|
on South East Asia |
| By: | Zadid, Ahmed Ishtiaq; Busharads, Mohamed Osman Elamin; Institute of Research, Asian |
| Abstract: | Based on the Round Table Conference between Indonesia and the Netherlands' representatives in 1949, West Papua will be delivered to Indonesia a year later. Nevertheless, the Dutch broke their promise to return West Papua to Indonesian sovereignty. The Dutch continued to insist on West Papua as their land and then increased their military presence in West Papua to prepare for defending the territory. Responding to this, initially, Indonesia made peaceful efforts, namely bilateral diplomacy within the Indonesian-Dutch Union ties, continued with trilateral diplomacy and diplomacy efforts using the Asian African Conference and United Nations organizations. However, Indonesian diplomatic efforts met with deadlock. Hence, another form of diplomacy, the military effort, has been displayed. This study's main aim is to review the 1962 military confrontation on salvaging West Papua in the analysis on war theory. Also, to prove that with sufficient military strength, the country will confidently step up to be the negotiating table winner. The Indonesian military strength at that time was playing a significant role as a deterrent effect. The research uses a qualitative descriptive phenomenology method, using data sources from several books and journals available. The result of the research shows that Indonesia absolutely needs a modern and more rigid military force to maintain its sovereignty, protect our Island and its natural resources. Without the deterrent effect of military power, Indonesia will be underestimated in international politics. |
| Date: | 2020–12–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:un6h8&r=all |
| By: | Phattarawade Sawangjan (Faculty of Management Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand Author-2-Name: Muttanachai Suttipun Author-2-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - The study aimed (1) to investigate the level and issue of key audit matters (KAMs) disclosure of listed companies in Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore, (2) to test the different level of KAMs disclosure of listed companies between Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore, and (3) to examine the relationship between KAMs disclosure and stock reaction. Methodology – Samples were 96 listed companies of Top-50 firms from Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore. Content analysis by word counting and checklist was used to quantify KAMs disclosure in audit reports during 2016 to 2019, while the stock reaction was measured by the stock price of the sample's common share. Descriptive analysis, independent sample t-test, correlation matrix, and multiple regression was used to analyze the data. Findings – As the results, the study found that the average word of KAMs the disclosure was 878.74 words with 2.38 average issues during 2016 to 2019. There was a significantly different level of KAMs disclosure of listed companies between Thailand and Malaysia, between Thailand and Singapore, and between Malaysia and Singapore. Moreover, the study found a positive significant relationship between KAMs disclosure (Word) and the stock price, while there was a negatively significant relationship between KAMs disclosure (Issue) and the stock price. Novelty – This study is the first cross-sectional study of KAMs disclosure in ASEAN region. Type of Paper - Empirical. |
| Keywords: | Key Audit Matters Disclosure; Stock Reaction; Thailand; Malaysia; Singapore. |
| JEL: | M40 M41 M42 |
| Date: | 2020–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jfbr174&r=all |
| By: | Bui, Dzung; Dräger, Lena; Hayo, Bernd; Nghiem, Giang |
| Abstract: | We analyze consumer sentiment with a novel survey of Thai and Vietnamese consumers conducted in May 2020, that is, shortly after the end of the immediate lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In a randomized control trial, we expose subgroups of the survey respondents to four different information treatments: (1) how their country ranks in a global survey on agreement or disagreement with the government's response to COVID-19, (2) how the country compares in a global survey on the appropriateness of the general public's reaction to the pandemic, (3) the negative unemployment outlook due to the pandemic, and (4) the positive effects of social distancing for the spread of the virus. First, our results show that consumers are more optimistic if they expect higher GDP growth and trust the government in dealing with the crisis, whereas having stronger concerns about their household's financial situation due to COVID-19 is related to less optimistic sentiment. Second, we find that the information treatments only weakly affect consumer sentiment. However, consumer sentiment is strongly affected by treatment (1) and (2) when they go against respondents' previously held views. Finally, we discover large differences between the two countries. |
| Keywords: | Consumer sentiment; COVID-19; randomized control trial (RCT); survey experiment; government trust; macroeconomic expectations; Thailand; Vietnam |
| JEL: | E71 H12 I12 I18 Z18 |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:han:dpaper:dp-680&r=all |
| By: | Seftyono, Cahyo |
| Abstract: | This study is aiming at (1) revealing why Indonesia has not yet to show signs of decreasing the curve for Covid-19; (2) disclosing how information related to Covid-19 is widely accepted by the public and who has the most role in this effort; (3) how science-based information relations can be used as material for policy-making for Covid-19 counter-measures, as well as how to effectively refer to the Evidence-Based Policy and the existing challenges. The method used in the study is mixed-method by distributing questionnaires to 2,772 respondents in three cities with the red zone status, i.e. Depok City, Medan City, and Surakarta City. The findings for this first phase obtained were processed using secondary sources based on academic literature. The findings show that (1) there are still many respondents who think Covid-19 is a hoax and conspiracy; (2) the participation of academic institutions and independent research institutions in sharing valid information regarding Covid-19 is still very low; (3) the government has not massively involved academic institutions to respond Covid-19. These three aspects are the reasons why Covid-19 is still a threat, especially for Indonesian citizens. But we have an important finding that effective aid from government combine with the independent and academic institution participations, will help to minimize the activity in public space. It is also mean that we can handle the spread of Covid-19. |
