroughs including institution, human capital and infrastructure. The research method combines qualitative and quantitative analysis, based on a sample of 63 provinces in Vietnam covering the 2010-2019 period. The qualitative results show that Quang Nam has remarkable achievements with higher economic growth and more equal income distribution than the country average. Moreover, according to the quantitative results, Quang Nam has a better income convergence than the prediction by empirical models based on three strategic breakthroughs. |
| Keywords: | Economic of Regions and Provinces,Quang Nam,Economic Development,Cross-Section Regression |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03265162&r= |
| By: | Various Authors |
| Abstract: | This volume of the Philippine Journal of Development features articles on migration, performance and competitiveness of local small and medium enterprises (SMEs), trade and investments, and energy. The first article examines how Filipinos' social standing, migration culture and history, and perceptions of the government collectively influence their intentions to migrate, particularly for employment reasons. The second article looks into the benefits of supply chain integration for local SMEs and their stakeholders while the third article focuses on the likely effects of China's massive infrastructure project, the Belt and Road Initiative, on Philippine trade and investment. Concluding this issue is an article that reviews the country’s legal and regulatory framework for distributed energy resources. It gives recommendations on how the Philippines can adapt to current trends in the global energy sector especially in small-scale power generation and storage technologies. |
| Keywords: | migration, energy, , micro, small, and medium enterprises, Philippine trade, SMEs competitiveness |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:pjdevt:pjd_2017_vol__44_no__2x&r= |
| By: | Cuenca, Janet S. |
| Abstract: | The issues and challenges in taxation in the digital economy stem from the complex and multifaceted nature of the digital economy. Reaching a common understanding and measurement of its size and impact is critical in devising a tax regime for the digital economy. In APEC Secretariat (2019), the Philippines identified the major barriers and challenges (i.e., scoping and measurement of the digital economy, the regulatory and legal framework--including sandboxes and digital infrastructure gap) to implementing structural reforms relating to the digital economy. It also identified the major policy gaps in terms of its regulatory and legal framework, competition policy, internet infrastructure improvements, and consumer education on digital economy. The opportunities and challenges that the digital economy brings are particularly important for developing countries, including the Philippines. Thus, it is deemed critical for the Philippine government to eliminate the barriers and challenges and address the identified policy gaps to fully reap the benefits from the digital economy. Also, the need for development strategies cannot be overemphasized. This paper argues that development strategies should first focus on developing domestic digital capacities. <p>Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | taxation, ICT, Digital Economy, information and communication technology, e-commerce, platform economy, digitalized economy, electronic commerce, digital tax, base erosion and profit shiftin, BEPS ? |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2021-08&r= |
| By: | Ballesteros, Marife M.; Ancheta, Jenica A. |
| Abstract: | This study documents the application of participatory governance for social housing in the Philippines through the local housing boards (LHBs), which are seen to have a crucial role in the adoption of inclusive social housing programs and policies. It shows that local government units (LGUs) vary in their implementation of the LHBs. For instance, the LHBs that serve only as clearinghouses for the eviction and demolition activities of some LGUs have a limited role as an institution for participatory governance. On the other hand, social housing policies and projects that cater to the poor are evident among LGUs with functioning LHBs. |
| Keywords: | land use, social housing, participatory governance, local housing board |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:pjdevt:pjd_2018_vol__45_no__1a&r= |
| By: | Zhenqian Huang (Macroeconomic Policy and Financing for Development Division, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific); Christopher Cho Shim (Intern, Macroeconomic Policy and Financing for Development Division, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific) |
| Abstract: | To cope with the socio-economic impact of COVID-19, countries have sought help from multilateral development banks (MDBs) and international financial institutions (IFIs). As of end-September 2020, MDBs and IFIs have committed close to $40 billion worth of financing for Asia-Pacific countries. Over half of the amount is committed by such institutions from the region. This financial support initially focused on enhancing the capacity of public health systems and then gradually shifted to fostering economic recovery. However, MDBs and IFIs’ financial support remains insufficient. Lending to cope with COVID-19 falls short of that during the Global Financial Crisis of 2008. Built-in austerity conditions of the loans could reverse the hard-earned recovery gains and impair sustainable development prospects. Actions will be needed to strengthen MDBs/IFIs’ financing capacity, stop or reduce built-in fiscal austerity, and enhance countries’ spending to recover and build long-term sustainability and resilience. |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:pbmpdd:pb117&r= |
