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on South East Asia |
| By: | Vuong, Vu (University of Western Australia); Chang, Simon (University of Western Australia); Palmer, Michael (University of Western Australia) |
| Abstract: | The Vietnam War occurred when Vietnam was divided into two states with contrasting institutions. North Vietnam was characterized by a command economy under a stable political regime, whereas South Vietnam experienced a market economy and prolonged political instability. This paper uses this context to investigate the heterogeneous effect of childhood bombing exposure on health in adulthood. On average we found negative long-term effects on adult height and body mass index among the South Vietnamese population, while their counterparts in the North were barely affected. We argue that this heterogeneity is most likely attributable to the interplay of institutions and bombing. |
| Keywords: | bombing, body mass index, institutions, nutrition transition, Vietnam |
| JEL: | I15 O15 I31 H56 N35 N45 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14443&r= |
| By: | Ferry Syarifuddin |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the spatial dependence of foreign portfolio investment (FPI) inflows between ASEAN countries from 2002Q1-2018Q4 utilizing the spatial econometric approach. In particular, to enrich the resultsof our research we also review the relationship between exchange rates and macroeconomic factors on the FPI in Indonesia. The empirical results show that there is a competitive relationship in FPI between ASEAN countries that indicates crowding out of FPI in the host country is most likely to occur when third-country experiences crowding in its FPI inflow. We also show that the exchange rate dynamics in the host and third country do not significantly affect FPI in the host country. Furthermore, the results indicate that interest rate differential, inflation, economic growth, and government debt rating in host countries, also inflation, economic growth, and government debt rating in neighboring countries are responsible for the inflow of FPI into host countries in ASEAN. In the Indonesia case study, our empirical results show that exchange rates affect bond and equity inflows, and also exchange rate volatility affects foreign equity markets and total portfolio inflows inIndonesia. In addition, we find the importance of interest rate differential and the VIX index for Indonesia's portfolios market |
| Keywords: | foreign portfolio investment, exchange rates, macroeconomics, spatial panel econometrics, spillover effects |
| JEL: | F21 F31 F41 C21 R12 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idn:wpaper:wp082020&r= |
| By: | Arief A. Yusuf; Reza Anglingkusumo; Andy Sumner; Putri R. Halim; Anggita C.M. Kusuma |
| Abstract: | This paper tests whether employment of a particular group of workers (distinct by demographic-skills-region characteristics) with comparative advantage in certain tasks (such as routine and non-routine) has increased relative to others during 2001-2015 in Indonesia. With this we aim to establish evidence in support of routinization hypothesis (or Routine-biased Technical Change/RBTC) that occurs in a particular time period that coincides with rising inequality in Indonesia. To do this we analyze a series of nationally representative labor force surveys of Indonesia (SAKERNAS) and combine them with the task-data from the O*NET database. We constructed a pseudo-panel data from this combined dataset and implemented a fixedeffect regression analysis linking employment and task-specific comparative advantage, controlling for macroeconomic trend and heterogeneity in demographic-skills-region composition. We find that the employment of demographic and skill groups that have comparative advantage (in the initial period) in abstract task (non-routine cognitive, analytical and personal) relative to those with comparative advantage in the manual (non-routine physical manual) task -- the omitted group --, has increased much faster thanother groups, particularly demographic and skill groups that have comparative advantage in routine task. Therefore, this paper establishes an evidence that routinization, or routine-biased technical change, has played a role in the changing composition of labor force in Indonesia during the period of rising inequality in Indonesia (2001-2015). |
| Keywords: | routine-biased technical change, routinization, job polarization, technological change, Indonesia |
| JEL: | D31 E24 J21 J24 J31 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idn:wpaper:wp062020&r= |
| By: | Asep Suryahadi; Arnita Rishanty; Robert Sparrow |
| Abstract: | The role of social capital in economic development has been a subject of interest to both academics and practitioners of development for several decades. However, studies on social capital in developing countries context is still rare. This study explores empirically the relationships between social capital and economic development at district level in Indonesia.We find that the effects of social capital on economic development are complex. Hence, we cannot simply say that social capital is either good or bad for development. The relationships differ across development indicators, the forms of social capital, and the categories within each form of social capital. Nevertheless, the most important finding of this study indicates that trust among people across different ethnic groups is the most important social capital for Indonesia. Higher trust among ethnic groups reduces poverty, increases income per capita, and increases consumption per capita of all segments of the population. Since Indonesia hashighly diverse ethnic groups, maintaining trust among these ethnic groups is paramount to the success of economic development of the country. |
| Keywords: | social capital, economic development, trust, Indonesia |
| JEL: | C5 O1 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idn:wpaper:wp042020&r= |
| By: | Arnita; Reza Anglingkusumo; I Dewa Gede Karma Wisana |
| Abstract: | Many say that millennials are more impatient than other generation and that they tend to spend their money easily for tertiary needs. Given that Indonesia is a large developing economy country with almost 70% of its population is in productive age, studying the millennials’ economic behavior is imperative. The global implication of millennials’ preference lends itself as Indonesia is the world’s fourth-most populous country. This study provides new insights for projecting the spending and the saving behavior of millennials which could impact the country’s future account and how the government should take advantage of demographic surplus effectively. It also participates in anticipation of financial/banking future developments and navigating through the boom and bust cycle of the economy, hence contributes to the policymakers in generating more effective policy. As most generations classifications are based on American experiences, we make another contribution in this study by adopting millennials generation classification that is uniquely based on Indonesian experience as a developing economy country. The findings indicate that millennials do spend more, less patient and more risk-taker than that of their parents. Both natural (cognitive test results) and nurtural factors (employability and spatiality) affect such behavior. The study also highlights the importance of the parents’ role for the millennials cognitive test result and therefore would have an impact on the millennials’ RRR. This research highlights experience having financial/income shocks may have a lowering effect on RRR |