| Date: | 2020–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:nkvpa&r=all |
| By: | Premruedee Jitkuekul (Kasetsart University, Sakonnakhon, Thailand Author-2-Name: Sirinna Khamtanet Author-2-Workplace-Name: Kasetsart University, Sakonnakhon, Thailand Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - This study aimed to investigate Thai customers' preference to chili sauce using conjoint analysis (henceforth CA). Methodology/Technique - The participants of the study were residents of Sakon Nakhon, Nakhon Phanom and Mukdahan, Thailand. Data were collected with a stratified sampling technique and 420 usable questionnaires were considered. Findings - The participants of the study were residents of Sakon Nakhon, Nakhon Phanom and Mukdahan, Thailand. Data were collected with a stratified sampling technique and 420 usable questionnaires were considered. Conjoint Analysis indicates that consumers attach the most importance to a reasonable price, which is 45 baht. Since price is related to quality, good quality products must have a reasonable price. The flavor is the second priority. Consumers tend to prefer a hot & sweet flavor, yet too hot is not ideal, hot should be combined with a sweet flavor to make it smoother. In addition, consumers prefer a combination of herbal ingredients with organic chili, given the growing healthy trend in Thailand. Consumers then prefer an organic chili sauce with herbal ingredients that promotes good health. In terms of packaging, consumers prefer a squeezable product, rather than a bottle. Novelty - This paper will study the preferences of consumers with regards to the product; not much research on these topics has been undertaken. It could assist the company in knowing how to produce the product to respond to the customer's demand. Type of Paper - Empirical. |
| Keywords: | Chili sauce; Conjoint analysis; Consumer preferences; Customer satisfaction; New product development |
| JEL: | M31 M39 |
| Date: | 2020–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jmmr258&r=all |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | This 2019 Article IV Consultation discusses that the Indonesian economy performed well in 2018, despite external headwinds, including capital flow reversals. Growth stabilized above 5 percent and inflation eased to around 3 percent. A surge in imports and weak export growth contributed to a higher current account deficit. Growth is projected to remain stable over the medium term. Inflation is expected to remain within the target band and the current account deficit is expected to narrow gradually on lower imports. Risks are tilted to the downside and are mainly external. Reliance on portfolio inflows to finance the twin deficits leaves Indonesia vulnerable to capital flow reversals. Creating quality jobs for the young and growing population to harness Indonesia’s demographic dividend requires a stronger impetus to growth, which has been constrained by structural weaknesses, including low tax revenues, shallow financial markets, and labor and product market rigidities. |
| Keywords: | Current account deficits;Financial sector stability;Public debt;Financial crises;Tax administration core functions;ISCR,CR,food price inflation,price,headline inflation,core inflation,deficit |
| Date: | 2019–07–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2019/250&r=all |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | This 2019 Article IV Consultation with Vietnam highlights that gradual fiscal consolidation, strict limits on government guarantees and robust growth in recent years have led to declining government debt, expected to continue under current policies. But while there is some fiscal space, fiscal needs are large, for infrastructure, social spending and to deal with population aging. The tightening of credit growth continued in 2018; however, liquidity remained ample, aided by the strong balance of payments and tight fiscal policies. The State Bank of Vietnam has initiated plans to modernize its monetary framework with IMF technical support. The authorities’ efforts to improve economic institutions and governance continue and the fight against grand corruption has resulted in significant sentences in recent high-profile cases. Improvements in transparency and statistical systems are underway, with support from the IMF and the Financial Action Task Force’s Asia Pacific Group. |
| Keywords: | Credit;Government finance statistics;Public investment spending;Banking;External sector statistics;ISCR,CR,state,revenue,lending,U.S. dollar |
| Date: | 2019–07–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2019/235&r=all |
| By: | Timotius (Trisakti School of Management, Jl. Kyai Tapa No.20, 11440, Jakarta, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Klemens W. Prasastyo Author-2-Workplace-Name: Trisakti School of Management, Jl. Kyai Tapa No.20, 11440, Jakarta, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - This paper investigates the effect of satisfaction, product consumption, values on the brand commitment, and switching behaviour of Gen Z in the Indonesian smartphone industry. The study focuses on the potential of this generation as a big smartphone market in Indonesia. The behaviour of Gen Z in switching its smartphone brand is also examined. Methodology/Technique - This research evaluates the relationship between variables and their mediation using the PLS-SEM approach. A total of 944 Gen Z's responses were collected through a face-to-face paper-based questionnaire from 4 capital cities of 4 provinces in Java Island. Findings - According to the results, satisfaction significantly influences brand switching. Product consumption value is essential in boosting commitment, an essential aspect that influences the switching of smartphone brands. Previous studies established that commitment mediates between product consumption values and brand switching behaviour. However, it has no mediation effect between satisfaction and brand switching behaviour. Novelty - This research provides new theoretical insight, specifically showing that Gen Z product consumption values and brand commitment could drive them to switch their smartphone brand. These two aspects mediate between product consumption value commitment and brand switching behaviour. Type of Paper - Empirical. |