| By: | Tabuga, Aubrey D. |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes intention formation as an important part of migration decisionmaking process among prospective migrants. Bringing out the nuances and examining factors that facilitate premigration decisionmaking process may be useful in designing efforts to anticipate or even influence migration flows. Using primary data, this study analyzes the role of individuals’ perceptions of their households’ wellbeing and the prevailing political and economic environment in their area. The results show that their migration intentions are nuanced. While some respondents formed more decisive intentions to migrate, others indicated weak desire to seek opportunities abroad in the future. This study finds that having a more decisive migration plan is correlated with age, being male, having prior migration experience, existing household migration culture, and low level of satisfaction with the welfare of one’s household. |
| Keywords: | migration, international migration, migration decision, migration survey |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:pjdevt:pjd_2017_vol__44_no__2a&r= |
| By: | Titalessy, Pisi Bethania |
| Abstract: | The problem of climate change is increasingly global and results in environmental damage due to the use of fossil energy in human activities. An increasing population will make energy consumption increase and can make things worse. Therefore, it is necessary to replace old energy with alternative energy that is more environmentally friendly and makes productivity effective and efficient. Renewable energy is pointed out as an alternative energy source that is environmentally friendly and the process is sustainable because it is always available in nature. Renewable energy is expected to increase the country's national income. This study aims to analyze the impact of renewable energy on economic growth in the Asia Pacific region as a whole. By using data from 2000-2015, panel data analysis in this study shows that Renewable Energy Consumption (REC) has a negative and significant relationship to economic growth, while renewable energy and combustible waste (CRW) has a significant and positive effect on economic growth. |
| Date: | 2021–06–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:wn569&r= |
| By: | Maria Carnovale; Khahlil Louisy |
| Abstract: | To mitigate inefficiencies in manual contact tracing processes, Digital Contact Tracing and Exposure Notifications Systems were developed for use as public-interest technologies during the SARS-CoV-2 global pandemic. Effective implementation of these tools requires alignment across several factors, including local regulations and policies and trust in government and public health officials. Careful consideration should also be made to minimize any potential conflicts with existing processes in public health which has demonstrated effectiveness. Four unique cases-of Ireland, Guayaquil, Haiti, and the Philippines-detailed in this paper will highlight the importance of upholding the principles of Scientific Validity, Necessity, Time Boundedness, and Proportionality. |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2107.07552&r= |
| By: | Bayudan-Dacuycuy, Connie; Baje, Lora Kryz C. |
| Abstract: | Platform work has the potential to help women reconcile the age-old conflict between unpaid work and market work. However, there is a degree of precariousness in platform work, one that is reminiscent of informal work. Concerns on whether platforms are new vehicles of delivering old inequalities are legitimate. This paper analyzes the issues in this emerging type of work to prevent the widening and deepening of existing inequalities, to ensure decent work in platform work, and to ensure that the work is inclusive and sustainable. It looks at the experience of Filipinos in crowdwork, a platform work that poses challenges in the enforcement of national labor laws as transactions are typically cross borders. The study finds, among others, that: (1) women are more likely to participate in platform work due to considerations of income, housework, and care economy; (2) platform work is done alongside nonplatform work; (3) past experience on the platform is an important factor in the workers’ current platform involvement; (4) the time spent on platform work peaks at minimal care work; (5) there is no gendered difference in the compensation per hour once personal and platform attributes are controlled for; and (6) the compensation per hour received by the respondents is at par with the rate of platforms known for outsourcing routine tasks (microtasks). The study also provides key takeaways to initiate conversations on national programs and initiatives that ensure sustainable and decent work on platforms. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | social protection, Philippines, gender, crowdwork, skills development |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2021-11&r= |
| By: | Ly Dai Hung (Vietnam Institute of Economics, Hanoi, Vietnam) |
| Abstract: | The paper analyzes the development path and economic performance of central cities group in comparision with the whole economy and within group. These cities have a higher living standard than the country average, but within group, there exists a diversification of economic-social-environmenttal development along with a convergence of institutional quality. Thus, the paper suggests that the central cities can transform from the stage of attracting external resource to the stage of creating spill-over development to other provinces. Moreover, the diversification of economic-social-environmental development needs also to be reflected on the public policy in the future. |
| Keywords: | Economic Development,Central Cities,Public Policy |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03265161&r= |
| By: | Tabuga, Aubrey D.; Cabaero, Carlos C. |
