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on South East Asia |
| By: | Elyta Elyta (Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Tanjungpura University, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Herlan Herlan Author-2-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Tanjungpura University, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - Singkawang City, which is located in the Province of West Kalimantan-Indonesia, is a city with a significant level of ethnic heterogeneity, making it very vulnerable to various conflicts. However, in 2018, Singkawang City was named the most tolerant city in Indonesia through an assessment from the Setara Institute. For this reason, this study was conducted to analyze the political form of harmony and social capital, E-government as a Tolerant City in Singkawang City. Methodology – The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative with literature study as a data collection method. Data analysis was carried out in stages, namely collecting data, summarizing data, and making conclusions. This study finds that the form of political harmony is the intense collaboration be-tween state actors, the Religious Harmony Forum, and the community. Findings – Interaction and commu-nicative relationships complement and strengthen each other. As the main actor, the people of Singkawang City have also seen and understood that they have diverse perspectives to avoid discrimination and intolerance. In addition, there are also forms of social capital created from the relationship between ethnic communities in Singkawang City, namely in the form of general norms and group characteristics.Therefore, it is concluded that the success of the Singkawang City government in making its area the most tolerant city in Indonesia from the Setara Institute in 2018 cannot be separated from the social capital owned by each tribe to live side by side in harmony with high values. spirit of tolerance. Novelty – In addition, e-government and knowledge management are also important points in the formation of a tolerant society in Singkawang City which has people from various backgrounds. Type of Paper - Review" |
| Keywords: | political harmony; social capital; tolerant city; e-government |
| JEL: | G32 H79 |
| Date: | 2021–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jfbr184&r= |
| By: | Majah-Leah V. Ravago (Department of Economics, Ateneo de Manila University); James A. Roumasset (Economics Department, University of Hawaii); Arsenio M. Balisacan (Philippine Competition Commission) |
| Abstract: | Do the needs of countries in different economic environments and at various stages of development warrant different policies? In the pursuit of economic development and consumer welfare, competition policy should curb rent-seeking and promote market efficiency without interfering with the extra-market institutions for the dynamic promotion of specialization, innovation, and investment coordination. This requires the coordination of competition policy with other economic roles of government including trade, industrial, and infrastructure policies. We investigate the impact of adoption of competition law on long-term economic growth using cross-country data from 1975-2015. Countries may choose to adopt – or not adopt – competition law depending on their circumstances, including level of economic development, institutions, and geography. Considering endogeneity and self-selection, we employ an endogenous switching regression allowing for the interdependence of economic growth and adoption of competition law. Our analysis shows that adoption increased the growth rates in adopting countries but would have decreased growth in non-adopting countries. This suggest that countries should not be pressured to prematurely adopt competition law but a limited international or regional agreement such as harmonization of policies may instead be pursued. In addition to correcting the abuses of anti-competitive behavior, competition policy should be designed to promote innovation and productivity growth and be well-coordinated with trade and domestic policies. We review these arguments focusing on Asian countries. The cases of Korea, Thailand, and the Philippines capture the characteristics of the law and authorities at various stages of maturity. |
| Keywords: | Competition policy, antitrust, economic development, economic growth, Asia |
| JEL: | L40 L51 L52 K21 O57 O53 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agy:dpaper:202103&r= |
| By: | Olivier Bargain (Larefi - Laboratoire d'analyse et de recherche en économie et finance internationales - Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux 4); Jordan Loper; Roberta Ziparo |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03258226&r= |
| By: | naryono, endang (STIE PASIM SUKABUMI) |