| Keywords: | Product Consumption Values; Satisfaction; Brand Commitment; Brand Switching Behaviour; Gen Z; Smartphone |
| JEL: | M30 M31 M39 |
| Date: | 2020–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jmmr262&r=all |
| By: | Ridwan D. Rusli; Wessel N. Vermeulen |
| Abstract: | We examine the economic consequences of resource extraction and the associ-ated revenue windfalls on subnational government revenues and spending patterns. Making use of Indonesia’s fiscal sharing rules and an offshore oil and gas produc-tion instrument, we find a positive impact of resource revenues on the center-local balancing funds including the general allocation fund, despite the latters’ fiscal re-balancing purposes. Fiscal windfalls from resource extraction increase public sector spending on capital and infrastructure projects as well as public goods and services, with positive spillover benefits on local tax revenues. At the same time spending on personnel and administration increases less and decrease as percentage of total expenditures. Interaction with district economic governance index data indicates enhanced infrastructure spending but also increases in the balancing funds. |
| Keywords: | Resource extraction; fiscal- and direct economic spillovers; decen¬tralization; subnational government budgets; South-East Asia; Indonesia |
| JEL: | H71 O13 Q32 |
| Date: | 2019–12–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oxf:oxcrwp:222&r=all |
| By: | Thanyaorn Yordudom (Faculty of Management Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand Author-2-Name: Muttanachai Suttipun Author-2-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - The study aimed (1) to investigate the extent and level of environmental, social and governance (ESG) disclosures of listed companies in Thailand Sustainable Investment (THSI) group from the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET), and (2) to examine the influence of ESG disclosures on firm value. Methodology – Population and samples were 60 listed companies in THSI group from the SET. Content analysis by word counting was used to quantify the extent and level of ESG disclosures in corporate annual reporting during 2015 to 2019, while firm value was collected by the market price. Descriptive analysis, correlation matrix, and multiple regression were used to analyze the data from the SET. Findings – As the results, the extent and level of environmental, social, and governance disclosures were 309.91, 1196.12, and 1197.84 average words. The most common ESG disclosure was governance disclosure following by social and environmental disclosures. Moreover, the study found the positive influence of environmental and social disclosures on firm value, while there was a negative influence of governance disclosure on firm value. Novelty – This study is the first THSI group study of ESG disclosure in Thailand. Type of Paper - Empirical |
| Keywords: | ESG disclosures; Firm value; Thailand. |
| JEL: | M40 M41 M48 |
| Date: | 2020–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jfbr178&r=all |
| By: | Safitri, Indri |
| Abstract: | Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) merupakan salah satu unit usaha yang berperan penting dalam pertumbuhan dan perkembangan perekonomian di Indonesia. UMKM juga merupakan salah satu penyokong perekonomian di Indonesia khususnya pada masyarakat golongan bawah dan menengah. UMKM memiliki peran strategis dalam upaya pemerintah dalam mengatasi kemiskinan dan pengangguran, karena UMKM dapat menyerap tenaga kerja sehingga pengangguran akibat tidak terserapnya angkatan kerja dalam dunia kerja menjadi berkurang. Diawal tahun 2020, serangan pandemi COVID-19 telah memicu sentimen negatif terhadap berbagai lini bisnis khususnya bisnis UMKM. Dampak negatif akibat pandemi COVID-19 ini telah menghambat pertumbuhan UMKM. Indonesia yang didominasi oleh UMKM sebagai tulang punggung perekonomian nasional terdampak oleh adanya pandemi COVID-19, bukan hanya pada aspek produksi dan pendapatan saja, namun juga pada jumlah tenaga kerja yang harus dikurangi dan lain-lain. UMKM kurang memiliki ketahanan dan fleksibilitas dalam menghadapi pandemi COVID-19 ini dikarenakan beberapa hal seperti tingkat digitalisasi yang masih rendah, kesulitan dalam mengakses teknologi dan kurangnya pemahaman tentang strategi bertahan dalam bisnis. |
| Date: | 2020–10–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:jm6u2&r=all |
| By: | Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Zone, Phoo Pye; Masias, Ian |
| Abstract: | Agricultural equipment retailers (ER) play an essential role in meeting the demand from farmers for the provision of a diverse set of machines and equipment at affordable prices which are needed for the heterogeneous agricultural production environments in Myanmar. The business operations of ERs can be particularly sensitive to bottlenecks in trade flows and to internal logistical disruptions that affect their inventory management. Given their close linkages with mechanization service providers, the financial and supply challenges that ERs face can have repercussions on the provision of mechanization services as well. |
| Keywords: | MYANMAR, BURMA, SOUTHEAST ASIA, ASIA, arid zones, Coronavirus, coronavirus disease, Coronavirinae, equipment, farm equipment, supply chains, policies, sales, Covid-19, retailers, agricultural equipment retailers (ERs), agricultural equipment sales, equipment availability, equipment price |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:myanpn:38&r=all |