| Abstract: | Information and communications technology (ICT) has been considered a basic necessity in the digital world. It is noted that it permeates all aspects of life as it provides better and quicker ways for people to learn, interact, and gain access to information. In the Philippines, the 2019 National ICT Household Survey marked the first effort by the government to map the general ICT landscape in the country which examined, among others, the use of cellular phones and computers and the extent of internet usage and online financial transactions. This survey was administered to a nationally representative sample of households and individuals in the country. This paper provides a general overview of ICT use based solely on this survey. The findings show that there is differentiated access to ICT across subnational regions. There also remains a nonnegligible proportion of individuals who do not have access to ICT partly due to lack of infrastructure. There is also much to improve in terms of using ICT for economic purposes, such as acquiring skills, doing online financial transactions, and conducting business. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, information and communications technology, ICT, online work, e-entrepreneurship, NICTHS, National ICT Household Survey |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2021-13&r= |
| By: | ; adi, Ajeng yuliandri putri; sari, Sinta Era ardian lupita |
| Abstract: | This artcle aims to determine the effectiveness of policies or tax laws that exist in preventing and combating the transfer pricing practices of multinational companies on a case by Armada Yamaha Pagora Jaya and tax privileges granted to importers to increase acceptance of import value-added tax (VAT) taxable goods. In conducting this study, the authors use the method of normative juridical approach. Toyota suspected of ‹playing› with a related party transaction prices and adds to costs through royalty payments are not fair. Thousands of car production Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia exported overseas with reasonable prices. This mode is thought to be the transfer pricing strategy. Therefore diadakanlah Advance Pricing Agreement (APA), which is useful for reducing the practice of transfer pricing by multinational companies. Facilities that are likely to be enjoyed by employers taxable imports taxable goods is the tax payable is free and exempt from valueadded tax (VAT). |
| Date: | 2021–06–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:4w5bc&r= |
| By: | Orbeta, Aniceto C. Jr.; Corpus, John Paul P. |
| Abstract: | This study is undertaken as part of the Youthworks PH initiative by the Philippine Business for Education. It aims to address five research questions: (a) What are the existing training programs for the priority sectors of YouthWorks PH (construction, manufacturing, and tourism)? (b) How responsive are the current training programs to the needs of industries? (c) Is there industry demand for new National Certificates in specific sectors and for what level and occupation? (d) How did the Covid-19 pandemic change the landscape of training programs in the country? (e) What are the emerging industry sectors brought about by the Covid-19 pandemic? <p> Secondary data and interviews with relevant stakeholders, particularly with training providers in YouthWorks PH priority sectors, were used in this study. TVET providers are overwhelmingly private, but public providers account for a larger share of graduates. Most TVET graduates are products of either community-based or institution-based TVET programs. TVET programs and graduates are concentrated in a few occupational sectors, the dominant sector being Tourism (Hotel and Restaurant). Likewise, demand for assessment leading to a National Certificate is concentrated in relatively few qualifications. The government offers several scholarships promoting TVET access. The issues on the responsiveness of current programs, according to the respondents, revolves around: (a) the lack of demand, particularly for construction; (b) weaknesses in the design of financing programs; (c) perception about the quality of training schools, trainers and assessors; and (d) training content. Industry respondents noted demand for skills standardization in prefabricated construction, supervisory-level construction jobs, and nursing assistance. Restrictions due to Covid-19 resulted in the suspension or scaling down of training programs. Some providers have provided online modules, but lack of access to appropriate digital devices or the internet hinders remote learning. Covid-19 has caused the emergence of online food selling and made digital skills valuable. The study recommends pursuing an information campaign to promote construction jobs; reviewing and rationalizing TVET financing programs; reviewing the TVET content; tapping industry practitioners as trainers and assessors; investing in flexible learning modalities; and promoting regular dialogue between the government, employers, and TVET providers. <p>Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | TVET, technical-vocational education, training |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2021-14&r= |
