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on South East Asia |
| By: | Shairilizwan Taasim (Department of Social Science and Management Faculty of Humanities, Management and Science Author-2-Name: Adrian Daud Author-2-Workplace-Name: Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - Prior to the East ASEAN Growth Area (EAGA) in ASEAN, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines (BIMP) took in an inflow of immigrants to support growth. The more they depended on foreign labour, the issue of gender inequality in the job sector became an issue that is hindering prosperity. Methodology/Technique - The research was aimed to identify the relation between unemployment rate from the gender perspective and economic growth of BIMP-EAGA by using two methods, namely Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS). Annual time series data for the period of 1990 to 2018 was employed. Findings & Novelty - The result was contrary to Okun's law which says that there is a negative relation between the male unemployment rate and GDP. This study found that the female unemployment rate did not affect GDP and was insignificant. Policies that benefit and increase the participation of female workers in the job sector should be enhanced to prepare a conducive environment for the economy. Type of Paper - Empirical. |
| Keywords: | Labour Force, Gender, Economic Growth, BIMP |
| JEL: | E24 J16 |
| Date: | 2020–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jber194&r=all |
| By: | Yandra Rahadian Perdana (Department of Industrial Engineering, Marsda Adisucipto Street No 1, 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Author-2-Workplace-Name: Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is a technology that supports the management of supply chain activities. ERP consists of modules that have various operational and strategic functions. The more modules that are used, the higher the adoption rate is. This study aims to examine the adoption rate based on the modules used. Methodology/Technique - Manufacturing companies in Indonesia were selected as samples to answer the objective of this research and 155 respondents were obtained. The response from each respondent was categorised into two levels of adoption. The companies that adopted 1 to 4 modules were categorised as partial adopters, while companies that adopted five modules were considered to be full adopters. Findings & Novelty - This research found that 39 (25%) companies had fully adopted the ERP modules, 24 companies (15%) had adopted four modules, 29 companies (19%) adopted three modules, and 26 companies (17%) used two modules. Lastly, 37 companies (24%) used one module. Accordingly, the dominant choice is to partially adopt the technology. Type of Paper - Empirical. |
| Keywords: | Technology; Supply Chain; Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP); Adoption; Manufacturing Companies; Resource-Based View (RBV). |
| JEL: | O14 O33 |
| Date: | 2020–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jber193&r=all |
| By: | Rilla Gantino (Economic and Business Faculty, Esa Unggul University, Indonesia. Author-2-Name: Endang Ruswanti Author-2-Workplace-Name: Economic and Business Faculty, Esa Unggul University, Indonesia. Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - This paper aims to examine the influence of Leadership Style, Intellectual Capital, and Corporate Social Responsibility on Performance in companies in the sub-sectors of Mining, Pharmacy and Consumption and Household, Basic Industry, Chemical and Infrastructure, Utility and Telecommunication listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) 2012-2018. Methodology/Technique - In this research, leadership style is measured transformationally and transactionally. Meanwhile, Intellectual Capital is measured using VAICTM. Furthermore, Corporate Social Responsibility is measured using GRI G4, and Financial Performance is proxied by ROA, ROE, and sales growth. The method used is a saturated sample. The sample in this research was 50 companies in the Basic and Chemical Industry sub-sector, 28 companies in the infrastructure, utilities, and telecommunications sub-sectors, 38 mining sub-sector companies, and 17 companies in the consumer goods sub-sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). This research used secondary data taken from financial and annual reports and primary data obtained through questionnaires for leadership style. The analysis method used is simple regression analysis. Findings & Novelty - The results show that the influence of leadership style, intellectual capital, and corporate social responsibility in the four sectors varies with a positive or negative relationship direction. Intellectual capital has a positive significant influence on ROA, ROE and SG in four sectors. Previous research has focused on only one sector. This study compares the influence of leadership style, intellectual capital, and corporate social responsibility in four sectors Type of Paper - Empirical. |
| Keywords: | Comparison; Leadership Style; Intellectual Capital; CSR; Performance |
| JEL: | M41 M41 M49 |
| Date: | 2020–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:afr192&r=all |
| By: | Chen Chen Cheong (Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia. Author-2-Name: Asmidawati Ashari Author-2-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia. Author-3-Name: Rahimah Ibrahim Author-3-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia. Author-4-Name: Wan Aliaa W. Sulaiman Author-4-Workplace-Name: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia Author-5-Name: Koo Kian Yong Author-5-Workplace-Name: New Mind Brain Health Centre, Wisma Life Care, No.5, Jalan Kerinchi, 59200 Bangsar South, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - Woefully, the early onset of anxiety disorders had affected children in different aspects throughout their developmental stages. In order to get rid of the increased prevalence rate among children, the biological attributed risk factors for anxiety should be given more concern. Particularly, this research intended to study the biological brain mechanism for trait anxiety among children. With brain electrical activity mapping, this research was aimed to study the relationship between the brain locations situated at the prefrontal cortex and temporal lobe with trait anxiety. Subsequently, this research aimed to predict the associated brain locations for trait anxiety among anxious children. Methodology/Technique - A total of 212 Chinese children from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia with high trait anxiety was recruited after the first phase of the screening phase through the administration of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children-Trait Scale (STAIC-T). Recruited children then proceeded to the second phase of brain electrical activity brain mapping with a Quantitative Electroencephalogram (qEEG) brain mapping machine. Finding - Results showed that brain locations Fp1, Fp2, F7, F8, F3, F4, T3, and T4 are significantly correlated with trait anxiety while F8, Fp2, F4, and Fp1 are the significant predictors for trait anxiety among children during on task state. In short, the biological brain mechanism of brain locations played a role in forming the anxious trait the personality of children which resulted in reducing their resilience towards stress. |