| Keywords: | Inter-temporal preference, millennials, generation, Indonesia |
| JEL: | C23 D6 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idn:wpaper:wp132020&r= |
| By: | Morgan, Peter J. (Asian Development Bank Institute); Trinh, Long Q. (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | The outbreak of the COVID-19 virus and the resulting falls in demand due both to uncertainty and policy interventions such as lockdowns, “social distancing,” and travel restrictions are having a severe impact on Asian economies and hence on Asian households. These negative impacts come through a variety of channels, including loss of employment or reduced working hours, loss of sales and income of a household business, inability to travel to work, increased need to stay at home to look after children or sick household members, higher prices and/or lack of availability of staple items, reduced access to schooling, etc. To better understand these impacts, we carried out computer-assisted telephone interviews of households in eight ADB developing member countries: Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand, and Viet Nam. Our empirical results suggest that various household characteristics, including household income class (before COVID-19), household demographic factors, and COVID-19-induced factors such as having at least one person who lost their job or being located in lockdown areas, all affected the likelihood of a decline in income. In all countries, having at least one person who lost their job or had reduced working time increases the likelihood of experiencing financial difficulties by 17 percentage points. About 27% of children who stopped attending school could not fully participate in online learning programs due to weak/insufficient internet connections and a lack of digital devices. Two COVID-19-related factors—having at least one person who lost their job or had working hours reduced and experiencing financial difficulties—significantly affect the intensity of online classes taken by children in an average household. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19; ASEAN; household income; employment; consumption; household finance; education; online learning |
| JEL: | D14 G51 H12 H84 I10 I24 J60 |
| Date: | 2021–03–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:1226&r= |
| By: | Fernanda, Maria |
| Abstract: | PERKEMBANGAN UMKM DI INDONESIA |
| Date: | 2021–06–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:bspga&r= |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | GDP contracted by 9½ percent in 2020—a much steeper decline than during the Asian Financial Crisis (AFC)—but it is now recovering with the easing of containment measures and economic policy support. Banks are closely connected to the corporate sector through high credit exposures and conglomerate ownership linkages. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) may list the Philippines as a jurisdiction with serious Anti-Money Laundering and Combatting the Financing of Terrorism (AML/CFT) deficiencies in 2021. The country is also vulnerable to climate change (physical) risks, especially the destruction of physical capital from typhoons. |
| Keywords: | bank secrecy law; BSP charter; bridge bank authority; secrecy law; government financial institutions; Financial sector stability; Loans; Anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT); Financial Sector Assessment Program; Global; Asia and Pacific |
| Date: | 2021–04–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2021/074&r= |
| By: | Giang, Long Thanh; Kikkawa, Aiko; Nguyen, Cuong Viet |
| Abstract: | Using household data from the Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey (VHLSS) and the sector-specific growth and remittance inflow projections by Asian Development Bank (ADB), this study first estimated the COVID-19 pandemic on income and poverty status of the Vietnamese households, and then simulated the impact of cash transfer programs by the government of Vietnam on the income and poverty status of households. Our simulations suggest that COVID-19 leads to substantial reduction in household's per-capita income, and results in additional 1.7 million poor people. The cash transfers would be pro-poor and helps bring about 1.2 million people out of poverty. The transfers would be particularly pro-poor for ethnic minority and rural persons and those working in severely affected economic sectors. Based on the findings, we discussed various policies to implement appropriate measures to help households cope with adverse economic impact of COVID-19. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19,poverty,income,microsimulation,Vietnam |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:864&r= |
| By: | Arilony, Jeftha Offel |
| Abstract: | During the Covid-19 pandemic, companies must use the latest business platforms and technology. However, there are still many companies that have not been able to keep up with the latest business trends. In transforming the digital era, many companies apply the values of good corporate governance to avoid threats and risks of failure. To understand this problem further, a qualitative research was conducted using a case study approach. The analysis carried out focuses on efforts to foster MSMEs that have a contribution to improving the Indonesian economy. This study found that credit, training and assistance programs for MSMEs were still not able to strengthen the position of SMEs but increase the index of financial literacy and inclusion to accelerate income distribution in Indonesia. |
| Date: | 2021–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:r785g&r= |
| By: | Arilony, Jeftha Offel |
| Abstract: | During the Covid-19 pandemic, companies must use the latest business platforms and technology. However, there are still many companies that have not been able to keep up with the latest business trends. In transforming the digital era, many companies apply the values of good corporate governance to avoid threats and risks of failure. To understand this problem further, a qualitative research was conducted using a case study approach. The analysis carried out focuses on efforts to foster MSMEs that have a contribution to improving the Indonesian economy. This study found that credit, training and assistance programs for MSMEs were still not able to strengthen the position of SMEs but increase the index of financial literacy and inclusion to accelerate income distribution in Indonesia. |
| Date: | 2021–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:csuzm&r= |
| By: | Ly Dai Hung (Vietnam Institute of Economics, Hanoi, Vietnam) |
| Abstract: | We analyze the economic growth under impact of public and foreign investment by a vector autogressive model (VAR) on a quarterly sample of Vietnam economy over 2008-2020. The method stresses the role of exchange rate and liquidity supply on context of open economy. The evidence records that there exists a synergy of public and foreign investment on raising economic growth, reducing inflation and evaluating domestic currency. Moreover, the public investment is crucial to combat economic recession, especially during the current pandemic Covid-19. |