| Abstract: | Humans can only try but God is the one who decides, when the government is full of optimism with economic growth which since 2016 – 2019 has been sharply corrected not in line with expectations, although many doubt it because it is too dreaming in the midst of the world's economic downturn and macro and micro indicators that are not supportive . At the end of 2019 the world was shocked by a humanitarian disaster, namely Covid-19 which started from Wuhan, China and spread throughout the world. Many observers say that Covid19 has spread to Indonesia but the government denies it and many ministers underestimate it and even make it a very unfunny joke. It was only on March 2, 2020 that the government announced that Covid19 had entered Indonesia. The government began to panic especially the people, people stormed shopping centers so that basic commodities became scarce even if they were available, the prices were very expensive, health products disappeared from the market because there were many inappropriate purchases and many people hoarded them in the hope of getting high profits. The government seems to be in a dilemma between the economy or the safety of its people, both of which are very important, especially since Indonesia's economic growth is largely influenced by public consumption. Now that we have entered the second year of Covid19, there are no signs that mean that covid19 will disappear in the world and especially in Indonesia on June 10-16, 2021, the surge affected by Covid19 is getting crazier, even as if it is out of control at the athlete's house in Jakarta, the occupancy is approaching 80%. has exceeded the limits set by the WHO, West Java, Central Java and East Java. The higher spike makes people more nervous and makes it more difficult to survive. |
| Date: | 2021–06–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:wnmpb&r= |
| By: | Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Nguyen Son (NEU - National Economics University (Ha Noi, Vietnam), ABIES Doctoral School - ABIES Doctoral School) |
| Abstract: | We estimate the reduction of electricity poverty in Vietnam. The essential argument is that human development is about subjective feeling as much as technology and income. We use a self-reported satisfaction indicator as complementary to objective indicators based on national household surveys from 2008 to 2018. We found that in 2010, the fraction of households with access to electricity was over 96%. However, over 24% declared their electricity use did not meet their needs. Since 2014 the satisfaction rate is around 97%, even if 25% of the households used less than 50 kWh/month. Today there is electricity for all in Vietnam, but electricity bills weigh more and more in the budget of households. Inequalities in electricity use among Vietnamese households decreased during the 2008-2018 period, but are not greater than inequalities in income, contrary to the findings of Son and Yoon (2020). The subjective energy poverty measure allows better international statistics: unlike poverty or needs-based criteria, self-assessed satisfaction of needs compares across income levels and climates. Engineering and econometric objectivist approaches dominate the literature on sustainability monitoring. Out of 232 Sustainable Development Goal Indicators, only two are subjective. Yet our findings show that subjective indicators tell a different part of the story. Grid building is only a mean, the end is a meaningfull provision of power to satisfy the needs. |
| Keywords: | Electricity poverty,Vietnam,Sustainable Development Goals,Indicators Q41,Q48,Q56 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03160911&r= |
| By: | Hai-Anh Dang (World Bank); Masako Hiraga (World Bank); Cuong Viet Nguyen (Vietnam National University) |
| Abstract: | Little literature currently exists on the effects of childcare use on maternal labor market outcomes in a developing country context, and the few recent studies offer mixed results. We attempt to fill these gaps by analyzing several latest rounds of the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey spanning the early to mid-2010s. Addressing endogeneity issues with a regression discontinuity estimator based on children’s birth months, we find sizable and positive effects of childcare on women’s own labor market outcomes and their household income and poverty status. The effects of childcare differ by women’s characteristics and are stronger for more educated women. These effects are also somewhat larger for younger children and areas with higher income levels. Furthermore, we also find that some positive effects last after two years. |
| Keywords: | gender equality, childcare, preschool, women’s empowerment, RDD, Vietnam |
| JEL: | H4 J1 J2 O1 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inq:inqwps:ecineq2021-584&r= |
| By: | Suralaga, Amanda Indah Pramesuri; Wulansari, Revi; Windhatria, Inna |