| Keywords: | Brain Electrical Activity Mapping (BEAM); Children; Chinese; Malaysia; Trait anxiety; Quantitative Electroencephalogram (qEEG) |
| JEL: | D83 I19 |
| Date: | 2020–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:gjbssr576&r=all |
| By: | Yasin, Mohammad Zeqi; Shahab, Hasyim Ali; Nuryitmawan, Tegar Rismanuar; Arini, Hesti Retno Budi; Rumayya, Rumayya |
| Abstract: | In the face of insufficient attempt by policy makers to develop improved sanitation apparently has captivated attention of market-based approach– a potential solution of appropriate and safe sanitation for low-income settings. However, to accommodate this approach, a study to assess willingness to pay (WTP) of people upon sanitation is necessitated. This study aims to investigate the effect of individual’s knowledge upon the WTP of standardized latrine. This study employed primary data of 181 individuals spread in the three regencies and one municipality in the province of East Java, Indonesia. By using cross-sectional difference-in-differences, this study demonstrated a robust model revealing that the knowledge of individuals towards standardized latrine significantly brings positive impact on their WTP. This finding indicates that those who have known the standardized sanitation as well as its benefits tend to possess a higher WTP. Moreover, this study also discovered a significant effect of wife as decision marker in the family in allocating higher WTP to standardized latrine. This finding implies that women-led organizations (e.g. PKK or Muslimatan) can be an optimal media for socialization and marketing target of latrine products. |
| Keywords: | willingness-to-pay, East Java, standardized latrine |
| JEL: | I10 I18 |
| Date: | 2020–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:105070&r=all |
| By: | Fajar, Muhammad; Magdhalena, Stephanie; Hartini, Sri; Nurfalah, Zelani |
| Abstract: | This study aims to examine the determinants of mortality-related to COVID-19 in Indonesia. Generalized additive models (GAM) was used for modeling the relationship between COVID-19-related deaths and predictor variables. Information used in this study was sourced from Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS Statistics Indonesia), Ministry of Health, and the Indonesian COVID-19 Task Force. The results obtained from GAM are statistically valid. Out of the eight predicting variables used in the analysis, six were significant and two were non-significant at 95 percent confidence interval. The significant variables are GRDP per capita, the proportion of population aged 60 years and over, life expectancy at birth, number of hospitals, number of people with tuberculosis, and number of diabetics. The model can explain the variation of COVID-19-related deaths by 98.5 percent, while the remaining 1.5 percent is attributed to other factors lying outside the model. In summary, this study suggests increasing the number of health facilities, carrying out health development programs, implementing health protocols, and mobility restrictions with prioritizing populations of vulnerable age or those with comorbidities can reduce mortality-related to COVID-19. |
| Keywords: | GAM, Covid-19, Determinant, Modeling Mortality, Indonesia |
| JEL: | C14 C31 I10 I18 |
| Date: | 2020–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:105043&r=all |
| By: | Matondang Elsa Siburian (Graduate School of Economics, Waseda University) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this paper is to clarify the potential joint determination between fiscal decentralization, regional inequality, and the provision of local public goods in Indonesia. Using provincial-level data over the period 2001-2014, we estimate the simultaneous equation model (SEM) to circumvent the possibility of interdependence between the interest variables. The result reveals that fiscal decentralization is associated with lower regional income disparity but not vice versa. The result confirms that regional income inequality and the provision of public goods are simultaneously determined. The result provides no evidence of interdependence between fiscal decentralization and the provision of local public goods. |
| Keywords: | fiscal decentralization; regional inequality; local public goods; Indonesia; simultaneous equation model |
| JEL: | H10 H77 H70 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wap:wpaper:2001&r=all |
| By: | Anwar Azazi (Department of Management, Faculty of Economics & Business, Tanjungpura University, Pontianak, Indonesia. Author-2-Name: Author-2-Workplace-Name: Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - The objective of this study was to investigate empirically the relationship between the compensation of chief executive officers (CEO) and a firm's performance in the banking industry and to examine if CEO compensation affects bank performance differently between banks with and without prospect. Methodology/Technique - The author uses two measures of performance, total return on assets and Tobin, s Q, and concentrate on total CEO compensation. All data are collected from annual reports of banks listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange for a sample of 23 commercial banks or 167 firm-year observation over the 2009-2018 period utilizing the purposive random sampling technique. CEO compensation and bank performance are then analysed employing pooled regression method. Finding - This study finds supporting evidence for the agency-related problem in the banking industry in Indonesia. It then proves that high CEO compensation does have an inverse effect on bank performance, mainly on firm value. It also provides evidence that the pay-performance also demonstrates different patterns in firms with and without prospect. Novelty - This study uses novel and hand-collected data on CEO compensation in the banking industry and developing econometric evidence regarding CEO pay-performance relating to banks with and without prospect. Type of Paper - Empirical. |
| Keywords: | CEO compensation; Financial performance; banking industry. |
| JEL: | M41 G21 G32 M12 |
| Date: | 2020–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:afr191&r=all |
| By: | Syarifuddin, Ferry |