| Keywords: | Economic Growth,Public Investment,Foreign Investment,Vector Autoregression (VAR) model |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03241846&r= |
| By: | Bara, Maria Yosefina Jira |
| Abstract: | efforts made by UMKM during the pandemic to make changes in order to improve the Indonesian economy. |
| Date: | 2021–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:w7d3y&r= |
| By: | Arnita Rishanty; Asep Suryahadi |
| Abstract: | Circular economy aims to improve the used-resources efficiency and effectiveness holistically, thereby self-sustained and sustainable. Such concept promotes an all-inclusive productivity worldview. Yet, a question remains to what extent does the circular economy practices have impact on firms’ productivity, particularly in developing economies where there are conditions that are not necessarily in line with textbook rules that are mostly based on the developed economies paradigm. As the concept of the circular economy is a relatively new focus of research, it makes this paper to be the first empirically investigating the impact of circular economy practices on firms productivity in Indonesia. The open paradigm of circular economy that is non-restrictive and adaptable to the social and ecological environment depending on the availability of resources (low-tech to high-tech) and markets (small to large), makes circular economy approach, theoretically, is effective to improve productivity sustainably with limited resources available as in developing economies such as Indonesia. The study also contributes by highlighting the challenge on limited data availability related to measuring the circular economy measurements. We find the evidence in support of circular economy practices positively affecting firms productivity. However, the effects differ across sectors. What also important is that the dynamics of other deteminant variables of productivity shows that there is unique treats of firms that implement circular economy practices which makes them different and more resilient compared to other general firms. |
| Keywords: | circular economy, productivity, Indonesia |
| JEL: | C5 D2 Q5 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idn:wpaper:wp102020&r= |
| By: | Beirne, John (Asian Development Bank Institute); Renzhi, Nuobu (Asian Development Bank Institute); Volz, Ulrich (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | We examine the role of local currency bond markets (LCBMs) and foreign investor participation in these markets in capital flow volatility in emerging Asian economies over the period 1999 to 2020. Using a panel analysis and impulse response functions generated from a panel structural vector autoregression, we show that greater development of LCBMs across 10 Asian emerging economies in terms of capitalization helps to mitigate against capital flow volatility, while foreign investor participation has the opposite effect, particularly for less developed LCBMs. Our findings have policy implications from a financial stability perspective, whereby continued efforts to enhance LCBMs while reducing reliance on foreign investors should be encouraged. Strengthening the local investor base and mobilizing domestic resources through LCBMs ought to be a priority for raising long-term capital that will enable the financing of sustainable investment and development. Our findings also suggest that greater efforts are needed to enhance foreign exchange hedging arrangements for foreign investors in LCBMs, particularly in times of heightened financial stress. |
| Keywords: | capital flow volatility; local currency bond markets |
| JEL: | F32 F41 F62 |
| Date: | 2021–04–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:1252&r= |
| By: | Nuraini, Ani |
| Abstract: | Dalam buku ini membahas tentang pengaruh informasi non finansial yang terdiri dari variabel Corporate Governance, R&D, Informasi Pasar dan Faktor Makro yang di mediasi oleh Informasi Finansial berupa Financial Performance yang terdiri dari CR, TATO, DAR dan ROE, dengan menggunakan pengaruh tidak langsung dan pengaruh langsung terhadap Probabilitas Default. Dalam hasil kajian menemukan bahwa Financial Performance yang berpengaruh signifikan Corporate Governance, R&D, Informasi Pasar, sedangkan Faktor Makro yang signifikan adalah interest, akan tetapi R&D memberikan pengaruh menurunkan Financial Performance. Tahap kedua regresi logistik dengan variabel dependen Probabilitas Default yang signifikan Financial Performance, Corporate Governance dan Informasi Pasar, sedangkan R&D, faktor makro dan variabel kontrol tidak signifikan secara langsung, akan tetapi dengan mediasi Financial Performance variabel R&D dan variabel makro interest signifikan dalam mempengaruhi Probabilitas Default. |
| Date: | 2021–06–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:vwq6p&r= |
| By: | Nuraini, Ani |
| Abstract: | Dalam buku ini membahas tentang pengaruh informasi non finansial yang terdiri dari variabel Corporate Governance, R&D, Informasi Pasar dan Faktor Makro yang di mediasi oleh Informasi Finansial berupa Financial Performance yang terdiri dari CR, TATO, DAR dan ROE, dengan menggunakan pengaruh tidak langsung dan pengaruh langsung terhadap Probabilitas Default. Dalam hasil kajian menemukan bahwa Financial Performance yang berpengaruh signifikan Corporate Governance, R&D, Informasi Pasar, sedangkan Faktor Makro yang signifikan adalah interest, akan tetapi R&D memberikan pengaruh menurunkan Financial Performance. Tahap kedua regresi logistik dengan variabel dependen Probabilitas Default yang signifikan Financial Performance, Corporate Governance dan Informasi Pasar, sedangkan R&D, faktor makro dan variabel kontrol tidak signifikan secara langsung, akan tetapi dengan mediasi Financial Performance variabel R&D dan variabel makro interest signifikan dalam mempengaruhi Probabilitas Default. |
| Date: | 2021–06–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:t4avk&r= |
| By: | Bo E. Honore; Luojia Hu |
| Abstract: | This paper documents that the employment of Asian Americans with no college education has been especially hard hit by the economic crisis associated with the Covid-19 pandemic. This cannot be explained by differences in demographics or in job characteristics, and the pattern does not apply to the 2008 economic crisis. We find some evidence that the effect is larger in occupations with more interpersonal tasks. Asian American employment is also harder hit unconditional on education. This suggests that different selection into education levels across ethnic groups alone cannot explain the main results. |
| Keywords: | Employment; Pandemic; Asian Americans; Racial Disparity. |
| JEL: | J21 J70 J71 |
| Date: | 2020–09–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedhwp:92695&r= |
| By: | Giao, Ha Nam Khanh; Le, Vo Ngoc |