| By: | Goeb, Joseph; Zone, Phoo Pye; Synt, Nang Lun Kham; Cho, Ame; Tang, Yulu |
| Abstract: | This is the third policy note in a series presenting the results from rounds of telephone surveys with rice millers in three important rice-growing regions of Myanmar: Ayeyarwady, Bago, and Yangon. Mills are the most important link between farms and consumers in the rice value chain. Thus, any shocks to rice mills will impact both rural rice-producing households as well as urban consumers. |
| Keywords: | MYANMAR, BURMA, SOUTHEAST ASIA, ASIA, Coronavirus, coronavirus disease, Coronavirinae, rice, value chains, paddy, policies, surveys, food prices, COVID-19 Economic Relief Plan, Covid-19, rice mills, phone survey, rice byproduct prices |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:myanpn:37&r=all |
| By: | Luis Bauluz (University of Bonn, WIL - World Inequality Lab); Yajna Govind (PSE - Paris School of Economics, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, WIL - World Inequality Lab); Filip Novokmet (WIL - World Inequality Lab , University of Bonn) |
| Abstract: | Agricultural land is vital for three out of four of the poorest billion individuals in the world yet little is known about the distribution of agricultural land. Existing crosscountry estimates of land inequality, based on agriculture census data, measure the size distribution of agricultural holdings. These neither reflect land ownership inequality nor value inequality and often do not account for the landless population. In this paper, we tackle these issues and provide novel and consistent estimates of land inequality across countries, based on household surveys. We show that i) land-value inequality can differ significantly from land-area inequality, ii) differences in the proportion of landless across countries vary substantially, affecting markedly inequality estimates and, iii) regional patterns in inequality according to our benchmark metric (landvalue inequality including the landless) contradict existing estimates from agricultural censuses. Overall, South Asia and Latin America exhibit the highest inequality with top 10% landowners capturing up to 75% of agricultural land, followed by Africa and 'Communist' Asia (China and Vietnam) at levels around 55-60%. . |
| Keywords: | Land Ownership,Inequality,Distribution |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03022318&r=all |
| By: | Kusumawati, Retno Ryani; Suheny, Eny; Sholihah, Muallimatus |
| Abstract: | Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui (1) Apakah Profitabilitas berpengaruh terhadap Nilai Perusahaan pada Indeks LQ45 di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2015-2018 (2) Apakah Kebijakan Hutang berpengaruh terhadap Nilai Perusahaan pada Indeks LQ45 di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2015-2018 (3) Apakah Kebijakan Dividen berpengaruh terhadap Nilai Perusahaan pada Indeks LQ45 di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2015-2018 (4) Apakah Profitabilitas, Kebijakan Hutang, Dan Kebijakan Dividen berpengaruh terhadap Nilai Perusahaan pada Indeks LQ45 di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2015-2018. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah perusahaan Indeks LQ45 di Bursa Efek Indonesia sebanyak 61 Perusahaan. Metode penentuan sampel menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Dengan metode tersebut didapatkan sampel sebanyak 21 perusahaan dengan periode pengamatan 4 tahun (2015-2018), sehingga jumlah sampel ada 84 pengamatan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa (1) Profitabilitas berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap nilai perusahaan. (2) Kebijakan hutang tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap nilai perusahaan. (3) Kebijakan dividen tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap nilai perusahaan. (4) Profitabilitas, kebijakan hutang dan kebijakan dividen berpengaruh positif signifikan secara simultan terhadap nilai perusahaan. |
| Date: | 2020–12–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:3jua2&r=all |
| By: | Tatiyaporn SIRISAKDAKUL (Faculty of Liberal Arts and Management Science, Kasetsart University, Thailand Author-2-Name: Butsakorn KHORNJAMNONG Author-2-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Liberal Arts and Management Science, Kasetsart University, Thailand Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - This study aimed to investigate the level of understanding of financial knowledge and the relationship between financial literacy and retirement planning of working-age people. Methodology – The participants of the study were residents of Sakon Nakhon, Nakhon Phanom and Mukdahan, Thailand. The questionnaire is the research tool for collecting data with 1,200 adults, aged between 25-60. This study will use a descriptive statistical analysis to describe frequency, percentage, mean and mode. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method is widely used to describe the relationship between financial literacy and retirement planning. Findings – The result show that the level of education has a positive relationship with financial literacy. Most of middle lower income people have a moderate to low level of the basic financial literacy and are not involved in retirement planning. The respondents of women in Sakon Nakhon, Nakhon Phanom and Mukdahan have more understanding of retirement planning than men; this result is different to the previous research undertaken by Lusardi and Mitchell (2011), Bucher-Koenen and Lusardi (2011) Grohmann et al. (2016). Novelty – This paper will study the level of understanding of financial knowledge and the relationship between financial literacy and retirement planning of working-age people. Most of the previous research concentrated on people who live in the big city; there was. little focus on people living in the countryside, especially in the Northeastern part of Thailand. Not too many papers have focused on the working-age people, who in due course will contribute to Thailand becoming an Aging Society. It could help to the government, labor union, Bureau of Financial Inclusion Policy and Development and related departments to know the level of financial knowledge and retirement planning. So, they could provide guidance of financial literacy to community. Type of Paper - Empirical |