| Abstract: | In this work, the possibility of cross-border activities between two regions in the framework of the investment contract is viewed as optimal allocation problems. The problems of determining the optimal proportion of funds to be invested in liquidity and technology are analyzed in two different environments. In the first case, we consider a two-region and two-technology economy in which both regions possess the same productive technology or project, but a different stream of return. While in the second case, we examine an economy where two regions (Indonesia and Malaysia) hold different Islamic productive projects with identical returns. Allocation models are formulated in terms of investors’ expected utility maximization problem under budget constraints with respect to regional and sectoral shocks. It is revealed that optimal parameters for liquidity ratio, technological investment profile, and bank repayment are analytically characterized by the return of a more productive project and the proportion of impatient and patient investors in the region. Even though both cases employ different assumptions, they provide the same expressions of optimal parameters. The model suggests that cross-border Islamic investment activities between two regions might be realized, provided both regions hold productive projects with an identical stream of return. This paper also shows that by increasing the lower return of the project approaching the higher return, a room for inter-region investment can be created. An analytical framework of an investment contract in terms of optimal allocation model is provided. |
| Keywords: | Investment contract; Optimal allocation model; Two-region economy. |
| JEL: | C61 F36 G11 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:104809&r=all |
| By: | Sri Kurniawati (Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, 78124, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Nindya Lestari Author-2-Workplace-Name: Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, 78124, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - The economy cannot be separated from the influence of the civilization advancement in which the economy and business today have experienced a paradigm shift, that is, from a resource economy to an economic paradigm based on knowledge and creativity. One of the industries that is growing in line with current economic progress is the creative industry. This quantitative descriptive research aims to analyze labor and exports which affected the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the creative economy sector in Indonesia from 2011 to 2018.Methodology/Technique - The data used in this study is secondary data from the official website of Indonesia Central Bureau of Statistics and UMCOMTRADE 2-digit SITC code revision 4. Findings & Novelty - From the research finding, two main features were obtained. The first was regarding the labor of the creative industry sub-sector which has positive effect on the GDP of the creative industry. In contrast, the second is concerned with the export of the creative industry sub-sector which depicts the contradictory impact on the GDP of the creative industry. Type of Paper - Empirical. |
| Keywords: | Gross Domestic Product; labor; exports; creative economy sector. |
| JEL: | N1 F16 J01 O10 |
| Date: | 2020–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jber192&r=all |
| By: | Lambrecht, Isabel; Ragasa, Catherine; Mahrt, Kristi; Aung, Zin Wai; Ei Win, Hnin; Zu, A Myint; Wang, Michael |
| Keywords: | MYANMAR, BURMA, SOUTHEAST ASIA, ASIA, Coronavirus, coronavirus disease, Coronavirinae, COVID-19, agricultural production, rural population, livelihoods, irrigation, household income |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:myanpn:burmese36&r=all |
| By: | Goeb, Joseph; Zone, Phoo Pye; Tang, Yulu |
| Keywords: | MYANMAR, BURMA, SOUTHEAST ASIA, ASIA, Coronavirus; coronavirus disease; Coronavirinae; rice; value chains; paddy; policies; surveys; food prices; COVID-19 Economic Relief Plan; Covid-19; rice mills; phone survey; rice byproduct prices |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:myanpn:burmese34&r=all |
| By: | Keijiro Otsuka (Graduate School of Economics, Kobe University; Graduate School of Economics, Kobe University) |
| Abstract: | No controversy in the history of agricultural economics is more perennial than the relationship between farm size and productivity. While the dominant view has been the inverse relationship (IR), particularly when the productivity is measured by gross value of output or physical yield per hectare, several studies found the positive and U-shaped relationships between farm size and productivity. Furthermore, there is evidence that IR has been weakened, particularly in rapidly-growing countries in Asia. This study's primary purpose is to identify causes for the different and changing relationships between farm size and productivity based on a literature review. The second purpose of this study is to review farm size changes over time among selected Asian countries to examine how farm size changes are related to the changing farm size-productivity relationship or the changing advantage of small vs. large farms. The third purpose is to draw policy implications of the changing farm size-productivity relationships for the future of Philippine agriculture. |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:koe:wpaper:2102&r=all |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | The main purpose of this mission—undertaken with the support of the Government of Japan’s government finance statistics (GFS) project for selected Asian countries—was to improve the quality of the GFS for nonfinancial public corporations (NFPCs) in Thailand by designing a simpler, but more complete, compilation system for the GFS compilers in the Fiscal Policy Office (FPO) of the Ministry of Finance. The mission also discussed some specific general government GFS data compilation issues with the compilers and recommended some actions that would lead to further improvements in data quality as well as consistency with other macroeconomic statistics. In addition, the mission commended the recent momentum gained by the Public Debt Management Office (PDMO) on the reporting of timely, quarterly public sector debt statistics and encouraged them to continue with the regular, quarterly reporting. |
| Keywords: | Government finance statistics;Financial statements;Public sector;Public debt;Fiscal accounting and reporting;ISCR,CR,financial statement,government finance statistic,Thailand,balance sheet,profit and loss statement |
| Date: | 2018–12–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2018/351&r=all |
| By: | Goeb, Joseph; Zone, Phoo Pye; Synt, Nang Lun Kham; Cho, Ame; Tang, Yulu |
| Keywords: | MYANMAR, BURMA, SOUTHEAST ASIA, ASIA, Coronavirus, coronavirus disease, Coronavirinae, rice, value chains, paddy, policies, surveys, food prices, COVID-19 Economic Relief Plan, Covid-19, rice mills, phone survey, rice byproduct prices |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:myanpn:burmese37&r=all |