| By: | Daniel Jeong-Dae Lee (Macroeconomic Policy and Financing for Development Division, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific) |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic which started in China has resulted in the worst setback in global development in recent decades, with 1.1 million confirmed deaths as of mid-October and some 150 million people expected to fall back into extreme poverty. In the face of such unprecedented crisis, governments around the world have deployed trillions of dollars in emergency health response and relief measures for households and firms. Fiscal policy is also expected to play a central role in the recovery phase, in stimulating the economy and "building forward better." However, it is unclear whether developing countries have the fiscal policy space to sustain necessary countercyclical measures and invest in priority areas such as health, social protection, digital infrastructure, and climate action. This policy brief provides a preliminary assessment of fiscal space in Asia-Pacific developing countries in the wake of COVID-19. It starts by assessing the size and composition of fiscal packages announced in response to the crisis. There are three main findings. First, countries which entered the crisis with limited fiscal space relied on smaller fiscal support packages, at the risk of delaying the recovery. Second, COVID-19 will considerably increase government debt burden over the medium-term, potentially limiting resources for development purposes. Third, for the poorest and most vulnerable countries, international support measures to date are helpful but inadequate; more is needed. In response, three policy suggestions are highlighted. First, countries should avoid premature fiscal consolidation and safeguard development expenditures to build forward better. Second, countries need to expand their fiscal space through revenue reforms, capital market development, and effective public debt management. Third, international support for the poorest and most vulnerable countries should include targeted debt relief. |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:pbmpdd:pb116&r= |
| By: | Helder Lopes (Senior economist and a public policy advocate and practicioner; consultant for the Asian Development Bank (ADB)) |
| Abstract: | Since independence in 2002 Timor-Leste has emerged from instability and significant erosion of development gains to successfully graduate from fragility status, meet the least developed country (LDC) graduation per-capita income criterion in 2015 since the country was added to the list of LDC in 2003, and become the most democratic nation in the Southeast Asia region. The Strategic Development Plan 2011-2030 outlines the overall strategies to transform Timor-Leste to an upper-middle income country by 2030 through a diversified economy and productive human capital. However, the persistent structural challenges (such as public spending that is still highly dependent to oil and gas revenue, low private sector investment as the consequence of poor business environment, and inadequate infrastructure for growth and connectivity) and the unprecedented shocks of the economic recessions in the last four years (-3.8 per cent in 2017, -0.8 per cent in 2018 and -6 per cent in 2020) and the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic pose significant challenges to the country to graduate from LDC and meet SDGs aspirations. While the current framework for economic diversification that prioritizes development of agriculture, tourism, petroleum and manufacturing is sound in principle, it can be further shaped with concrete strategies and actions for structural transformation and economic diversification. Possible strategies could include, for example: transforming traditional farming and fishing to commercial through increasing production and productivity of niche products such as coffee, candlenut, coconut and beef; developing eco- and marine, cultural and historic, adventure and sports, religious, and convention tourism services and integrating tourism to the green and blue economic initiatives; developing a more value-added downstream industry in the south coast to capture the maximum benefits through income, jobs, and multiplier effects to other sectors (such as agriculture and manufacturing to supply foods and equipment to the industry); and improving business environment to attract FDI for export-oriented industry and supporting the growth of small scale and low skills manufacturing processes. Strategies and actions to underpin economic diversification for LDC graduation and beyond also include establishment of a “National Committee for LDC Graduation†– led by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and supported by United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP); creating more fiscal spaces for human capital development, agriculture, and tourism through the rationalization of expenditure, the domestic resource mobilization and a well-coordinated use of development partners support; implementing a whole-government approach (including establishment of an “Investment Promotion Board†) to improve a friendly-environment for private sector investments; ensuring inclusiveness through active participation of women and youth in development – including in MSMEs; introducing e-service platform to improve public services across the country; and promoting evidence based-policy making process through investment in and management of data, research and analyses. |
| Keywords: | structural transformation, LDC graduation, least developed countries |
| JEL: | O11 O14 P52 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:wpmpdd:wp/21/08&r= |
| By: | Vizmanos, Jana Flor V.; Albert, Jose Ramon G.; Quimba, Francis Mark A.; Abrigo, Michael R.M. |