| Keywords: | Financial literacy; Retirement planning; Working-age people |
| JEL: | E21 G02 I22 J26 |
| Date: | 2020–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jfbr177&r=all |
| By: | Luis Bauluz (University of Bonn, WIL - World Inequality Lab); Yajna Govind (PSE - Paris School of Economics, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, University of Bonn); Filip Novokmet (WIL - World Inequality Lab , University of Bonn) |
| Abstract: | Agricultural land is vital for three out of four of the poorest billion individuals in the world yet little is known about the distribution of agricultural land. Existing crosscountry estimates of land inequality, based on agriculture census data, measure the size distribution of agricultural holdings. These neither reflect land ownership inequality nor value inequality and often do not account for the landless population. In this paper, we tackle these issues and provide novel and consistent estimates of land inequality across countries, based on household surveys. We show that i) land-value inequality can di er signi cantly from land-area inequality, ii) di erences in the proportion of landless across countries vary substantially, a ecting markedly inequality estimates and, iii) regional patterns in inequality according to our benchmark metric (landvalue inequality including the landless) contradict existing estimates from agricultural censuses. Overall, South Asia and Latin America exhibit the highest inequality with top 10% landowners capturing up to 75% of agricultural land, followed by Africa and `Communist' Asia (China and Vietnam) at levels around 55-60%. . |
| Keywords: | inequality,capital gains,income shifting,top shares,Land Ownership,Inequality,Distribution |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03022360&r=all |
| By: | Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Zone, Phoo Pye; Masias, Ian |
| Abstract: | Mechanization service providers (MSP) in Myanmar were originally surveyed by telephone over three rounds in May, June, and July 2020 to determine how their businesses were being affected by COVID-19 related restrictions. Most of the MSPs interviewed were engaged in providing farmers with tractor-related services. The results of those surveys were published in Myanmar Strategy Support Program Policy Notes 07, 12, and 17, respectively. To trace the continuing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their economic activities, a fourth round of the survey of MSPs was done in early-November 2020, administered mostly to those engaged in harvesting activities. This note reports on the results of the fourth survey, as well as some trends seen between the earlier survey rounds and this last one. |
| Keywords: | MYANMAR, BURMA, SOUTHEAST ASIA, ASIA, Coronavirus, coronavirus disease, Coronavirinae, mechanization, monitoring, non-pharmaceutical interventions, COVID-19 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:myanpn:39&r=all |
| By: | Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Zone, Phoo Pye; Masias, Ian |
| Keywords: | MYANMAR, BURMA, SOUTHEAST ASIA, ASIA, Coronavirus, coronavirus disease, Coronavirinae, mechanization, monitoring, non-pharmaceutical interventions, COVID-19 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:myanpn:burmese39&r=all |
| By: | Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Zone, Phoo Pye; Masias, Ian |
| Keywords: | MYANMAR, BURMA, SOUTHEAST ASIA, ASIA, arid zones, Coronavirus, coronavirus disease, Coronavirinae, equipment, farm equipment, supply chains, policies, sales, Covid-19, retailers, agricultural equipment retailers (ERs), agricultural equipment sales, equipment availability, equipment price |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:myanpn:burmese38&r=all |
| By: | Goeb, Joseph; Synt, Nang Lun Kham; Zone, Phoo Pye; Tang, Yulu |
| Abstract: | To understand how Myanmar’s rice value chain has been affected by the COVID-19 crisis, a series of phone interviews is being conducted with rice millers from Ayeyarwady, Bago, and Yangon. This report presents results from the fourth interview round conducted in October 2020. These results capture the effects of the second wave of COVID-19 related lockdowns that began in September. |
| Keywords: | MYANMAR, BURMA, SOUTHEAST ASIA, ASIA, Coronavirus, coronavirus disease, Coronavirinae, COVID-19, rice, value chains, interviews, paddy, state intervention |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:myanpn:41&r=all |
| By: | , AISDL |
| Abstract: | Over three decades of economic reform since 1986, Vietnam has gone from one of the poorest in the world to a lower-middle-income country. To bring the economy to the next level, science and technology development has been viewed as one of the major instruments with various new policies being introduced since 2008. Consequently, scientific publications have become an important intellectual resource. The field of development economic research also benefits from the focus on science and technology. Yet, little is known about the overall research landscape of the field. This thesis, hence, aims to fill this knowledge gap by studying a bibliometric dataset of development economic research in Vietnam from 2008 to 2020, which was extracted from The Social Sciences and Humanities Peer Awards (SSHPA) database. Descriptive and Bayesian statistics were used for analysis. We observed a steady growth of scientific publications over the years. Quantitative studies dominate the field, probably because of the availability of secondary data. The number of authors increased significantly, but the productivity is highly skewed toward the top 5% authors, who contributed 50.61% of total publications. Collaboration pattern witnessed a significant change: less dependence on foreign colleagues and the emergence of domestic research groups. The list of journals and publishers where Vietnamese authors published the most shows high quality and reputation. Although traditional paywalled publishing is common, the result suggests that open access (OA) is being adopted widely. In fact, OA articles tend to get more citations. Meanwhile, the citation is negatively associated with female authors and the number of Vietnamese authors. Finally, the number of foreigners in an article, and the participation of female authors tend to increase the quartile of the article. |