| Abstract: | Nghiên cứu kiểm định các yếu tố Văn hóa doanh nghiệp ảnh hưởng đến sự gắn bó của nhân viên Công ty TNHH Dây cáp điện Tai Sin Vietnam (Tai Sin), bằng việc khảo sát 282 nhân viên. Phương pháp phân tích Cronbach’s Alpha, phân tích EFA cùng với phân tích hồi quy bội được sử dụng với phương tiện SPSS. Kết quả cho thấy mức độ ảnh hưởng của 06 yếu tố VHDN- theo tầm quan trọng giảm dần- đến Sự gắn bó của nhân viên gồm: Làm việc nhóm, Định hướng về kế hoạch tương lai, Giao tiếp trong tổ chức, Đào tạo và phát triển, Phần thưởng và công nhận, Sáng tạo trong công việc. Nghiên cứu đề ra một số hàm ý quản trị đến các nhà quản lý Công ty Tai Sin nhằm tăng cường sự gắn bó của nhân viên. |
| Date: | 2021–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:pxv5e&r= |
| By: | Balcilar, Mehmet (Eastern Mediterranean University); Ozdemir, Zeynel Abidin (Ankara HBV University); Ozdemir, Huseyin (Gazi University); Aygun, Gurcan (Gazi University); Wohar, Mark E. (University of Nebraska Omaha) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the monetary policy effectiveness of five major Asian countries (China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, and South Korea) using a quantile vector autoregression (QVAR) model-based spillover estimation approach of Balcilar et al. (2020b) at different quantile paths. To do this, we first obtain the spillover index from interest rate to industrial production and consumer price index under the high and low levels of uncertainty. The full sample results from our analysis provide partial supporting evidence for the economic theory, which asserts that monetary policy efficiency must fall during periods of high economic uncertainty. Furthermore, this approach also allows us to uncover asymmetric effects of economic policy uncertainty and lending rate on macroeconomic indicators. The impacts of interest rate and domestic and foreign (US, EU) uncertainty shocks on major Asian markets present significant asymmetric characteristics. Moreover, our time-varying results suggest that monetary policy shocks are more effective and potent on Asian economies during very low and very high uncertain times than normal economic periods. |
| Keywords: | economic policy uncertainty, monetary policy efficiency, quantile spillover, QVAR |
| JEL: | C32 E44 F42 G01 |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14420&r= |
| By: | , Aprinisa; Ainita, Okta; alfian, angga |
| Abstract: | Bank sebagai lembaga utama di bidang keuangan diharapkan dapat menjaga kepercayaan masyarakat atas simpanan yang ditanamkan kepadanya. Mengingat tugas tersebut memiliki sifat yang berbeda antara yang satu dengan yang lainnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, yaitu penelitian dilakukan terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan dan norma-norma. Perundang-undangan yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan penulisan ini. Peraturan Bank Indonesia Nomor 16/1/PBI/2014 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen Jasa Sistem Pembayaran. Perlindungan Konsumen Jasa Sistem Pembayaran yang selanjutnya disebut Perlindungan Konsumen adalah segala upaya yang menjamin adanya kepastian hukum untuk memberi perlindungan kepada Konsumen Jasa Sistem Pembayaran. pertanggungjawaban yang dilakukan pihak. Adapun kerugian hilangnya dana nasabah adalah pihak bank memberikan ganti rugi terhadap dana nasabah yang hilang tersebut, maka pihak bank tidak wajib mengembalikan kerugian yang dialami nasabah. Perlindungan hukum terhadap korban kejahatan penggandaan kartu ATM antara lain: upaya hukum yang dapat dilakukan pihak nasabah apabila mengalami kerugian atas hilangnya dana simpanan; menurut Pasal 19 ayat (1) dan (3) Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen, konsumen yang merasa dirugikan dapat menuntut secara langsung penggantian kerugian kepada produsen dan produsen harus memberi tanggapan dan/atau penyelesaian dalam jangka waktu 7 hari setelah transaksi berlangsung; dan setiap konsumen yang dirugikan dapat menggugat pelaku usaha melalui lembaga yang bertugas menyelesaikan sengketa antara konsumen dan pelaku usaha atau melalui peradilan umum ataupun penyelesaian sengketa konsumen dapat ditempuh melalui pengadilan (UUPK Pasal 45 ayat (1)) atau diluar pengadilan berdasarkan dengan pilihan sukarela para pihak yang bersengketa (UUPK Pasal 45 ayat (2). |
| Date: | 2021–05–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:qk4vu&r= |
| By: | Hai-Anh H. Dang (Analytics and Tools Unit, Development Data Group, World Bank); Long T. Giang (National Economics University, Vietnam); Minh N. N. Do (University of Economics and Business, Vietnam National University, Hanoi) |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in income and employment loss in many countries around the world. Yet, hardly any formal study exists on household finance and future economic expectations in poorer countries. To fill in this gap, we implemented and analyzed a new web-based rapid assessment survey immediately after the removal of lockdown measures in Vietnam—a poorer country that has received widespread recognition for its successful fight against the pandemic. We find that having a job is strongly and positively associated with better finance and more income and savings, as well as more optimism about the resilience of the economy. Further disaggregating employment into different types of jobs such as self-employment and jobs with permanent and short-term contracts, we find those with permanent job contracts to have fewer job worries and better assessments for the economy. Individuals with good health tend to have more positive evaluations for their current and future finance, but there is mixed evidence for those with higher educational levels. These findings are relevant for post-outbreak economic policies, especially regarding the labor market in a developing country context. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, recession, labor market, wage work, household finance, Vietnam |
| JEL: | I1 I3 J01 J08 O1 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dpc:wpaper:0121&r= |
| By: | Dyah S. Pritadrajati; Anggita C. M. Kusuma; Sweta C. Saxena |
| Abstract: | Economic inactivity has long been seen to lead to the deterioration of future labor market prospects. This negative effect on future labor outcomes potentially lasts for the individual’s entire remaining working lifetime. Although there seems to be a consensus on the negative relationship between present spells of unemployment and future labor market outcomes, the literature discussing why and how this is the case, especially in developing countries, is limited. The challenges of labor market transitions are, without a doubt, complex, and the cases for developing countries could be different from those for developed countries. Therefore, to further extend the discussion in the literature, this paper attempts to investigate how self-employment in the informal sector, rather than unemployment per se, influences the scarring effects, especially in the context of Indonesia, where informality is prevalent. This paper finds that scarring effects due to previous unemployment and selfemployment are more observable among senior workers. Besides, there is also evidence of scarring effect due to self-employment among young workers age 25-34 years, which is more substantial than that due to unemployment. The estimation results show that the duration of unemployment negatively affects subsequent earnings, particularly for senior workers and workers in the lowincome group. In the meantime, years spent in self-employment has no significant effect on subsequent earnings, either when the sample is disaggregated by age, income distribution, gender, or location of residence. This evidence could indicate that the opportunity for human capital accumulation in self-employment is limited and/or employers may use this information as an indicator of low productivity. |