| Abstract: | Poverty vulnerability has been particularly recognized in the wake of the impact of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) that is likely to yield declines in incomes because of reduced economic activities. In this study, an updated profile of the poor in the Philippines, as well as various segments of the income distribution, based on the 2018 Family Income and Expenditure Survey is provided. The study also follows the typology of the low-, middle-, and high-income classes proposed in previous research reports and simulate the likely effects of contractions in per capita income on poverty and the entire income distribution amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the unavailability of required data to estimate the impact of COVID-19 on poverty and income distribution, simulation scenarios and assumptions were used. The study finds that in a medium case scenario of declines of incomes by 10 percent across the entire income distribution, the number of poor Filipinos can increase by 5.5 million, but with the emergency financial subsidies (i.e., the social amelioration program and the small business wage subsidy in. place) that targeted 90 percent of households, the worsening of poverty conditions has been managed so that only 1.5 million would fall into poverty, i.e., 4 million less than expected number of Filipinos falling into poverty. Further, low-income classes would, on average, transition only a quarter year more than the baseline of 21.25 years for this medium-case scenario if, after the pandemic (and an assumed V-shaped economic recovery), their incomes would have a constant annual growth of 2.5 percent. However, under tougher conditions of income contractions of 20 percent, simulation shows that the average time for low income Filipinos to move up into middle income class would increase by three years from baseline figures. This is assuming that social protection cash assistance is also provided. These results, though relying on simulation scenarios and simplistic assumptions, illustrates the importance of providing social protection not only for the poor but also for segments of the income distribution that could likely to fall into poverty due to reduced economic activities during this COVID-19 pandemic. Among others, the study urged the Philippine Statistics Authority to start reviewing its official poverty measurement system, including the current use of income over expenditure as the poverty metric, as well as its poverty line setting methodology given the changes in income and expenditure patterns in the past decade (prior to the onset of COVID-19) that improved living conditions. |
| Keywords: | middle class, income distribution, inequality, poor, novel coronavirus, COVID 19, poverty vulnerability, simulation |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2020-22&r= |
| By: | Melani, Olivia Erisa |
| Abstract: | Efforts were made by the state to restore its economy. MSMEs as an important asset and the driving wheel of the Indonesian economy, which also contributes significantly to the country's GDP, are almost entirely affected by this condition. Some small businesses are unable to survive, mostly due to lack of innovation, and involvement in digitization. There needs to be empowerment for each MSMEs as a step to strengthen the economy and increase competitiveness in domestic and international markets. |
| Date: | 2021–06–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:tm7yr&r= |
| By: | Patrick Martin (Environmental law specialist and Consultan, Macroeconomic and Financing for Development Division, UNESCAP); Zeinab Elbeltagy (Consultant, Macroeconomic and Financing for Development Division, UNESCAP); Zenathan Hasannudin; Masato Abe (Macroeconomic Policy and Financing for Development Division, UNESCAP) |
| Abstract: | Considering the significant effect financial institutions (FIs) have on society and the environment, they have a crucial role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and addressing climate change concerns. Not surprisingly, there is a growing interest in how FIs manage the environmental and social (E&S) risks emanating from their activities. While studying the ‘Innovative Climate Finance Mechanisms for Financial Institutions’, we conducted a survey to investigate the factors affecting FIs’ E&S performance in 11 countries in the Asia-Pacific region. This paper outlines the survey findings and provides insights into the factors affecting E&S performance of FIs. The paper identifies that awareness of E&S risks in the region is growing but from a low base and that E&S risks are increasingly integrated into risk management analysis and reporting frameworks. The paper demonstrates that although some FIs have made significant progress, considerable variation still exists among countries and institutions, and considerable work is still needed to improve E&S performance of FIs in the region. The paper highlights that although policy reforms and engagement can, over time, influence E&S performance of FIs, a lack of management support and institutional capacity remain significant constraints. The paper can assist policymakers in understanding the factors affecting E&S performance of FIs and in distilling the policy options needed to help them better integrate E&S risks into their operations |
| Keywords: | Financial institutions, Climate Finance, Environmental and Social Risk paper |
| JEL: | F65 G23 |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:wpmpdd:wp/21/01&r= |
| By: | Zulkhibri, Muhamed; Sinay, Joy Blessilda |
| Abstract: | Responding to the crisis, the AMS rolled out numerous fiscal stimulus packages, monetary policy and financial measures, and sector-specific measures and interventions. Business and consumer confidence across the ASEAN region diminished as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic mounted. Amid uncertainties, the AMSneed to carry on withsystematic interventions andeconomic remedies to pushthe economy forward. Inparticular, i) continue thebroad-based fiscal stimulusand other targeted socio-economic measures; ii)ensure that firms couldreturn to their pre-COVID-19pandemic production and employment levels; iii)formulate a regional socio-economic recovery planpost-COVID-19 to facilitateregional growth; andiv)reinvigorate multilateralismto ensure global resilienceand sustainability post-COVID-19. |
| Keywords: | ASEAN; Regional Integration; Covid-19, Economic Policy |
| JEL: | E3 E6 F5 F6 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:108789&r= |
| By: | Ulep, Valerie Gilbert T.; Uy, Jhanna |