| Date: | 2020–12–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:9nbyr&r=all |
| By: | Thilo Kroeger; Anh Thi Ngoc Nguyen; Yuanyan Sophia Zhang; Pham Dinh Thuy; Nguyen Huy Minh; Duong Danh Tuan |
| Abstract: | The paper uses firm-level data to assess the financial health of the Vietnamese non-financial corporate sector on the eve of pandemic. Our analysis finds that smaller domestic firms were particularly vulnerable even by regional comparison. A sensitivity analysis suggests that the COVID-19 shock will have a substantial impact on firms’ profitability, liquidity and even solvency, particularly in the hardest hit sectors that are dominated by SMEs and account for a sizeable employment share, but large firms are not immune to the crisis. Risks of default can propagate more broadly through upstream and downstream linkages to industries not directly impacted, with stresses potentially translating into an increase in corporate bankruptcies and bank fragility. Policy measures taken in the immediate aftermath of the crisis have helped alleviate liquidity pressures, but the nature of policy support may have to pivot to support the recovery. |
| Date: | 2020–11–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2020/260&r=all |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | This technical assistance report on Malaysia highlights that the mission aimed to support the Malaysian authorities in improving government finance statistics (GFS) for decision making. The mission reviewed the progress in the implementation of the accounting project to introduce accrual financial reporting standards at the federal government level. The mission identified considerable potential for collaboration between Ministry of Finance (MOF) and Department of Statistics Malaysia (DOSM) with respect to fiscal data collection for other general government sublayers and public nonfinancial corporations. The mission concluded that the general ledger structure is sufficient to produce GFS on both cash and an accrual basis. The mission suggested that collaboration between MOF and DOSM going forward would be necessary to ensure data consistency and to facilitate the explanation of remaining minor differences to users. The mission recommends that the authorities verify the causes for inconsistencies based on recent annual data, and to formally align the collaboration between the institutions. |
| Keywords: | Government finance statistics;Public sector;Financial statements;Gross fixed investment;Revenue administration;ISCR,CR,information |
| Date: | 2019–08–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2019/268&r=all |
| By: | Oo, Than Zaw; Minten, Bart; Headey, Derek D.; Lambrecht, Isabel; Goudet, Sophie |
| Abstract: | This policy note presents results from five rounds of a telephone survey with food vendors conducted in different rural and urban zones of the country, focusing on results from the last round completed. The purpose of the survey is to provide data and insights to the government, development partners, and interested stakeholders to understand the COVID-19 related shocks on Myanmar’s food markets. In particular, the note explores prevention measures, changes in shopping behavior, difficulties in food vendor operations due to the COVID-19 crisis, changes in availability and prices of foods, perceived changes in consumption, and suggested policy actions by these food vendors. |
| Keywords: | MYANMAR, BURMA, SOUTHEAST ASIA, ASIA, Coronavirus, coronavirus disease, Coronavirinae, food supply, food prices, prevention, COVID-19, consumer behaviour, policies, food security, food vendors, COVID-19 prevention measures, wet markets |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:myanpn:40&r=all |
| By: | Fang, Peixun; Belton, Ben; Ei Win, Hnin; Zhang, Xiaobo |
| Abstract: | Poultry farmers in Myanmar were interviewed by telephone in early June, late June, early July, late July, and August 2020 to determine how their businesses were being affected by COVID-19 related restrictions. The results of those surveys were published in Myanmar Strategy Support Program Policy Notes 11, 13, 19, 21, and 28, respectively. To trace the continuing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their economic activities, a sixth round of the phone survey of poultry farmers was done in November 2020. The sixth round sample included 226 poultry farmers (162 broiler and 64 layer farms) in the Yangon peri-urban area (Ayeyarwady, Bago, and Yangon regions) who had been interviewed in the first five rounds of the survey. The same survey questionnaire was used. This survey round is three months after the August survey round, so most broiler farms should have finished a full production cycle between the two last survey rounds. This Policy Note reports on the results of this sixth survey round. |
| Keywords: | MYANMAR, BURMA, SOUTHEAST ASIA, ASIA, Coronavirus, coronavirus disease, Coronavirinae, poultry, farmers, broiler chickens, prices, cash flow, peri-urban agriculture, COVID-19 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:myanpn:42&r=all |