| Keywords: | scarring effect, human capital, unemployment, self-employment |
| JEL: | I25 I28 J24 J48 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idn:wpaper:wp092020&r= |
| By: | Azhgaliyeva, Dina (Asian Development Bank Institute); Beirne, John (Asian Development Bank Institute); Mishra, Ranjeeta (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | We examine the drivers of private investment in renewable energy by source of funding for 13 global economies over the period 2008 to 2018, with a focus on a sub-panel of Asian economies. Using a seemingly unrelated regression model, we provide a first quantitative estimate of the effect of government renewable energy policies on private investments across different sources of financing. Our results indicate that feed-in-tariffs (FITs) have the greatest overall effect in Asia on driving private investment in renewable energy, particularly from asset finance compared with other funding sources. The impact of FITs in Asia is also greater than that of the global sample. The impact of FITs is amplified in the presence of lower regulatory quality, which may be related to ease of market entry. We also find an important role in Asia for government expenditure on research and development in stimulating private investment. The magnitudes of the effects in Asia are broadly in line with the overall global sample. Finally, we find that technology costs, are less elastic on private investment in Asia compared with globally in affecting private investment in renewable energy across all funding sources, which may be related to the prevailing strong cost competitiveness of Asian economies in renewable energy provision. |
| Keywords: | private investment; public investment; renewable energy; green investment; feed-in tariff |
| JEL: | O30 O38 Q28 Q42 |
| Date: | 2021–06–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:1246&r= |
| By: | Sy-Hoa Ho; Jamel Saadaoui |
| Abstract: | While it is widely recognized that the development of a sound financial system may contribute to foster economic growth, the relation between economic growth and financial activities is complex. In this perspective, our contribution investigates the existence of threshold effects in the relationship between economic growth and bank credit. Our sample of ASEAN countries is examined over the period spanning from 1993 to 2019. We use the approach of Kremer et al. (2013) to estimate threshold effects in a dynamic panel where a group of explanatory variables can be endogenous. Our results do not confirm the vanishing effect of finance on economic growth. We found a threshold of 96.5% (significant at the 5% level) for the credit-to-GDP ratio, the threshold variable. In the short run, for observations inferior or equal to the threshold, the positive effect of bank credit expansion on economic growth is around 0.08 (significant at the 1% level). Whereas, for observations superior to the threshold, the positive effect of bank credit expansion on economic growth is around 0.02 (significant at the 1% level). The role of exporting firms is essential in ASEAN countries as they are more export-oriented than other regions in the world economy. Our results may indicate that the beneficiary of the credit (firms versus households), the structural features (export-led growth), and the regional heterogeneity have to be considered in empirical investigations of threshold effects in the relation between economic growth and bank credit. This empirical evidence may help to formulate sound policy recommendations. |
| Keywords: | Bank Credit, Economic Growth, Dynamic Threshold Estimation, ASEAN. |
| JEL: | C23 G21 O41 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2021-24&r= |
| By: | Bequet, Ludovic |
| Abstract: | This paper presents the first detailed empirical evaluation of the effect of genetically engineered(GE) crops on land inequality, using three waves of census data covering 21 years and 17 million plots in the Philippines. Exploiting exogenous variations in soil and weather characteristics leading to differences in potential gain from GE corn cultivation, I show that the introduction of this labor- saving technology in 2003 led to an increased in municipality-level landholding and land ownership inequality. This effect is partly driven by a relative increase in agricultural land, is stronger in municipalities that adopted modern agricultural practices later and where credit penetration is higher. While increased land inequality is associated with a higher level of terrorist activity, it does not seem to have any adverse effect on agricultural productivity or economic activity. |
| Keywords: | Land inequality, Agricultural technology, Land reform |
| JEL: | O13 Q12 Q15 |
| Date: | 2021–06–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:108131&r= |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | A nascent recovery is underway in Thailand following the COVID-19 downturn. Ample policy buffers, underpinned by judicious management of public finances, allowed the authorities to implement a multipronged package of fiscal, monetary, and financial policies to mitigate the COVID-19 impact on households, businesses, and the financial system. This, together with rigorous containment measures, led to a successful flattening of the infection curve during most of 2020. Nevertheless, the pandemic has taken a large toll on the economy, potentially inducing long-term scarring and increasing inequality. |
| Date: | 2021–06–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2021/097&r= |
| By: | Fiskara; Ali Sakti; Alvina Rahmawati Meliala |
| Abstract: | Penelitian ini secara umum bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi perilaku penetapan harga produk (price setting behavior) bagi pelaku ekonomi di Indonesia serta pembuktian di tingkat mikro terkait fenomena makro nominal rigidities. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan survei pada produsen khususnya pada pelaku perusahaan besar di sektor tekstil dan bahan makanan dan minuman, dan pelaku usaha mikro dan kecil di sektor makanan. Kajian ini melakukan survei pada empat aspek dari lingkungan usaha, yaitu struktur pasar, kebijakan harga, faktor-faktor penentu perubahan harga dan faktor-faktor yang menghambat penyesuaian harga(price stickiness). Kajian awal ini pada perusahaan besar menemukan bahwa perusahaan memiliki kebebasan dalam menentukan harga dari produk yang dipasarkan (price setter), beroperasi pada pasar yang berorientasi ekspor dan competitive market. Perusahaan telah menerapkan forward looking price setting sebagai strategi kebijakan harga. Biaya tenaga kerja dan biaya bahan baku menjadi faktor penting yang dipertimbangkan pada saat kenaikan harga, sementara biayabahan baku dan biaya listrik dan bahan bakar menjadi faktor penting bagi penurunan harga. Pada saat pandemi, perusahaan memperhatikan demand factorbaik pada saat akan menaikkan ataupun menurunkan harga produk. Faktor utama yang menyebabkan price stickiness pada saat harga naik di kondisi normal (sebelum pandemi) yaitu hubungan dengan konsumen (implicit contract), membutuhkan biaya pengumpulan informasi yang banyak (information cost) dan harga hanya naik apabila terdapat kenaikan harga yang besar (pricing point). Sementara price stickiness pada harga yang turun di kondisi normal (sebelum pandemi) adalah information cost, pricing point dan pesaing tidak menurunkan harga (coordination failure). Pada saat pandemi, faktor price stickiness pada saat harga naik dan turun adalah coordination failure. Sementara pada pengusaha UMK juga merupakan price setter. Berbeda dengan perusahaan besar, pengusaha UMK masih menerapkan backward looking price setting behavior. Faktor utama yang dipertimbangkan dalam penetapan harga adalah biaya bahan baku. Sementara itu pengusaha UMK akan cepat merespon kurang dari 1 bulan apabila terjadi lonjakan kenaikan biaya bahan baku apabila terjadi kenaikan harga, sebaliknya pada saat harga turun, responden akan cepat merespon apabila harga pesaing juga turun. Faktor yang menyebabkan penundaan harga adalah implicit contract. |
| Keywords: | price setting, pricing policy, price changes, price adjustments |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idn:wpaper:wp122020&r= |
| By: | Rasool, Muhammad (University of Technology Sydney, Australia); Khalilpour, Kaveh (University of Technology Sydney, Australia); Rafiee, Ahmad (Dana Cluster Pty Ltd., Sydney, Australia); Karimi, Ifthekar (National University of Singapore); Madlener, Reinhard (E.ON Energy Research Center, Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN)) |
| Abstract: | Over the last five decades, there have been a few phases of interest in the so-called hydrogen economy, stemming from the need for either energy security enhancement or climate change mitigation. None of these phases has been successful in a major market development mainly due to the lack of cost competitiveness and partially due to technology readiness challenges. Nevertheless, a new phase has begun very recently, which despite holding original objectives has a new motivation to be fully green, based on renewable energy. This new movement has already initiated bipartisan cooperation of some energy importing countries and those with abundant renewable energy resources and supporting infrastructure. For example, the abundance of renewable resources and a stable economy of Australia can attract investments in building these green value chains with countries such as Singapore, South Korea, Japan, and those even further distant like in Europe. One key challenge in this context is the diversity of pathways for the (national and international) export of non-electricity renewable energy. This poses another challenge, i.e., the need for an agnostic tool for comparing various supply chain pathways fairly while considering various techno-economic factors such as renewable energy sources, hydrogen production and conversion technologies, transport, and destination markets, along with all associated uncertainties. This paper addresses the above challenge by introducing a probabilistic decision analysis cycle methodology for evaluating various renewable energy supply chain pathways based on the hydrogen vector. The decision support tool is generic and can accommodate any kind of renewable chemical and fuel supply chain option. As a case study, we have investigated eight supply chain options composed of two electrolysers (alkaline and membrane) and four carrier options (compressed hydrogen, liquefied hydrogen, methanol, and ammonia) for export from Australian ports to three destinations in Singapore, Japan, and Germany. The results clearly show the complexity of decision making induced by multiple factors. |
| Keywords: | Hydrogen economy; renewable hydrogen vector; renewable energy utilisation; renewable energy supply chain; decision analysis cycle; expected levelised cost of hydrogen (ELCOH) |
| JEL: | Q40 |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:fcnwpa:2021_004&r= |
| By: | Khan, Adnan; Mrs, Sultana |
| Abstract: | The Bangladeshi diaspora consists of people of Bangladeshi descent who have immigrated to or were born in another country. First generation migrants may have moved abroad from Bangladesh for better living conditions, to escape poverty, to support their financial condition or to send money back to families in Bangladesh. With a total of 10 million Bangladeshis living abroad, the country has ranked fifth among top 20 countries of origin for international migrants. There is a large Bangladeshi diaspora population in Saudi Arabia. There are also significant migrant communities in various Arab states of the Persian Gulf, particularly the United Arab Emirates and Oman, where Bangladeshis are mainly classified as foreign workers. British Bangladeshis are mainly concentrated in east London boroughs Tower Hamlets and Newham; the migration to Britain is mainly linked with chain migration from the Sylhet Division. Besides the UK and Middle East, Bangladeshis also have a significant presence in the United States, Malaysia, South Africa, Singapore, and in other Western countries such as Italy, Canada, and Australia. This research paper is designed to provide an illustrated account of what kind of research has been done on these migrants at home and abroad over the past fifty years. |
| Keywords: | migration, expatriate, diaspora, temporary, workers, labour, literature |
| JEL: | J6 J60 J61 J62 J69 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:108328&r= |
| By: | Loanoto, Vincent Indrakusuma |
| Abstract: | In this Covid-19 era, many companies are required to run new business platforms, but many of these companies are not able to keep up with the growing business trends. Of course, in anticipating changes in the competitive climate in the digital era, companies can carry out transformation programs and also implement good corporate governance values to avoid the dangers and risks of failure. This research uses a case study that focuses on efforts to foster Medium, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) that contribute to improving the Indonesian economy. |
| Date: | 2021–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:dpnvh&r= |
| By: | Loanoto, Vincent Indrakusuma |
| Abstract: | In this Covid-19 era, many companies are required to run new business platforms, but many of these companies are not able to keep up with the growing business trends. Of course, in anticipating changes in the competitive climate in the digital era, companies can carry out transformation programs and also implement good corporate governance values to avoid the dangers and risks of failure. This research uses a case study that focuses on efforts to foster Medium, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) that contribute to improving the Indonesian economy. |
| Date: | 2021–06–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:v37tm&r= |
| By: | Barnett, William A.; Nguyen, Van H. |