| By: | Nopriadi Saputra (BINUS Business School, Bina Nusantara University, 11480, Jakarta, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Aldy Maulana Saputra Author-2-Workplace-Name: BINUS Business School, Bina Nusantara University, 11480, Jakarta, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - For transforming into digital organization; competence of employees, corporate culture and leadership in the digital context become important antecedents. This study attempts to examine the impact of leadership and corporate culture on digital competence Methodology/Technique - Cross sectional approach is used by involving 280 employees of PT Angkasa Pura I (AP-1) – a stated-owned company who manages the operation of 15 airports in Indonesia as the respondents. The data was structured by PLS SEM and computed by SmartPLS version 3 Finding - Corporate culture and leadership in digital context influenced digital competence significantly and simultaneously. Corporate culture also influences leadership in digital context. Novelty - For becoming digital organizational, digital competence development can be leveraged by orchestrating digital culture in organizational perspective and digital leadership in group perspective. Type of Paper - Empirical |
| Keywords: | Corporate Culture, Leadership, Digital Competence |
| JEL: | L16 M12 M14 |
| Date: | 2020–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:gjbssr572&r=all |
| By: | Fang, Peixun; Belton, Ben; Ei Win, Hnin; Zhang, Xiaobo |
| Keywords: | MYANMAR, BURMA, SOUTHEAST ASIA, ASIA, Coronavirus, coronavirus disease, Coronavirinae, poultry, farmers, broiler chickens, prices, cash flow, peri-urban agriculture, COVID-19 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:myanpn:burmese42&r=all |
| By: | Mayang Sekar Pembayun Khamisan (Trisakti School of Management, Kyai Tapa 20, 11440, Jakarta, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Silvy Christina Author-2-Workplace-Name: Trisakti School of Management, Kyai Tapa 20, 11440, Jakarta, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - This study aims to obtain empirical evidence about the factors that influence tax avoidance. The independent variables tested in this research were financial distress, tax loss carried forward, institutional ownership, managerial ownership, audit committee, audit quality, firm size, and return on assets with e Cash Effective Tax Rate (CETR) used as a dependent variable in this study. Methodology/Technique - The companies used in this study are manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) with a research period of 2016-2018. The number of research samples used were 162 data. The method of sampling used purposive sampling and this research used multiple regression analyses to test the hypothesis. Finding - This research provides the result that financial distress, tax loss carried forward, institutional ownership, managerial ownership, audit committee, audit quality, firm size, and return on assets have no influence on tax avoidance. Originality/value - The difference between this study and previous studies is that this study focuses on financial distress, tax loss carried forward and corporate governance. Type of Paper - Empirical. |
| Keywords: | Financial Distress, Tax Loss Carried Forward, Institutional Ownership, Managerial Ownership, Audit Committee, Audit Quality, Firm Size, Return on Assets, Cash Effective Tax Rate. |
| JEL: | M41 M49 |
| Date: | 2020–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:afr190&r=all |
| By: | Rapanna, Patta |
| Abstract: | Pertumbuhan ekonomi adalah bagian dari proses pembangunan suatu negara. Pertumbuhan ekonomi yang merupakan syarat keharusan (necessary condition) maupun syarat kecukupan (sufficient condition) dalam mengurangi kemiskinan. Pertumbuhan ekonomi merupakan suatu perubahan tingkat kegiatan ekonomi yang berlangsung dari tahun ke tahun. Untuk mengetahui tingkat pertumbuhan ekonomi harus dibandingkan pendapatan dari berbagai tahun yang dihitung berdasarkan harga berlaku atau harga konstan. Sehingga perubahan dalam nilai pendapatan hanya disebabkan oleh suatu perubahan dalam tingkat kegiatan ekonomi. Suatu perekonomian dikatakan mengalami suatu perubahan akan perkembangannya apabila tingkat kegiatan ekonomi adalah lebih tinggi daripada yang dicapai pada masa sebelumnya Pertumbuhan ekonomi sendiri merupakan konsep yang menjelaskan mengenai faktor-faktor apa saja yang menentukan kenaikan output dalam jangka panjang serta penjelasan mengenai bagaimana faktor-faktor tersebut berinteraksi satu sama lain Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan ekonomi mutlak dilakukan oleh negara-negara berkembang untuk mengejar ketinggalan di bidang ekonomi dari negara-negara maju, seperti halnya dengan Indonesia sendiri, pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia pada hakikatnya bertujuan untuk meningkatkan taraf hidup dan kesejahteraan masyarakat secara adil. Pertumbuhan ekonomi yang tinggi dan berkelanjutan merupakan kondisi utama menunjukan bahwa pembangunan ekonomi sedang berjalan. Pada mulanya upaya pembangunan negara yang sedang berkembang berkaitan dengan upaya peningkatan pendapatan per kapita, atau biasa disebut dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Mengingat kompleksitas persoalan pembangunan |
| Date: | 2021–01–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:xr8dj&r=all |
| By: | Mitsuru Katagiri |
| Abstract: | The legacy of non-performing loans and high opportunity cost of government financing of bank recapitalization impeded the efficiency of financial intermediation and are an important policy issue in Vietnam. This paper presents a theoretical and empirical analysis of the issue. An empirical analysis using corporate data indicates credit misallocation between state owned enterprises and private firms in Vietnam. On the theoretical side, a micro-founded banking model is embedded in a political economy setting to assess the factors determining the size of bank recapitalization and its effects on the efficiency of financial intermediation, economic growth and welfare. The analysis suggests that recapitalization depends on an array of factors, including the tightness of the government budget and the decision maker’s concern for the favored sector. |
| Keywords: | Credit;Nonperforming loans;Banking;Bank credit;Countercyclical capital buffers;WP,public funds |
| Date: | 2019–09–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2019/189&r=all |
| By: | Carl Grekou |