| By: | , AISDL |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to investigate the literature on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to provide a comprehensive overview of whether CSR would make a difference to organisational financial outcomes. The paper also provides a closer focus on CSR research in Vietnam. Through an extensive analysis of 86 most recent empirical studies from 2015 to 2020, we found that the contribution of CSR to firm financial performance has received significant support from the literature. Yet the overall findings are still inconsistent, and the majority of evidence is mainly from developed countries. The current literature on CSR and firm performance highlights some important issues, ranging from theoretical background, CSR measures, methodological issues, the need to consider intervening factors in CSR-firm performance relationship, and the need to extend this literature further in developing and emerging countries. The literature on CSR-firm performance research in Vietnam closely resembles these problems. Research in this country domain is still scarce in both quantity and quality, reflecting in a number of issues including the limited number of international publications, the absence of theory-driven research, and the less rigorous research design. Building on these findings, we recommend future research to (i) adopt the multi-theoretical approach for a more extensive view on whether and how CSR contributes to firm performance; (ii) obtain more rigorous methodological approaches to measure a wide range of CSR dimensions and address the issue of endogeneity in CSR-firm performance causal relationship; (iii) open the Pandora box to explore why and through which channels CSR can improve firm financial performance with the presence of situational factors; and (iv) build the literature with more evidence from different country contexts and from developing and emerging countries. |
| Date: | 2020–08–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:aymk7&r=all |
| By: | Kusumawati, Retno Ryani; Sulistiana, Indra |
| Abstract: | This study was conducted to determine the effect of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) on Financial Performance and Company Value in State-Owned Corporation in Indonesia in the era of 4.0 and society 5.0. Research subjects are state-owned corporation listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2013-2017 period. The samples taken are 10 State-Owned Corporation (BUMN) that are included in the criteria. The method used to analyze the relationship between variables in this study is multiple linear regression analysis. Hypothesis test results show that the Independent Board of Commissioners and Audit Committee have an effect on the Return on Assets (ROA) with a significance value of 0.012. The results of testing the second hypothesis Independent commissioners and audit committees have no simultaneous effect on Company Values with a significance value of 0.082. Partially the independent Board of Commissioners has an effect on Return On Assets (ROA) and company value. While the second variable of the Audit Committee does not affect the Return on Assets (ROA) and company value. |
| Date: | 2020–06–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:ngcy4&r=all |
| By: | Marieke Vandeweyer; Ricardo Espinoza; Laura Reznikova; Miso Lee; Thanit Herabat |
| Abstract: | In light of population ageing, globalisation, automation, and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, Thailand’s labour market is being significantly reshaped, and so are the skills required for higher employability. This paper analyses the capacity of Thailand’s education and training system to develop relevant skills from the pre-primary to higher education level, and explores the current state of skills imbalances in the country. It identifies accessibility of schooling, provision of relevant teacher training, and sustained competitiveness of higher education institutions as key areas for improvement. It also points to large skills shortages in the education, and health and social work sectors, and prevalent qualification and field-of-study mismatches. The findings highlight that a responsive education system, together with high-quality life-long learning opportunities that are accessible to all and aligned with skill needs, will be essential to equip Thai people with the right skills for navigating the rapidly changing world. |
| Keywords: | Accessible schooling, Adult education, Education expansion, Education quality, Lifelong learning, Skills imbalances, STEM skills, Thailand |
| JEL: | A20 I21 I23 I24 I26 J21 J23 J24 J31 F66 |
| Date: | 2020–12–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1641-en&r=all |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | This Detailed Assessment of Observance on the Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems-International Organization of Securities Commissions Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures on Singapore discusses that the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) has taken important steps to address the recommendations made for capital market financial market infrastructures (FMIs). MAS has led efforts to develop international guidance on the cyber resilience for FMIs and moved swiftly to strengthen Singapore’s governance and resiliency of the payment system. The assessment of New MAS Electronic Payment and Book-Entry System (MEPS+) finds that most of the principles are observed, however, also identifies opportunities for further improvement relative to international best practices. One of the several observations is that the legal basis is sound with further enhancements made for insolvency protection, designation criteria, and administrative powers for MAS. Also, governance arrangements are clear and transparent and should continue to ensure the independence of the oversight and supervisory functions for MEPS+. |
| Keywords: | Payment systems;Operational risk;Securities;Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures;Collateral;ISCR,CR,MEPS,financial market,MAS staff,MAS monitor,empowers MAS,MAS Bills,MAS responsibility,settlement system |
| Date: | 2019–07–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2019/225&r=all |