| Abstract: | Capital Markets can also be interpreted as a professional institution that deals with securities buying and selling transactions, the capital market as a long-term investment tool that is currently becoming a trend in the community. But it cannot be denied that along with the development of the capital market in Indonesia it has caused problems or also disputes in the process of capital market activities in Indonesia. The problem in this research is how do the procedures and dispute resolution processes in business activities in the financial services sector after the procedures and processes in the settlement of Capital Market disputes, we must also know the legal consequences of the disputes in the financial services business of the Capital Market? The research method used a normative and empirical juridical approach, the data used are secondary data and primary data. Studies conducted with literature studies and field studies, data analysis used is qualitative juridical. The results show that the procedure and capital market dispute resolution process can be carried out either litigation or non-litigation, but the joint parties usually choose a non-litigation path in the procedure, if through non-litigation the parties must go through internal mediation first if the internal mediation fails involving the Financial Services Authority (OJK) as a facilitator in the process of resolving the problems after the process at the financial services authority did not get an agreement, the settlement could be continued through the Sengekta Alternative Settlement Agency (LAPS) and the Capital Market Arbitration Agency (BAPMI). |
| Date: | 2021–06–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:9kgvt&r= |
| By: | Mikio Ishiwatari; Daisuke Sasaki |
| Abstract: | Investing in flood protection is crucial in mitigating flood damage. However, most recent studies have not included an examination of actual investment data nor studied the relationships between investment in flood protection measures and damage or benefits. This paper aims at assessing policies toward flood protection by empirically analyzing flood damage and investment in flood protection measures in Asian economies. The trends of investment and damage in terms of the share of gross domestic product (GDP) vary by country. The People’s Republic of China (PRC) and Japan in the Post-WWII era were able to steadily decrease economic damage, while the Philippines, Taiwan, Republic of Korea (ROK), India, and Pakistan fluctuated in their budget outlays and damage. In cases of either a rising or decreasing trend, it was demonstrated that the Bayesian structural time series model can simulate investment to some degrees. It was also found that investment in flood protection is cost-effective at the regional and national levels. The annual benefits for the past two decades are estimated at 159 billion USD in PRC and 120 million USD in the Philippines. The net benefit (benefit minus cost) accumulation from 2016 in Asian developing economies is predicted to reach 263 billion USD against an investment of 157 billion USD by 2030. |
| Keywords: | Bayesian Structural Time Series model, climate change, cost-benefit analysis, economic internal rate of return, flood damage |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jic:wpaper:221&r= |
| By: | Jasman (Universitas Trisaksi, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Etty Murwaningsari Author-2-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Trisakti, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Sekar Mayangsari Author-3-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Trisakti, Indonesia Author-4-Name: Susi Dwi Mulyani Author-4-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Trisakti, Indonesia Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - Loan loss provision is an accrual for the banking industry, and therefore has a significant effect on bank accounting earnings and capital requirements. Previous studies showed inconsistent results for the relationship between earnings management, signaling, and loan loss provision. The difference in the results is thought to be caused by bank capitalization. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the role of bank capitalization on the effect of earnings management and signaling on loan loss provision. Methodology – The sample consists of 86 conventional banks in Indonesia for the period of 2015-2019. Furthermore, this study used panel data analysis of multiple regression. Findings – The results showed earnings management has no effect on loan loss provision. In contrast, signaling has a positive and significant effect. Although bank capitalization is not proven to weaken the effect of earnings management on loan loss provision, it strengthens the positive effect of signaling on loan loss provision. Novelty – This study proves that bank capitalization has an important role in moderating signaling impact on loan loss provision but not for the effect of earnings management. This is due to the potential for earnings management in banks is relatively low because banks are highly regulated entities and with regulated governance mechanisms limit the managers' discretionary accounting decisions. Type of Paper - Empirical" |
| Keywords: | Bank Capitalization, Earnings Management, Signaling |
| JEL: | G23 G32 |
| Date: | 2021–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jfbr183&r= |