| Abstract: | This publication, accompanying the 2020’s update of EQCHANGE, aims at providing an overview of exchange rate misalignments for 2019. In a nutshell, changes in the exchange rate misalignments on the eve of the Covid-19 pandemic have been relatively modest except few EMEs and DCs that registered large swings. This is especially the case of Egypt, India and Nigeria, and to a lesser extent of Brazil, Indonesia and Thailand. The Turkish lira, despite a continued plunge, maintained its large undervaluation due to the inflation spur. The US dollar, owing to its appreciation, registered a small increase in its overvaluation. The currency movements vis-à-vis the US dollar shaped most of the dynamics in the advanced economies that generally registered downward movements in the currency misalignments. This holds also for the Chinese renminbi that still appear broadly in line —with its fundamentals— despite a depreciation. In Europe, Germany, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom displayed undervaluations; Finland, France, Italy and Luxembourg were close to their equilibrium; and Belgium, Austria, Greece, Portugal and Spain displayed overvaluations. |
| Keywords: | EQCHANGE;Exchange Rates;Currency Misalignments;Global Imbalances |
| JEL: | E3 E4 E5 E6 F3 F4 |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cii:cepidt:2020-16&r=all |
| By: | Tam Kiet Vuong; Ho Fai Chan; Benno Torgler |
| Abstract: | We conducted a framed field experiment to explore a situation where individuals have potentially competing social identities to understand how group identification and socialization affect in- group favoritism and out-group discrimination. The Dictator Game and the Trust Game were conducted in Vietnams Ho Chi Minh City on two groups of high school students with different backgrounds, i.e., French bilingual and monolingual (Vietnamese) students. We find strong evidence for the presence of these two phenomena: our micro-analysis of within- and between- school effects show that bilingual students exhibit higher discriminatory behavior toward non- bilinguals within the same school than toward other bilinguals from a different school, implying that group identity is a key factor in the explanation of intergroup cooperation and competition. |
| Keywords: | socialization; in-group favouritism; out-group discrimination; cooperation; trust; trustworthiness; fairness; altruism; risk preference |
| JEL: | C93 C70 D74 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cra:wpaper:2021-02&r=all |
| By: | Elya Kurniawati (Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang No. 5 Malang, 65145, Malang, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Immamul Huda Al Siddiq Author-2-Workplace-Name: Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang No. 5 Malang, 65145, Malang, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - This study aims to find out (1) how the e-commerce utilization model before and during the pandemic, (2) the influence of the level of education on the tendency to use e-commerce (3) the marketing media used before and after the Covid-19 pandemic, and ( 4) the average income of MSME actors before and after the Covid-19 pandemic. The research method used is an explanative quantitative method, using a questionnaire, examining theories and policies related to Covid-19 and the application of e-commerce. Methodology/Technique - This study used a sample of 75 MSME actors and found that there was a significant increase in the use of e-commerce by Indonesian MSME actors during the Covid-19 pandemic. The use of online media in economic activities during the pandemic increased from 21.33% to 54.67%. Meanwhile, the education level of the MSME actors did not influence the decision to change the transaction pattern from offline to online with r score of 0.132. Finding - This means that this pandemic has changed the way of transactions in economic activity to its roots no matter how high the education level of the MSME actors is. The income of MSME actors has actually dropped dramatically during the pandemic, especially the period when the government implemented the Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) policy. Type of Paper - Empirical |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, E-Commerce, Social Distancing, MSME |
| JEL: | L81 O32 |
| Date: | 2020–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:gjbssr578&r=all |
| By: | Taguchi, Hiroyuki |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to examine the participations in global value chains (GVCs) on emerging ASEAN economies by using the UNCTAD-Eora value-added-trade database, and to investigate a major factor that makes the difference in GVCs participations by using the fragmentation model, in particular, with a focus on the factor of service-link costs. The statistical observations demonstrated that the GVCs participations in ASEAN economies has made great progresses during the 1990s along with their per capita GDP growth, and also that there has been a large gap in the degree of GVCs participations between the forerunners and the latecomers in ASEAN economies. The empirical estimation of the fragmentation model could identify the quantitative linkage between GVCs participations and “logistics performances” representing service-link costs in emerging ASEAN economies. Since the logistics performances are one of manageable factors for countries’ strategies, there should still be the policy space for ASEAN latecomers to catch up with the forerunners in GVCs integrations. |
| Keywords: | Global value chains, Service-link costs, Logistics performances, ASEAN forerunners and latecomers, Fragmentation model |
| JEL: | F12 F13 F14 O53 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:105268&r=all |
| By: | Sigit Arifwidodo (Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Kasetsart University, Thailand Author-2-Name: Orana Chandrasiri Author-2-Workplace-Name: International Health Policy Program, Ministry of Public Health, 88/20 Satharanasuk 6 Alley, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - Empirical evidence has identified that parks hold an essential role in promoting physical activity. Parks facilitate opportunities to be physically active for a wide range of users. The paper explores the effects of design intervention of Benjakitti Park, a public park in Bangkok, Thailand.Methodology/Technique - The system for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) method was utilized before and after design intervention to understand whether the design intervention improved the park users' physical activity level. A survey questionnaire of park visitors was used to understand whether they had become more active during a park visit.Finding - It was found that the design intervention changed the characteristics of park users and their activity patterns. More children and older adults' visitors were observed in the post-design intervention. An ordinary least square model of the survey questionnaire result showed that one-time park visitation was associated with an increase of five minutes of moderate and vigorous physical activity per week. The study showed that even a small design intervention could change people's behavior towards a healthier and more active lifestyle. |
| Keywords: | Public Park; Physical Activity; Landscape Design; Public Health; SOPARC. |
| JEL: | C99 R19 |
| Date: | 2020–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:gjbssr577&r=all |
| By: | Mujahida, Sitti |