| Abstract: | The Philippine Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) has been in existence for almost 40 years. It is one of the major programs of the Department of Health (DOH) that aims to provide Filipino children with access to safe and effective vaccines against diseases like measles, diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough. <p>The Philippine EPI has achieved many milestones in this regard, including the steep decline in the country's mortality and morbidity due to vaccine-preventable disease rates. Moreover, polio and maternal and neonatal tetanus was certified as eliminated in 2000 and 2017, respectively. <p>Despite this progress, the program has never achieved its target to fully immunize at least 95 percent of Filipino children. Coverage of basic vaccines has only hovered between 70 and 80 percent in the last 30 years. <p>This study assesses the performance of the EPI in the Philippines. Central to this assessment is the policy question: why has the country struggled to maintain immunization coverage over the years and repeatedly failed to achieve its national immunization target? <p>While demand factors like vaccine confidence have contributed to the weak performance of the program, the sharp decline in immunization coverage is largely a result of deep-seated supply-side systems issues related to leadership, planning, and the supply chain, which led to recurring vaccine stock-outs in the past decade. <p> Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, Expanded Program on Immunization, immunization, vaccine, supply-side |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2021-04&r= |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Banking supervision and regulation by the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) remain strong. This assessment confirms the 2014 Basel Core Principles assessment that the HKMA achieves a high level of compliance with the BCPs. The Basel III framework (and related guidance) and domestic and cross-border cooperation arrangements are firmly in place. The HKMA actively contributes to the development and implementation of relevant international standards. Updating their risk based supervisory approach helped the HKMA optimize supervisory resources. The HKMA’s highly experienced supervisory staff is a key driver to achieving one of the most sophisticated levels of supervision and regulation observed in Asia and beyond. |
| Keywords: | People's republic of china-Hong kong special administrative region; B. banking sector structure; holding company; China banking; People's Republic of China-Hong Kong Special Administrative Region FSAP; Bank supervision; Artificial intelligence; Commercial banks; Basel Core Principles; Bank soundness; Global; Central Asia; Asia and Pacific;External audit |
| Date: | 2021–06–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2021/118&r= |
| By: | Bargayo, Serge Jude B.; Go, Gerard L. |
| Abstract: | This study aims to analyze water demand among households in Carcar City, an urban city in southern Cebu that experienced an unparalleled population and economic growth after its cityhood in 2007. This situation put pressure on the Carcar Water District (CWD), the major water provider in the city, to expand its service capacity. Policy implications for water demand management are drawn from the findings of this study. Hard and soft mechanisms that can be jointly undertaken by the water district and the local government unit are recommended to better manage water demand in Carcar City. |
| Keywords: | , household water, water demand, water demand management, Carcar City, Cebu |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:pjdevt:pjd_2018_vol__45_no__1d&r= |
| By: | Setiyani, Erika Rahma; Avita, Cindy Claudia Radha; Puspita, Ananda Galuh |
| Abstract: | Most of the obstacles or problems that are most often experienced by household craft craftsmen are in terms of marketing or marketing management. Where the marketing they do is still very traditional. In a sense, they trade manually i.e. go to the market and offer their products to customers directly. E-commerce (Electronic Commerce) or in Indonesian Electronic Commerce is the activity of distributing, selling, purchasing, marketing products (goods and services), by utilizing telecommunications networks such as the internet, television, or other computer networks. The purpose of this research is to solve various problems in business which include services, product costs, and business strategies. This whole system is used in order toanalyze other information systems on the implementation of an organization's operational activities. The case study used in this research is a market expansion approach using target marketing opportunity analysis, system model design, customer interface facilities, market communication and implementation design. The research instrument used interview and observation techniques as well as literature study. Sampling using purposive sampling technique. The data of this study were obtained from primary data and secondary data. The design of the application is to use the Waterfall approach. This approach is a classic model and is systematic so that it is easy to understand because all the processes work sequentially in the stages of building a software. The results of this study were carried out with several research methods, namely the Black Box method and User Acceptance. Black Box testing is a test with the system only observing the results of execution through test data and checking the functionality of the software, while the User Acceptance method is a testing process carried out by users which is intended to produce documents that will be used as evidence that the software or software used and developed has been accepted. by the user. |
| Date: | 2021–06–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:tzu4p&r= |