| By: | Bassett, Hannah R; Sharan, Sonia; Suri, Sharon K; Advani, Sahir (University of British Columbia); Giordano, Christopher |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic and response has significantly disrupted fishery supply chains, creating shortages of essential foods and constraining livelihoods globally. Small-scale fisheries (SSFs) are responding to the pandemic in a variety of ways. Together, disruptions from and responses to COVID-19 illuminate existing vulnerabilities in the fish distribution paradigm and possible means of reducing system and actor sensitivity and exposure and increasing adaptive capacity. Integrating concepts from literature on supply chain disruptions, social-ecological systems, human wellbeing, vulnerability, and SSFs, we synthesize preliminary lessons from six case studies from Indonesia, the Philippines, Peru, Canada, and the United States. The SSF supply chains examined employ different distribution strategies and operate in different geographic, political, social, economic, and cultural contexts. Specifically, we ask: a) how resilient have different SSF supply chains been to COVID-19 impacts; b) what do these initial outcomes indicate about the role of distribution strategies in determining the vulnerability of SSF supply chains to macroeconomic shocks; and c) what key factors have shaped this vulnerability? Based on our findings, systemic changes that may reduce SSF vulnerability to future macroeconomic shocks include diversification of distribution strategies, livelihoods, and products, development of local and domestic markets and distribution channels, reduced reliance on international markets, establishment of effective communication channels, and preparation for providing aid to directly assist supply chains and support consumer purchasing power. |
| Date: | 2021–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:5mqsz&r= |
| By: | Pratita, Dian Galuh |
| Abstract: | This book will not only tell about the keys to the success of Thailand in cultivating durian, but also durian marketing. It does not only contain the author's personal experiences while in Chanthaburi Province but also contains statistical data that supports the statement, as well as other reliable sources. This book is the result of an internship program that has been carried out by the author while in Thailand, especially in Chanthaburi Province, Office of Agricultural Research and Development Region 6 Chanthaburi Province. An internship program was carried out to increase knowledge and experience of agricultural conditions in Thailand which is known to be advanced. The author would like to thank Assoc. Prof. Am On Aungsuratana as the main supervisor during the program in Thailand and Dr. Rapee Dokmaithes. In addition, thanks are also conveyed to all staff and parties involved while the author is in OARD Region 6 so the author can run and complete the internship program smoothly, as well as write about their success in developing durian in Thailand. In addition, the authors also thank the University of Jember for all the knowledge provided. I would also like to thank my father (alm) Irfan Boedi Setiawan S.P., my mother Mrs. Dr. Asrumi, M.Hum, and younger brother Firnanda Pulung Wibowo, S.P., for all their enthusiasm and motivation. Finally, the author would like to thank to beloved husband, Sabran, S.K.M., M.P.H. and lovely son Randika Arung Naradipta for all the support given during the writing of this book. The last happy reading and hopefully useful. |
| Date: | 2021–06–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:fr68y&r= |
| By: | Jiranyakul, Komain |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the influence of crude oil price on inflation in seven Asian and two of the pacific economies. The period of investigation is from 1987M5 to 2019M12. The results of cointegration tests reveal that there is stable positive long-run relationship between consumer price index and crude oil price in these countries. In the short run, there is unidirectional causality running from crude oil price change to inflation in most cases. The findings suggest accommodative monetary policy measures to combat high inflation rate. |
| Keywords: | Crude oil price, inflation rate, Asia and the Pacific countries |
| JEL: | Q43 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:108386&r= |
| By: | Putri, Rahmatia Eka |
| Abstract: | Pembangunan nasional Indonesia, khususnya di bidang ekonomi terus diupayakan dalam rangka mencapai kesejahteraan hidup masyarakat. Pencapaian sasaran dan target pembangunan ekonomi membutuhkan sumber pembiayaan yang cukup. Agar dapat meraih tujuan tersebut, pajak dianggap sebagai alat fiskal yang sangat kuat untuk mencapai tujuan target ekonomi, seperti pertumbuhan ekonomi, stabilisasi, serta distribusi pendapatan dan kekayaan yang lebih adil. Wajib pajak yang tidak memahami peraturan perpajakan akan cenderung menjadi wajib pajak tidak patuh. Hal ini yang menjadi dasar adanya dugaan bahwa pengetahuan wajib pajak tentang peraturan perpajakan berpengaruh terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak. Semakin tinggi tingkat pengetahuan perpajakan wajib pajak mengenai peraturan pajak maka kepatuhan wajib pajak juga akan semakin meningkat. Dalam proses peningkatan pelayanan kepada masyarakat wajib pajak, pemerintah setiap tahun berusaha memperbaiki sistem administrasi perpajakan. Upaya pemerintah tersebut diwujudkan dengan diterapkannya modernisasi perpajakan sejak dua dekade yang lalu. Pembaharuan sistem ini yaitu sistem pemungutan pajak dimana yang sebelumnya dilakukan secara official assessment system berubah menjadi self assessment system. Salah satu cara yang ditempuh guna menghasilkan reformasi adalah dengan modernisasi administrasi perpajakan. Tujuan modernisasi adalah terjadinya perubahan paradigm perpajakan antara lain, meningkatkan kepatuhan pajak, kepercayaan terhadap administrasi perpajakan dan memacu produktivitas pegawai pajak yang tinggi. Konsep dari modernisasi perpajakan adalah pelayanan prima dan pengawasan intensif dengan pelaksanaan pemerintahan yang baik (good governance). |