| Abstract: | Otoritas Jasa Keuangan memberi relaksasi kredit di bawah Rp 10 miliar bagi UMKM. Relaksasi itu berupa penurunuan bunga dan penundaan cicilan selama setahun baik dari perbankan dan industri keuangan non bank. Selain itu, penangguhan cicilan selama setahun juga berlaku bagi ojek, supir taksi dan nelayan yang memiliki cicilan kendaraan. Jokowi minta pihak perbankan dan keuangan non bank untuk tidak mengejar para debitur. Pandemi corona juga berdampak pada penurunan pertumuhan ekonomi nasional dari semula diperkirakan tumbuh di atas 4% tahun ini diprediksi hanya akan tumbuh 2,5 %. Berbagai upaya untuk mempertahankan pertumbuhan ekonomi karena dampak pandemi corona dilakukah pemerintah, baik dari segi kesehatan, sosial dan ekonomi. Secara umum tujuan setiap kebijakan untuk mengatasi rendahnya daya beli masyarakat, untuk mengurangi risiko PHK dan mempertahankan produktivitas ekonomi, produktivitas masyarakat di seluruh wilayah di Indonesia. |
| Date: | 2021–01–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:r83gu&r=all |
| By: | Niels-Jakob H Hansen; Albe Gjonbalaj |
| Abstract: | We evaluate the impact of fiscal reforms on growth and inequality in Cambodia using a calibrated general equilibrium model with heterogeneous agents (Peralta-Alva et al., 2018). Over the last two decades, Cambodia’s consumption inequality and poverty have declined. However, income inequality is higher, and large gaps remain between urban and rural residents. At the same time, domestic revenue mobilization has improved substantially, but collection of tax revenue is biased towards non-progressive sources. We use the model to evaluate the growth and inequality impact of reforms that increase infrastructure spending by raising (i) VAT, (ii) property tax, or (iii) personal income tax. We find that using property taxes delivers the largest increase in GDP and reduction in inequality. Reaping the gains from property taxation will however require additional investments in tax administration. |
| Keywords: | Income;Personal income;Consumption;Income inequality;Income distribution;WP,GDP,Gini coefficient,property taxation |
| Date: | 2019–09–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2019/187&r=all |
| By: | Erika Deserranno; Gianmarco León-Ciliotta; Firman Witoelar |
| Abstract: | We study the effect of raising the level and the transparency of financial incentives offered to local agents for acquiring clients of a new banking product on take-up. We find that paying agents higher incentives increases take-up, but only when the incentives are unknown to prospective clients. When disclosed, higher incentives instead have no effect on take-up, despite greater agent effort. This is explained by the financial incentives conveying a negative signal about the reliability and trustworthiness of the product and its providers to potential clients. In contexts with limited information about a new technology, financial incentives can thus affect technology adoption through both a supply-side effect (more agent effort) as well as a demand-side signaling effect (change in demand perceptions). Organizations designing incentive schemes should therefore pay close attention to both the level and the transparency of such incentives. |
| Keywords: | financial incentives, pay transparency, technology adoption |
| JEL: | J31 D84 M52 O14 G28 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bge:wpaper:1233&r=all |
| By: | Erika Deserranno; Gianmarco León-Ciliotta; Firman Witoelar |
| Abstract: | We study the effect of raising the level and the transparency of financial incentives offered to local agents for acquiring clients of a new banking product on take-up. We find that paying agents higher incentives increases take-up, but only when the incentives are unknown to prospective clients. When disclosed, higher incentives instead have no effect on take-up, despite greater agent effort. This is explained by the financial incentives conveying a negative signal about the reliability and trustworthiness of the product and its providers to potential clients. In contexts with limited information about a new technology, financial incentives can thus affect technology adoption through both a supply-side effect (more agent effort) as well as a demand-side signaling effect (change in demand perceptions). Organizations designing incentive schemes should therefore pay close attention to both the level and the transparency of such incentives. |
| Keywords: | financial incentives, pay transparency, technology adoption |
| JEL: | J31 D84 M52 O14 G28 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:upf:upfgen:1766&r=all |
| By: | Alghalith, Moawia |
| Abstract: | We overcome a long-standing obstacle in statistics. In doing so, we show that the distribution of the sum of log-normal variables is log-normal. Furthermore, we offer a breakthrough result in finance. In doing so, we introduce a simple, exact and explicit formula for pricing the arithmetic Asian options. The pricing formula is as simple as the classical Black-Scholes formula. |
| Keywords: | Arithmetic Asian option pricing, the arithmetic average of the price, average of log-normal, the Black-Scholes formula. |
| JEL: | C00 C01 C02 C1 G0 |
| Date: | 2019–11–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:105588&r=all |
| By: | Fajar, Muhammad |
| Abstract: | International tourism is one indicator of measuring tourism development. Tourism development is important for the national economy since tourism could boost foreign exchange, create business opportunities, and provide employment opportunities. The prediction of foreign tourist numbers in the future obtained from forecasting is used as an input parameter for strategy and tourism programs planning. In this paper, the Hybrid Singular Spectrum Analysis – Extreme Learning Machine (SSA-ELM) is used to forecast the number of foreign tourists. Data used is the number of foreign tourists January 1980 - December 2017 taken from Badan Pusat Statistik (Statistics Indonesia). The result of this research concludes that Hybrid SSA-ELM performance is very good at forecasting the number of foreign tourists. It is shown by the MAPE value of 4.91 percent with eight observations out a sample. |
| Keywords: | foreign tourist, singular spectrum analysis, extreme learning machine |
| JEL: | C22 C45 C51 E17 |
| Date: | 2019–10–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:105044&r=all |
| By: | Hung Ly-Dai (Vietnam Central Economic Commission, Hanoi, Vietnam) |
| Abstract: | On one monthly time-series dataset of Vietnam economy over 02/2008-09/2018, the Time-Varying-Coefficient VAR model records that the trade-off between inflation and output growth is mitigated by the foreign capital inflows. The inflation is mostly determined by credit supply growth, while output growth is largely driven by foreign direct investment (FDI) capital inflows. A monthly increase of FDI by 1 billion USD can raise 1.77 percent of monthly output growth rate. The result also holds on accounting for exchange rate fluctuation. |