| Abstract: | Since Barnett (1978) derived the user cost price of money, the economic theory of monetary services aggregation has been developed and extended into a field of its own with solid foundations in microeconomic theory. Divisia monetary aggregates have repeatedly been shown to be strictly preferred to their simple-sum counterparts, which have no competent foundations in microeconomic aggregation or index number theory. However, most central banks in the world, including that of Singapore, the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), still report their monetary aggregates as simple summations. Recent DSGE macroeconomic models often ignore aggregate quantities of money as possible instruments or targets of monetary policy. In the case of a small open economy like Singapore’s, exchange rates are often targeted to achieve goals for inflation and output gap. See, e.g., McCallum (2006). Is that because quantities of money are irrelevant to economic activity? To examine the relevance of Divisia monetary aggregates in predicting real economy activity in Singapore, we construct monetary services indices for Singapore using the recent credit-card-augmented Divisia monetary aggregates formula. We produce those state-of-the-art monetary services indexes for Jan 1991 to Mar 2021. In future work, we plan to use our data to explore central bank policy in Singapore and to propose improvements in that policy. By making our data available to the public, we encourage others to do the same. |
| Keywords: | Divisia index, Divisia monetary aggregates, credit card augmented Divisia, open-economy macroeconomics, monetary policy analysis, Singapore |
| JEL: | E32 E40 E41 E47 E50 E51 E52 E58 |
| Date: | 2021–06–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:108422&r= |
| By: | William Barnett (Department of Economics, University of Kansas and Center for Financial Stability, New York City); Van H. Nguyen (Department of Economics, The University of Kansas) |
| Abstract: | Since Barnett (1978) derived the user cost price of money, the economic theory of monetary services aggregation has been developed and extended into a field of its own with solid foundations in microeconomic theory. Divisia monetary aggregates have repeatedly been shown to be strictly preferred to their simple-sum counterparts, which have no competent foundations in microeconomic aggregation or index number theory. However, most central banks in the world, including that of Singapore, the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), still report their monetary aggregates as simple summations. Recent DSGE macroeconomic models often ignore aggregate quantities of money as possible instruments or targets of monetary policy. In the case of a small open economy like Singapore’s, exchange rates are often targeted to achieve goals for inflation and output gap. See, e.g., McCallum (2006). Is that because quantities of money are irrelevant to economic activity? To examine the relevance of Divisia monetary aggregates in predicting real economy activity in Singapore, we construct monetary services indices for Singapore using the recent credit-card- augmented Divisia monetary aggregates formula. We produce those state-of-the-art monetary services indexes for Jan 1991 to Mar 2021. In future work, we plan to use our data to explore central bank policy in Singapore and to propose improvements in that policy. By making our data available to the public, we encourage others to do the same. |
| Keywords: | Divisia index, Divisia monetary aggregates, credit card augmented Divisia, open- economy macroeconomics, monetary policy analysis, Singapore. |
| JEL: | E32 E40 E41 E47 E50 E51 E52 E58 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kan:wpaper:202114&r= |
| By: | Mauro, Filippo di (Asian Development Bank Institute); Hoang, Minh Duy (Asian Development Bank Institute); Morgan, Peter (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | We provide an overview of productivity development and other related indicators in Asia and Pacific (APAC) countries, with comparisons with the Europe region. We use the seventh vintage firm-level data from the Productivity Research Network in the APAC region and CompNet in Europe for our study. The overall results show that the productivity growth in developed APAC countries (Australia, New Zealand, and the Republic of Korea) is significantly ahead of the growth in developing APAC countries (India and the People’s Republic of China) and on par with the EU’s growth. There is an ongoing process of bottom firms catching up with top firms in the Republic of Korea and the richest EU countries. Regarding employment and labor skills, employment growth has generally been quite stagnant in all regions. Labor skills, for which we use the wage premium as a proxy, are quite similar across most regions, with the richest EU countries showing a higher premium than the rest. Our test of the productivity–employment link indicates that the size of employment tends to have a greater impact on productivity in APAC countries, while labor skills have greater emphasis in the EU. |
| Keywords: | productivity; firm-level; employment; labor costs; labor skills; wage premium; TFP dispersion; firm concentration; financial constraint; Filippo di Mauro; Minh Duy Hoang; Peter Morgan |
| JEL: | D24 E24 J21 J24 P52 |
| Date: | 2021–05–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:1264&r= |
| By: | Axel Börsch-Supan (Munich Center for the Economics of Aging, Max Planck Institute); Michael D. Hurd (RAND); Susann Rohwedder (RAND) |
| Abstract: | Based on the belief that many people have under-saved and that the reason for under-saving is procrastination, paternalistic nudging to foster saving is often advocated by policy researchers. However, there is little empirical evidence that on hindsight individuals would wish to have saved more than they did, which is an implication of under-saving due to procrastination. To fill this empirical gap, we fielded surveys in the RAND American Life Panel and in the Singapore Life Panel. We asked persons ages 60 to 74 whether, if they were given the chance to do it over again, they would have saved differently earlier in their lives. If they wished to have saved more, we say they have “saving regret.†We also fielded a psychometric battery designed to classify people according to their tendency to procrastinate. We found both in the United States and in the Singapore data that about half the population expressed saving regret with the proportion being higher in the U.S. The likelihood of expressing regret was uncorrelated with our measures of procrastination: That is, individuals who affirm statements that plainly indicate a tendency to put off difficult tasks are no more likely to express saving regret than individuals who do not have that tendency. We also asked respondents whether, over their lifetimes, they had experienced unexpected events or shocks that harmed their economic situation, such as unemployment. Substantially higher fractions of the U.S. sample experienced such shocks. That experience explained the greater frequency of saving regret in the U.S. |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mrr:papers:wp413&r= |