| Date: | 2021–06–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:u9ek3&r= |
| By: | Putri, Rahmatia Eka |
| Abstract: | Pembangunan nasional Indonesia, khususnya di bidang ekonomi terus diupayakan dalam rangka mencapai kesejahteraan hidup masyarakat. Pencapaian sasaran dan target pembangunan ekonomi membutuhkan sumber pembiayaan yang cukup. Agar dapat meraih tujuan tersebut, pajak dianggap sebagai alat fiskal yang sangat kuat untuk mencapai tujuan target ekonomi, seperti pertumbuhan ekonomi, stabilisasi, serta distribusi pendapatan dan kekayaan yang lebih adil. Wajib pajak yang tidak memahami peraturan perpajakan akan cenderung menjadi wajib pajak tidak patuh. Hal ini yang menjadi dasar adanya dugaan bahwa pengetahuan wajib pajak tentang peraturan perpajakan berpengaruh terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak. Semakin tinggi tingkat pengetahuan perpajakan wajib pajak mengenai peraturan pajak maka kepatuhan wajib pajak juga akan semakin meningkat. Dalam proses peningkatan pelayanan kepada masyarakat wajib pajak, pemerintah setiap tahun berusaha memperbaiki sistem administrasi perpajakan. Upaya pemerintah tersebut diwujudkan dengan diterapkannya modernisasi perpajakan sejak dua dekade yang lalu. Pembaharuan sistem ini yaitu sistem pemungutan pajak dimana yang sebelumnya dilakukan secara official assessment system berubah menjadi self assessment system. Salah satu cara yang ditempuh guna menghasilkan reformasi adalah dengan modernisasi administrasi perpajakan. Tujuan modernisasi adalah terjadinya perubahan paradigm perpajakan antara lain, meningkatkan kepatuhan pajak, kepercayaan terhadap administrasi perpajakan dan memacu produktivitas pegawai pajak yang tinggi. Konsep dari modernisasi perpajakan adalah pelayanan prima dan pengawasan intensif dengan pelaksanaan pemerintahan yang baik (good governance). |
| Date: | 2021–06–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:yjx8t&r= |
| By: | Putri, Rahmatia Eka |
| Abstract: | Pembangunan nasional Indonesia, khususnya di bidang ekonomi terus diupayakan dalam rangka mencapai kesejahteraan hidup masyarakat. Pencapaian sasaran dan target pembangunan ekonomi membutuhkan sumber pembiayaan yang cukup. Agar dapat meraih tujuan tersebut, pajak dianggap sebagai alat fiskal yang sangat kuat untuk mencapai tujuan target ekonomi, seperti pertumbuhan ekonomi, stabilisasi, serta distribusi pendapatan dan kekayaan yang lebih adil. Wajib pajak yang tidak memahami peraturan perpajakan akan cenderung menjadi wajib pajak tidak patuh. Hal ini yang menjadi dasar adanya dugaan bahwa pengetahuan wajib pajak tentang peraturan perpajakan berpengaruh terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak. Semakin tinggi tingkat pengetahuan perpajakan wajib pajak mengenai peraturan pajak maka kepatuhan wajib pajak juga akan semakin meningkat. Dalam proses peningkatan pelayanan kepada masyarakat wajib pajak, pemerintah setiap tahun berusaha memperbaiki sistem administrasi perpajakan. Upaya pemerintah tersebut diwujudkan dengan diterapkannya modernisasi perpajakan sejak dua dekade yang lalu. Pembaharuan sistem ini yaitu sistem pemungutan pajak dimana yang sebelumnya dilakukan secara official assessment system berubah menjadi self assessment system. Salah satu cara yang ditempuh guna menghasilkan reformasi adalah dengan modernisasi administrasi perpajakan. Tujuan modernisasi adalah terjadinya perubahan paradigm perpajakan antara lain, meningkatkan kepatuhan pajak, kepercayaan terhadap administrasi perpajakan dan memacu produktivitas pegawai pajak yang tinggi. Konsep dari modernisasi perpajakan adalah pelayanan prima dan pengawasan intensif dengan pelaksanaan pemerintahan yang baik (good governance). |
| Date: | 2021–06–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:dx76g&r= |