| Keywords: | Economic Growth,Inflation,Foreign Capital Inflows,Exchange Rate,Time Varying Coefficients Vector Autoregression (TVC-VAR) model |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03112746&r=all |
| By: | Fajar, Muhammad; Prasetyo, Octavia Rizky; Nonalisa, Septiarida; Wahyudi, Wahyudi |
| Abstract: | The outbreak of COVID-19 is having a significant impact on the contraction of Indonesia`s economy, which is accompanied by an increase in unemployment. This study aims to predict the unemployment rate during the COVID-19 pandemic by making use of Google Trends data query share for the keyword “phk” (work termination) and former series from official labor force survey conducted by Badan Pusat Statistik (Statistics Indonesia). The method used is ARIMAX. The results of this study show that the ARIMAX model has good forecasting capabilities. This is indicated by the MAPE value of 13.46%. The forecast results show that during the COVID-19 pandemic period (March to June 2020) the open unemployment rate is expected to increase, with a range of 5.46% to 5.70%. The results of forecasting the open unemployment rate using ARIMAX during the COVID-19 period produce forecast values are consistent and close to reality, as an implication of using the Google Trends index query as an exogenous variable can capture the current conditions of a phenomenon that is happening. This implies that the time series model which is built based on the causal relationship between variables reflects current phenomenon if the required data is available and real-time, not only past historical data. |
| Keywords: | Unemployment, Google Trends, PHK, ARIMAX |
| JEL: | C22 C53 E24 E37 E39 J6 J64 |
| Date: | 2020–11–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:105042&r=all |
| By: | Fajar, Muhammad; Hartini, Sri |
| Abstract: | The aim of this research is to compare among the performance of ARIMA, Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA), and ARIMA-SSA hybrid model which is applied to Indonesian economic growth forecasting. Data used in this research is economic growth (quarter to quarter, q to q) 1983 Q2 – 2018Q2 taken from Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). The result of this research concludes that ARIMA-SSA hybrid method shows a better performance in economic growth forecasting compared to ARIMA and SSA based on the RMSE results. |
| Keywords: | hybrid model, ARIMA-SSA, forecasting, growth |
| JEL: | C22 C45 E17 |
| Date: | 2020–06–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:105045&r=all |
| By: | Ni, Bin; Kato, Hayato; Liu, Yang |
| Abstract: | This study uses unique division-level data of Japanese firms to examine how foreign direct investment (FDI) affects domestic employment. Contrary to most previous studies focusing on the effect on net employment growth, we decompose it into gross job creation and gross job destruction. We find that FDI destination plays an important role: FDI to Asia increases job creation, while FDI to Europe or North America decreases it. A frictional search-and-matching model with heterogeneous jobs can explain the differential effects. The model provides additional predictions on job creation and destruction by job type, which are also empirically confirmed. |
| Keywords: | Outward FDI, firm-establishment-division-level data, multinational enterprises (MNEs), large-firm search model, high/low-skilled jobs |
| JEL: | F23 J21 J23 |
| Date: | 2021–01–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:105522&r=all |
| By: | Hung Ly-Dai (Vietnam Central Economic Commission, Hanoi, Vietnam); Hoan Nguyen Thi Thuy |
| Abstract: | In an open multi-country economy, the safe assets supply shapes the pattern of international capital flows. A higher productivity growth rate raises the net capital inflows for economies with abundant safe assets, but reduces the net capital inflows for economies with scarce safe assets. The cross-section analysis on a sample of 170 economies over 1980-2013 confirms the theory. The evidence is robust for instrument-variable (IV) analysis method. |
| Keywords: | Public Debts,Safe Assets,International Capital Flows |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03112750&r=all |
| By: | Sulistiowati (Economics and Business Faculty, Universitas Tanjungpura, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Nurul Komari Author-2-Workplace-Name: Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - Even though it has high historical, cultural, and economic values, Sambas weaving has in fact begun to decline. This can be seen from the reduced number of weavers and the less absorption of products in the market. Increasing the variety of weaving motifs and product diversification are some strategies to overcome the problems. Increasing the variety of patterns and diversifying products require the ability to innovate from weaving craftsmen. Sharing knowledge is a driver of increased innovation ability. Weavers' self-efficacy is needed to encourage their innovative behavior. This research aims to analyze the effect of knowledge sharing and self-efficacy on weavers' innovative behavior. Methodology/Technique - The research questions that must be answered in this research were 1). Does knowledge sharing affect the weavers' innovative behavior?; 2). Does self-efficacy affect the weavers' innovative behavior? The data were collected by distributing self-report questionnaires to 50 weaving crafters. Finding - The data were also supported by a secondary source taken from the literature study. Measurement variables were developed from the theory and results of previous studies. The data, then, were analyzed by using multiple linear regression with SPSS software. This research suggested that there is no significant influence of knowledge-sharing behavior on innovative behavior of weavers. There is a positive and significant influence of self-efficacy on innovative behavior of weavers. Type of Paper - Empirical |
| Keywords: | Innovative Behavior; Knowledge Sharing; Self-Efficacy; Sambas Weaving. |
| JEL: | M12 M19 |
| Date: | 2020–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:gjbssr571&r=all |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | With the economy already slowing due to the COVID-19 pandemic in FY2019/20, a more intense second wave has hit Myanmar hard, inflicting large economic and social costs and straining the frail healthcare system. The needed strict lockdown measures have hurt manufacturing and spending further, while weak external demand has weighed on exports and tourism, though the kyat continued to appreciate as remittances remained robust. In FY2020/21, growth will decelerate further to 0.5 percent and open up external and fiscal financing gaps of about US$1 billion. The IMF’s RCF/RFI disbursement of 50 percent of quota (SDR 258.4 million) in June helped support the authorities’ policy response for FY2019/20, particularly for social and health spending, kept monetary financing within target, and catalyzed financing from external partners, including through the Debt Service Suspension Initiative (DSSI). |