| By: | Ulep, Valerie Gilbert T.; Uy, Jhanna; Siy Van, Vanessa T.; Bagas, Joy |
| Abstract: | Given its wide scope, understanding the progress made by the Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health (RPRH) Law requires an acknowledgement of the many movers that set its machinery in motion. This paper analyzes the governance role played by national government agencies (NGAs) in the implementation of the RPRH Law over the last eight years. It focuses on nine components of governance, namely, organizational presence, policy infrastructure, financing, human resources, stewardship, coordination, monitoring and evaluation, and accountability, in their RPRH activities. <p>While NGAs had accomplished, or at least begun to accomplish, most of their mandates and responsibilities, the performance was siloed within implementing units of agencies, with modest interagency coordination. Despite the vision for multisectoral RH services, programs focused on biomedical and healthcare interventions, particularly in the area of family planning. Moreover, national-level governance for RPRH implementation focused on specific programs and their operational concerns. Fragmented governance activities result from a lack of integrated plans and coordination mechanisms in the nine governance components to bridge NGAs’ efforts across sectors. <p>Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, governance, reproductive health, Public administration, Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2021-09&r= |
| By: | Quismorio, Brenda A.; Pasquin, Maria Antonette D.; Tayco, Claire S. |
| Abstract: | The rapid advancement in technology has facilitated far-reaching use of data. This has consequently led to an increasing demand for data science and analytics (DSA) professionals. However, recent studies show that such demand is often not met in many economies. Such DSA skills shortage is claimed to be rooted in the mismatch between the skills the industry demands and the skills academic institutions supply. As the first step in addressing this shortage of industry-ready DSA workers, it is necessary to know the DSA skills demanded by the industry and the DSA skills with which academic institutions equip their students. To do this, the study employed the Analytics Association of the Philippines' Professional Maturity Model, which is based on the 10 APEC-recommended DSA competencies, as analytical framework. The study reveals the misalignment between the demand and the supply of the DSA workforce in the country. Specifically, there are DSA competencies sought by employers that are poorly supplied by existing DSA-related undergraduate programs. To allow the growth and maturity of the still-infant analytics industry, there is a need to address the current lack of a common definition of the analytics profession among stakeholders. The study further endorses the promotion of government-industry-academe linkages to expand the existing market for DSA workforce in the country. |
| Keywords: | data science and analytics, digital transformation, skills mismatch, DSA, Analytics Association of the Philippines, skills shortage |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:rpseri:rps_2020-04&r= |
| By: | Borazon, Elaine Q.; Supangco, Vivien T. |
| Abstract: | This study aims to determine the relationship of supply chain integration with the performance and competitiveness of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the Philippines. A survey of 384 companies was conducted to measure the customer integration, supplier integration, and internal integration of SMEs. Structural equation modelling was used to test the hypotheses. The results show that the internal integration of SMEs strongly influences their business performance or growth and competitiveness. Customer integration directly and indirectly (through internal integration) influences the business performance and competitiveness of SMEs. Accordingly, the effect of supplier integration on business performance (growth) and competitiveness of companies is fully mediated by internal integration. |
| Keywords: | small and medium enterprises, supply chain integration, Customer integration, SME competitiveness |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:pjdevt:pjd_2017_vol__44_no__2b&r= |
| By: | Vizmanos, Jana Flor V.; Albert, Jose Ramon G, |
| Abstract: | This study continues previous work on estimating the vulnerability level of households to income poverty using a modified probit model based on income and other poverty correlates data sourced from the Family Income and Expenditure Survey, as well as the country’s official poverty lines. Past model specifications are improved by including data on price and climate shocks to welfare, as well as by generating individual assessments for urban and rural areas before combining the cross-section results, rather than using a common specification nationally as done previously. The vulnerability assessment in this study provides inputs to forward-looking interventions that build the resilience of households for preventing or reducing the likelihood of future poverty. The study emphasizes the importance of using both poverty and vulnerability estimates in programs and identifies differentiated actions for those highly vulnerable and relatively vulnerable to poverty. |
| Keywords: | poverty, Philippines, Family Income and Expenditure Survey, income vulnerability, modified probit model |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:rpseri:rps_2020-01&r= |
| By: | Quimba, Francis Mark A.; Calizo, Sylwyn C. Jr. |