| By: | Dian Purnama Sari (Faculty of Business, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Novrida Qudsi Lutfillah Author-2-Workplace-Name: "Malang State Polytechnic, Soekarno Hatta Street no. 9, 65144, Malang, Indonesia " Author-3-Name: Sri Rahayu Author-3-Workplace-Name: University of Jambi, Raya Jambi – Muara Bulian Street KM 15, 36122, Jambi, Indonesia Author-4-Name: Yudi Author-4-Workplace-Name: University of Jambi, Raya Jambi – Muara Bulian Street KM 15, 36122, Jambi, Indonesia Author-5-Name: Rahayu Author-5-Workplace-Name: University of Jambi, Raya Jambi – Muara Bulian Street KM 15, 36122, Jambi, Indonesia Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - This study aims to criticize the meaning of taxpayer's compliance. Methodology – The paradigm used in this study is a qualitative design through dramaturgy theory. Findings and Novelty – The result of the study indicates that the present taxpaying compliance is still equivocal with multi-interpretation. The term ""less compliant"" implicating compliance by a condition, neither completely compliant nor completely incompliant. The voluntary compliance targeted in taxpaying is purely determined by the morality of each taxpayer. The novelty of this research is the topic very interesting since there have been many topics talking about tax planning, self-corruption by taxpayers (an effort to reduce the reported amount of income tax), or some efforts to analyze influencing factors on the taxpayer's compliance, but does not study the definitions form taxpayer perspective. Type of Paper - Empirical" |
| Keywords: | Tax; Taxpayer; Compliance; Voluntary Compliance; Awareness; Morality. |
| JEL: | H1 H20 |
| Date: | 2021–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jfbr185&r= |
| By: | Spielman, David J.; Gatto, Marcel; Wossen, Tesfamicheal; McEwan, Margaret; Abdoulaye, Tahirou; Maredia, Mywish K.; Hareau, Guy |
| Abstract: | In many developing countries, smallholder farmers cultivating vegetatively propagated crops (VPCs) have limited access to quality planting material. This constraint can limit both the yield of and returns on VPC cultivation. Yet policy and regulatory initiatives designed to strengthen access to quality VPC planting materials have been relatively unsuccessful to date. Part of the problem is the unique biological and economic characteristics of vegetative propagation and its distinctness from cereal crops, which dominate narratives on seed system reforms. Drawing on qualitative analysis of policy and practice, this study examines reform options related to quality assurance regulations in four crop-country combinations: cassava in Nigeria and Vietnam, and potato in Kenya and Vietnam. The study highlights theory and evidence on existing models of regulation; alternative models that may better incentivize cost-effective multiplication and distribution; and recommendations for policy, regulation, and investment in VPC seed markets. Findings indicate that regulations designed around strict and centralized quality control systems tend to limit market size, while more localized production systems are limited by both capacity and reach. These findings suggest the need for alternatives that balance a permissive regulatory regime with decentralized production systems, grassroots capacity development, market surveillance, and systems that integrate internal (producer-level) quality assurance with external (regulatory) quality assurance. |
| Keywords: | KENYA; NIGERIA; EAST AFRICA; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; VIET NAM; VIETNAM; SOUTH EAST ASIA; ASIA; regulations; seed systems; seeds; crops; developing countries; policies; quality assurance; markets; cassava; potato; seed policy; vegetatively propagated crops; seed market regulations; seed quality assurance |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2029&r= |
| By: | Ly Dai Hung (Vietnam Institute of Economics, Hanoi, Vietnam) |
| Abstract: | The paper examines the determinants of convergence in economic growth (relative convergence) across provinces in Vietnam. The methodology combines the endogenous growth theory, analyzed in Aghion, Howitt và Mayer-Foulkes (2005), with empirical evidence on a data sample of 63 provinces over 2010-2019. The result shows that only with high-quality human capital, the economic growth rate raises for a higher proximity to world technology frontier, or the convergence of economic growth happens. Among the central cities, Hai Phong has an outstanding growth rate by exploring the backwardness advantage, based on the combination of high proximity to world technology frontier with improvement of institutional quality. The result suggests that the human capital should receive highest investment on the policy architecture in the future. |
| Abstract: | Bài viết đánh giá các yếu tố chi phối sự hội tụ về tốc độ tăng trưởng thu nhập (hội tụ tương đối) của các tỉnh, thành phố trực thuộc Trung ương. Phương pháp nghiên cứu kết hợp lý thuyết tăng trưởng nội sinh dựa vào bài báo của nhóm tác giả Aghion, Howitt và Mayer-Foulkes (2005) với bằng chứng thực nghiệm dựa vào bộ số liệu của 63 địa phương giai đoạn 2010-2019. Kết quả cho thấy chỉ với các địa phương có chất lượng cao về nguồn nhân lực, tốc độ tăng trưởng thu nhập gia tăng khi khoảng cách thu nhập càng xa, tức là hội tụ về tốc độ tăng trưởng. Còn các địa phương còn lại đang tồn tại sự phân cực về tốc độ tăng trưởng. Trong các thành phố trực thuộc Trung ương , Hải Phòng có tốc độ tăng trưởng vượt trội nhờ tận dụng lợi thế của địa phương đi sau, dựa vào sự kết hợp của khoảng cách công nghệ ban đầu xa và cải thiện liên tục về chất lượng thể chế. Các kết quả gợi ý rằng chất lượng nguồn nhân lực cần được chú trọng trong các thiết kế chính sách ở cấp địa phương trong thời gian tới. |