| Keywords: | Rapid Credit Facility; |
| Date: | 2021–01–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2021/023&r=all |
| By: | Eleanor Jawon Choi (Hanyang University); Jaewoo Choi (Korea Development Institute); Hyelim Son (University of Seoul) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the long-term effects of initial labor market conditions by comparing cohorts who graduated from college before, during, and after the 1997–1998 Asian financial crisis. We measure the overall welfare impact by examining not only labor market activities but also family formation and wealth accumulation. Using data from 20 waves of the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study, we find a substantial and persistent reduction in employment, earnings, marriage, fertility, and financial assets among men who graduated in a bad economy. For women, limited job opportunities at graduation result in an increase in childbearing. |
| Keywords: | recession, financial crisis, long-term effects, college graduates |
| JEL: | E32 J13 E21 J21 |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:upj:weupjo:19-312&r=all |
| By: | Fernanda Ilheu |
| Abstract: | According to the Word Bank in the first 38 years of China Economic Reform took 700 million people out poverty line in China at same time benefiting the Global South economy due to the integration of the Transnational Enterprises Global Value Chains with China. Chinese government understood the economic rational of Global Value Chains, Flying Geese Model and Foreign Direct Investment Theories and introduced policies to attract foreign capital, technology, production, and foreign buyers, placing China as the final stage of the production networks in Asia and also transforming China in the biggest buying market of many resources and energy suppliers from less developed countries in Asia, Africa and South America. But a new model of Chinese economic development even more interconnected and interdependent with the world is now on move. Even quite before the world acknowledge the protectionist mindset of the US in Trump era, Chinese President Xi Jinping launched in 2013 a very ambitious initiative under the name of “One Road One Belt the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road†to enhance a new stage of world globalization, which together with two complimentary initiatives the “International Production Cooperation†and “Third-country Market Cooperation†and in complementarity with the “Made in China 2025†and “Internet Plus†plans will lead China to develop Global Value Chains leaded by Chinese companies and integrating countries of Europe, Africa, Asia, and South America. |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cav:cavwpp:wp178&r=all |
| By: | Khan, Shakeeb (Boston College); Maurel, Arnaud (Duke University); Zhang, Yichong (Singapore Management University) |
| Abstract: | We study the informational content of factor structures in discrete triangular systems. Factor structures have been employed in a variety of settings in cross sectional and panel data models, and in this paper we formally quantify their identifying power in a bivariate system often employed in the treatment effects literature. Our main findings are that imposing a factor structure yields point identification of parameters of interest, such as the coefficient associated with the endogenous regressor in the outcome equation, under weaker assumptions than usually required in these models. In particular, we show that a "non-standard" exclusion restriction that requires an explanatory variable in the outcome equation to be excluded from the treatment equation is no longer necessary for identification, even in cases where all of the regressors from the outcome equation are discrete. We also establish identification of the coefficient of the endogenous regressor in models with more general factor structures, in situations where one has access to at least two continuous measurements of the common factor. |
| Keywords: | factor structures, discrete choice, causal effects |
| JEL: | C14 C31 C35 |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14008&r=all |
| By: | Ahmad Salman (PhD Researcher School of Housing Building & Planning, University Sains Malaysia, Malaysia Author-2-Name: Mastura Jaafar Author-2-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Housing Building & Planning, University Sains Malaysia, Malaysia Author-3-Name: Diana Mohammad Author-3-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Housing Building & Planning, University Sains Malaysia, Malaysia Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - Ecotourism is one of the fastest-growing sectors of tourism. It is considered to be an alternative to mass tourism. The negative impacts, such as loss of biodiversity and loss of natural resources is confronted with the help of ecotourism. For the past years, stakeholders are considered to be vital for ecotourism implementation. Successful implementation of the ecotourism is not possible without the understanding, involvement and management of the stakeholders. Stakeholder management is vital for the successful ecotourism implementation in the destination, but it is not as simple as it sounds. Even though many types of research have been made on the issue of achieving ecotourism sustainability in tourism destination but there is still a lack of a robust and proper model that can assist in the management of stakeholders which can help to unify stakeholders to achieve sustainable ecotourism in the destination. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the importance of identifying stakeholder management significance that can enhance stakeholder interests to unify them towards achieving sustainable ecotourism in the destination. Methodology/Technique - Content analysis was done, and the study concludes that in order to manage stakeholders, their engagement has to be well planned by understanding their interests and level of influence. Twenty-one articles were selected and analyzed from Scopus and Web of Science databases. Finding - The management of the stakeholders varies accordingly to the destination due to which it has to be carefully planned so that sustainable ecotourism can be implemented in the destination. Stakeholders understanding will provide a win-win situation for the destination and make the ecotourism implementation process smoother. Moreover, the study also fills in the theoretical gap of the analysis of the studies, which is a part of a significant contribution towards ecotourism implementation in a destination. |
| Keywords: | Stakeholder Management, Engagement, Ecotourism, Sustainable Ecotourism |
| JEL: | D63 G12 G14 |
| Date: | 2020–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:gjbssr575&r=all |