| Abstract: | As several countries have reduced tariff rates, other forms of regulatory measures that impact on trade have proliferated. These regulations, collectively known as nontariff measures (NTMs), can be imposed on imports and exports. Using descriptive indicators, NTMs could be measured with coverage ratios, frequency indices, and prevalence scores. Across the different government agencies, it has been found that the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources both implement the most number of NTMs with 422 and 103 NTMs, respectively. Moreover, both agricultural goods and manufactured goods have been shown to be highly regulated at 92.2 percent and 93.9 percent, respectively, albeit agricultural goods have a higher prevalence score (19.8) compared to manufacture goods (8.9). |
| Keywords: | trade, nontariff measures, Philippines, NTMs, prevalence scores, agricultural goods, manufactured goods, DENR, DA |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:rpseri:rps_2020-03&r= |
| By: | Domingo, Sonny N.; Manejar, Arvie Joy A. |
| Abstract: | Waste management issues have been hounding both urban and rural communities for decades. The passing of Republic Act 9003, or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, was meant to ensure the protection of public health and environment while encouraging resource conservation and recovery and public cooperation and responsibility. Among its critical provisions were the formal devolution of waste management to local levels, including forced closure of illegal dumpsites, investment on facilities, and reduction and proper treatment of solid wastes. This study looked into the implementation of the law in both the national and subnational levels through a desk review, conduct of case studies in selected areas, and processing of available quantitative data. Results showed varying implementation templates across study sites reflecting different enabling mechanisms and replicable initiatives. Documented best practices include the legal waste facility transition of the Payatas dumpsite in Quezon City and the organization of its informal economy; the clustering of waste management service of Teresa, Rizal and its province-wide incentive mechanism and partnership with construction companies; the market linkages for revenue generation; and the strong partnership between the local government unit (LGU) and civil service organizations in San Fernando, Pampanga. The overly simplistic transfer of responsibility to LGUs have largely resulted in two decades of mediocre policy grounding. Common avenues for improvement were also identified, including the need to fast track transition timelines; augment national and local government complementation; invest on appropriate technologies and facilities; and sustain public and private sector engagements. <p>Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | solid waste management, ecological integrity, sanitary landfill, open dumpsite, material recovery |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2021-02&r= |
| By: | Almanzar, Miguel; de Brauw, Alan; Nakasone, Eduardo |
| Abstract: | Considerable resources are allocated to agricultural extension around the world, with questionable cost effectiveness. An obvious question is whether information and communication technologies can be used to push agricultural extension messages effectively at a lower cost. Based on a clustered randomized control trial, we evaluate a pilot in which farmers receive information about agricultural production on rice, vegetables, and chicken rearing via mobile phone voice messages. Our experimental design included groups of households without and with farmer group membership. We evaluate whether farmers received the information, learned it, shared it with non-recipients, and used it, and how the effects of the information campaign on these outcomes changes with being part of an existing farmer group and the proportion of the village population receiving information. We find farmers in the information treatment groups were more knowledgeable about the practices promoted, believe it helped them produce more, and shared it with others. The information campaign was more effective for rice and to a lesser extent chicken rearing than for vegetables. We do not find differential effects by farmer group membership. We find that the amount of information sent to the village increases information diffusion but the speed of sharing the information is similar across treatment groups and by different saturation rates. We conclude that targeted and simple information campaigns can help supplement the information needs of farmers in a cost-effective manner, independently of their participation in farmer groups or extension programs. |
| Keywords: | CAMBODIA; SOUTH EAST ASIA; ASIA; rice; poultry; chickens; vegetables; food production; agricultural extension; technology; networks; information transfer; agricultural production; technology adoption |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2032&r= |
| By: | Sara Balestri; Raul Caruso |
| Abstract: | This research work provides new evidence about the effect of vulnerability to natural hazards on the likelihood of communal violence, by disentangling regional-specific pathways. We focus on Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Southern/South-Eastern Asia (S-SEA) for the period 1995-2016, being these regions particularly exposed to climate effects and dominantly characterized by rain-fed and climate-sensitive agriculture. Relying on the ND-GAIN Vulnerability Index as multidimensional measure of propensity of human societies to be negatively impacted by climate change, we found robust evidence that greater vulnerability is conducive to a higher risk of communal violence. This result is consistent across the regions, and it remarks the fragility of SSA where levels of vulnerability are higher than those observed in S-SEA, on average. Overall, results suggest that policy efforts aimed at reducing vulnerability to natural hazards are powerful tools not only to make societies more resilient, but also more peaceful. |
| JEL: | D74 O13 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dis:wpaper:dis2103&r= |