| Keywords: | Cross-Section Regression,Economic of Region and Provinces,Convergence of Economic Growth |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03258903&r= |
| By: | Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Masias, Ian; Win, Myat Thida; Zone, Phoo Pye |
| Abstract: | COVID-19 continues to plague global food security not only directly through health effects but also indirectly through responses that restrict key economic functions of the agri-food sector. De-spite the growing literature on the effects of COVID-19 on the agri-food sector, evidence on cer-tain players like mechanization service providers (MSP) and mechanization equipment retailers (MER) remain scarce. This study provides insights into the effects of COVID-19 restrictions on MSP and MER in Myanmar, where the majority of MSP and MER are relatively new and poten-tially vulnerable to these economic shocks, using an unbalanced panel data from five rounds of phone surveys. We find that direct responses to COVID-19 involving movement restrictions, as well as disruptions in the market that led to increased cost and reduced availability of machinery and equipment, and growing financial challenges, had significantly negative effects on revenue prospects, service delivery, sales of machines and equipment by MSE and MER. Our analyses based on rare multi-round surveys during a single production season also reveal important dy-namics in MSP’s decision-making; negative revenue prospects at particular period can further hurt revenue prospects in subsequent periods, which is consistent with the hypotheses that agents like MSP who had incurred significant sunk-cost in machines can engage in more desperate and thus potentially suboptimal business practice to recover the sunk-cost. This may result in a vi-cious cycle of declining revenues in the future in the face of shocks like COVID-19. Overall, evi-dence suggests that, policies to minimize movement restrictions, various financial support, and mitigate any pessimism at the beginning of production season are all important to make sure MSP and MER continue to function effectively during the COVID-19 pandemic that persists in 2021. |
| Keywords: | MYANMAR; BURMA; SOUTHEAST ASIA; ASIA; surveys; mechanization; Coronavirus; coronavirus disease; Coronavirinae; COVID-19; equipment; COVID-19 restrictions; equipment retailers; mechanization service provider; mechanization equipment retailers |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2021&r= |
| By: | Driss Ezzine de Blas (Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UPR Forêts et Sociétés - Forêts et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement) |
| Abstract: | How can we design conservation and development projects that produce lasting changes? How can we increase their effectiveness and legitimacy? The classical economic incentives of environmental policies (certification, sustainable forest management, payments for environmental services, green loans, etc.) are effective in the short term, but their environmental performance is not necessarily guaranteed in the long term. However, when the intrinsic motivations of beneficiaries are activated, these beneficiaries take greater ownership of the objectives of actions: they demonstrate more lasting behavioural change. Recent research combining behavioural economics and social psychology, conducted for such projects, is opening a rich and complementary avenue to mobilise this latent human potential. Considering intrinsic motivations implies recognising the importance of the psychological dimension of any action. Research and development decision-makers and donors can and ensure their calls for projects incorporate methods to identify and activate these motivations. |
| Keywords: | Incentive,motivation,value system,psychology,human behaviour,psychological factor,payments for ecosystem services,agriculture,conservation,environment,biodiversity,forest,theory of change,development policy,Tropical zone,Southeast Asia,Latin America,Africa,Madagascar,Mediterranean |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:cirad-03261909&r= |
| By: | Hermawan, Hary (Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata AMPTA Yogyakarta, Indonesia); Wijayanto, Rudi; , Prihatno; Sinangjoyo, Nikasius Jonet |
| Abstract: | Online Travel Agent (OTA) is an online-based start-up company that serves ticket purchases, hotel room reservations, and tourist attraction ticket purchases. One of the many OTA companies that collaborate with accommodation providers is Traveloka. Balkondes Sakapitu has used OTA, in this case, Traveloka as a partner in selling its products in the form of rooms. This study aims to analyze the role of OTA in increasing room occupancy in Balkondes Sakapitu. This research is qualitative research with a case study research design. This study indicates that OTA plays an essential role in increasing room occupancy at Balkondes Sakapitu. The increase in room occupancy is measured by the number of online reservation levels through Traveloka within three months from October to December 2020. The role of increasing room occupancy, the use of OTA in this case Traveloka includes: showing the position or position of the hotel based on reviews from guests and a forum for promotion and sales. There are advantages and disadvantages of using Traveloka for Balkondes Sakapitu. These advantages include marketing personnel's efficiency, saving operational costs, easy to change prices, and statistical data reports. While the drawbacks: the difference in sales prices, long payment tempo, and needed qualified HR. The strength of this research, when compared with previous research, is that this study reveals the pattern of cooperation between the hotel and OTA, and discusses the distribution of commission amounts that in previous studies not discussed. |