| By: | Masagus M. Ridhwan |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to examine sources of labor wage differentials and to investigate human capital externalities across Indonesian districts. Our study attempts to fill the gap in the standard literature, which mainly asserts thekey role of labor market characteristics in explaining the disparities. Based on microdata on individual workers from 2006-2015, we found that not only individual (labor) characteristics play a role in explaining the wage variations, but also regional endowments and agglomeration forces. The latter mainly results from spatial proximity of firms to other firms, from labor market pooling, and from knowledge spillovers. In addition, we also found strong evidence of positive human capital externalities, particularly in agglomerated regions. All in all, these findings may suggest the importance of skills and agglomeration for policymakers in boosting local productivity vis-Ã -visreducing income/wage inequality |
| Keywords: | Local labor markets; Spatial wage differentials; Panel data analysiS |
| JEL: | R23 J31 J61 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idn:wpaper:wp032020&r= |
| By: | Amandha, Azrah Cipta |
| Abstract: | Management Information Systems are known as knowledge that needs to be managed properly. Information systems and information technology are needed to improve educational or organizational performance. Information systems and information technology should not only be used as a means of support, but must also be the main weapons supporting the success of the education sector in order to be able to compete in the globalization era. The Indonesian education system has improved gradually, for example through several government policies. There are many advantages to using as many information systems as possible in an organization. The role of management requires efficient allocation and use of resources in order to achieve targets, thus making the management function receive information quickly and accurately. Therefore, an effective management information system is needed to support organizational goals. Management information systems are needed in making logical decisions, so it is necessary to understand conflicts and alternative solutions. |
| Date: | 2021–05–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:hsdr2&r= |
| By: | CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM) |
| Abstract: | How do social protection programs influence agricultural growth and nutrition, and what are the implications of this for program design? PIM research on the impact of social protection programs and complementary interventions for agricultural growth and nutrition made significant contributions to research and policy, including through impact evaluations of national food and cash transfer programs (e.g., the Takaful and Karama Program in Egypt, the Productive Safety Net Program in Ethiopia, and the Programme de Filets Sociaux “Jigisemejiri†in Mali), pilot studies (in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, Pakistan, Senegal, Tanzania, and Yemen), and policy papers and review studies covering many low- and middle-income countries. Social protection programs that provide cash or in-kind transfers alone often show limited short-term effects on agriculture or nutrition outcomes, although there is evidence of impacts of cash transfers alone on child nutrition in cases of extreme deprivation or when transfers are very large. The flagship’s research shows that social protection programs that bundle cash or in-kind transfers with high-quality complementary programming can generate large, significant improvements in agriculture and nutrition outcomes. Such complementary programming includes agricultural extension and nutrition behavior change communication (BCC). |
| Keywords: | WORLD, capacity development, social protection, agriculture, resilience, cash transfers, nutrition, intervention, gender, women, food security, child nutrition, policies, |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:pimfis:4&r= |
| By: | Tohari, Achmad (University of Western Australia); Parsons, Christopher (University of Western Australia); Rammohan, Anu (University of Western Australia) |
| Abstract: | We revisit the role of Capital Fundamentalism, in the context of the Government of Indonesia's Inpres Desa Tertinggal (IDT or Left Behind Village) Program, which injected capital into poor village economies. We evaluate the impact of the program on village welfare and structural transformation adopting a (fuzzy) regression discontinuity design, which exploits village eligibility for identification. Welfare increased in rural as opposed to urban villages in Java, Sumatra and Bali and Nusa Tenggara, as households exited agriculture in favor of more productive activities in construction, industry and trade. We find no evidence that the program affected structural transformation or welfare in Kalimantan, Sulawesi or Papua, which suggests that structural transformation is a necessary condition for capital injections to foster village development. |
| Keywords: | capital fundamentalism, structural transformation, government intervention, welfare |
| JEL: | L16 H53 H54 E22 O10 O18 I38 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14444&r= |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | The International Monetary Fund’s (IMF’s) Statistics Department (STA) provided technical assistance (TA) on financial soundness indicators (FSI) to the Federated States of Micronesia Banking Board (FSMBB) during November 2-13, 2020. The TA mission took place in response to a request from the authorities, with the support of the IMF’s Asia & Pacific Department (APD). The mission was conducted remotely via video conferences due to the COVID-19 pandemic and travel restrictions. The mission worked with the staff of the FSMBB on the development of FSIs that are in line with the IMF’s 2019 FSI Guide.1 The main objectives of the mission were to: (i) review the source data, institutional coverage and accounting and regulatory frameworks supporting the compilation of FSIs; (ii) provide guidance for mapping source data for the banking sector to the FSI reporting templates FS2 and FSD as well as areas for improvement in the metadata; (iii) agree with the FSMBB the timeline to begin regular reporting of the FSIs for deposit-takers to STA, conditional on the availability and completeness of the source data; and (iv) agree on the timeliness of data reporting. |
| Date: | 2021–06–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2021/100&r= |
| By: | Kennedy, Adam; Resnick, Danielle |
| Abstract: | Along with its impacts on health systems, economies, and schooling, one of the lasting effects of COVID-19 has been on the civic and political sphere. From conflict in Tigray, Ethiopia, to Myanmar’s recent military coup, governance restrictions have been either a lightning rod for opposition actors or a means of justifying repression and suspension of the rule of law. We draw on IFPRI’s CPR to examine various governance restrictions that were prominent during the first 12 months of the pandemic and focus on three main policy responses: postponing elections and restricting political rallies; censorship justified as a means to discourage misinformation; and imposing states of emergency. For the latter, we examine how this near-universal policy response had substantively different components and modes of implementation. |
| Keywords: | WORLD; governance; crises; Coronavirus; coronavirus disease; Coronavirinae; COVID-19; election; state of emergency; political rallies |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:crpprn:7&r= |