| Date: | 2021–03–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:68z4u&r= |
| By: | Kristopher S. Gerardi; Lauren Lambie-Hanson; Paul S. Willen |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated racial disparities in U.S. mortgage markets. Black, Hispanic, and Asian borrowers were significantly more likely than white borrowers to miss payments due to financial distress, and significantly less likely to refinance to take advantage of the large decline in interest rates spurred by the Federal Reserve’s large-scale mortgage-backed security (MBS) purchase program. The wide-scale forbearance program, introduced by the 2020 Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, provided approximately equal payment relief to all distressed borrowers, as forbearance rates conditional on nonpayment status were roughly equal across racial/ethnic groups. However, Black and Hispanic borrowers were significantly less likely to exit forbearance and resume making payments relative to their Asian and white counterparts. Persistent differences in the ability to catch up on missed payments could worsen the already large disparity in home ownership rates across racial and ethnic groups. While the pandemic caused widespread distress in mortgage markets, strong house price appreciation in recent years, particularly in 2020, means that foreclosure risk is lower for past-due borrowers now as compared with the aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis and Great Recession. Furthermore, borrowers who have missed payments have significantly higher credit scores now than those who were distressed in the 2007–2010 period, largely due to the widespread availability of forbearance for federally backed mortgages. |
| Keywords: | mortgage refinancing; mortgage repayment; home equity; racial inequality. |
| JEL: | G21 G51 E52 J15 |
| Date: | 2021–06–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedpdp:92824&r= |
| By: | Catherine Gagnon; Jason Gagnon |
| Abstract: | The world is increasingly facing a technologically changing employment landscape and such changes are directly affecting the future demand for skills. For regional economies built on labour migration, the impending changes will affect migrants and their families, their countries of origin and the recruitment systems they are attached to – and ultimately disrupt the development benefits of migration. This paper investigates how the future of the employment landscape will affect migration within the Abu Dhabi Dialogue, a regional consultative process for migration in Asia. It investigates the impending changes in the demand for skills in countries of destination, how such changes will affect migration processes and whether countries of origin are ready for the changes. It provides recommendations on how regional consultative processes can foster dialogue between key actors from both countries of origin and destination to better navigate future changes and ensure a smooth transition. |
| Keywords: | employment, future of work, international migration, labour migration, regional co-operation, skills |
| JEL: | F22 O15 J24 J61 F66 |
| Date: | 2021–07–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dcdaab:40-en&r= |
| By: | Kreisman, Daniel (Georgia State University); Smith, Jonathan (Georgia State University); Arifin, Bondi (Indonesia Ministry of Finance) |
| Abstract: | How do college non-completers list schooling on their resumes? The negative signal of not completing might outweigh the positive signal of attending but not persisting. If so, job-seekers might hide non-completed schooling on their resumes. To test this we match resumes from an online jobs board to administrative educational records. We find that fully one in three job-seekers who attended college but did not earn a degree omit their only post-secondary schooling from their resumes. We further show that these are not casual omissions but are strategic decisions systematically related to schooling characteristics, such as selectivity and years of enrollment. We also find evidence of lying, and show which degrees listed on resumes are most likely untrue. Lastly, we discuss implications. We show not only that this implies a commonly held assumption, that employers perfectly observe schooling, does not hold, but also that we can learn about which college experiences students believe are most valued by employers. |
| Keywords: | signaling, resume, employer learning, statistical discrimination, jobs board |
| JEL: | J01 J24 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14483&r= |