| By: | Nurul Komari (Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Tanjungpura, Jl. Prof. Dr. Hadari Nawawi, 78124, Pontianak, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Sulistiowati Author-2-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Tanjungpura, Jl. Prof. Dr. Hadari Nawawi, 78124, Pontianak, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - This study examined the mediating role of job satisfaction (JS) on the relationship of distributive justice (DJ), procedural justice (PJ) and interactional justice (IJ) to counterproductive work behavior (CWB). Methodology/Technique - The respondents of this study were a total of 110 employees of service companies in Indonesia. The data used were primary data collected through questionnaires and processed using Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis. Findings - The results of this research showed that DJ, PJ, and IJ have a positive and significant relationship with JS. DJ has a positive but insignificant relationship with CWB. However, PJ has a negative but significant relationship with CWB. Meanwhile IJ and JS haves an insignificant negative relationship with CWB. JS insignificantly mediates the relationship between organizational justice (OJ) and CWB. Originality/value - This study provides empirical support for the relationship between DJ, PJ, and IJ on JS and CWB. This study also provides evidence regarding the relationship between direct OJ and JS with counterproductive work behavior. Type of Paper - Empirical. |
| Keywords: | Organizational Justice, Job Satisfaction, Counterproductive Work Behaviors. |
| JEL: | J60 J61 J69 |
| Date: | 2020–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jmmr256&r=all |
| By: | Parsons, Christopher (University of Western Australia); Reysenbach, Tyler (Productivity Commission); Wahba, Jackline (University of Southampton) |
| Abstract: | Immigrants' social networks exert considerable influence over their labor market opportunities and yet the pre-sorting of co-nationals by ability and across space, endures as a key challenge for empiricists attempting to establish causal network effects. To surmount this issue, we leverage the chaotic dispersal of Vietnamese refugees across the U.S. in 1975, which was demonstrably exogenous in both initial network size and quality, in tandem with an absence of pre-existing networks of co-nationals, to causally identify the effects of network size and network quality on refugees': occupational outcomes, skill intensity and skill upgrading. Our administrative data provide refugee's precise initial locations and pre-placement characteristics in Vietnam, which we uniquely employ as additional controls, as well as longitudinal information about their locations and occupations six years hence. We construct instruments from the initial quasi-random refugee allocations of network size and quality and leverage refugees' geo-locations to insulate our results from the Reflection Problem. Overall, network quality is a far more important determinant of refugees' labor market outcomes when compared to network size, one interpretation of which is that the type of referrals network members receive are more important than the overall number of referrals. Blue-collar networks: increase the probability of refugees' working in blue-collar jobs, draw additional workers into more manual and less complex intensive employment and serve to up-skill individuals along the manual skill dimension. Given the protracted circumstances under which the Viet Kieu entered the U.S., the composition of their networks played a pivotal role in their ultimate success. |
| Keywords: | networks, refugees, migration, labor markets |
| JEL: | F22 J61 |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp13952&r=all |
| By: | Kosuke Suzuki; Manasit Choomsai Na Ayudhaya; Patrick Lenain |
| Abstract: | Services are an important part of global economic activity and of international trade. Nevertheless, compared to its very large tourism sector, the sector of high-end business services in Thailand remains small. As IT and information, and professional services are traded indirectly through value chains and are now crucial elements of manufacturing, strengthening these services would benefit Thailand in its post-COVID-19 participation of global value chains, enhancing the competitiveness of its manufacturers. This paper analyses how Thailand can seize the opportunity of growing international trade in services. It points out that liberalising services sector markets would strengthen the competitiveness of the services sectors and boost productivity not only in the sectors, but also in manufacturing sectors that rely on these services as input. In this regard, Thailand can benefit more from service-oriented Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs). Moreover, eliminating FDI restrictions would not only be crucial to spur employment and exports, but also benefit consumers. The paper identifies that, to maximise the benefits of services trade integration, Thailand needs to step up policies to re- and up-skill workers and make the labour market more flexible. |
| Keywords: | Global Value Chains (GVCs), Thailand, Trade in Services |
| JEL: | F13 F14 F16 F17 F21 F63 F66 F68 L80 |
| Date: | 2020–12–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1642-en&r=all |
| By: | Irfansyah, Satya Rizky |
| Abstract: | Perceived usefulness merupakan komponen yang terdapat pada setiap konsumen dalam merasakan kegunaan pada produk yang digunakan. Studi literatur sebelumnya telah menunjukkan pentingnya perceived usefulness pada loyalitas pengguna aplikasi ponsel. Perceived usefulness akan mempengaruhi pembentukan mobile users’ satisfaction yang dapat menimbulkan loyalitas pengguna aplikasi Go-Jek. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis seberapa pentingnya perceived usefulness serta tanggapan berupa kepuasan dan loyalitas dalam studi pemasaran transportasi. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan kuesioner online untuk menilai perceived usefulness, mobile users’ satisfaction, dan loyalitas. Dari 220 kuesioner survei online yang diberikan responden selama periode pandemi di Indonesia hanya 206 data yang memenuhi kriteria. Partial Least Square digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis yang diajukan. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa perceived usefulness secara positif dan signifikan mempengaruhi mobile users’ satisfaction dan loyalitas. Hasilnya juga ditunjukkan pengaruh kuat nilai yang dirasakan pada kepuasan pelanggan restoran. Secara bersama-sama, hasil studi tersebut memberi bukti empiris tambahan dan lebih kuat untuk literatur perceived usefulness. |
| Date: | 2021–01–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:zpqmd&r=all |
| By: | Sadali, Mohammad Isnaini |
| Abstract: | Kebijakan terkait permukiman dan perumahan di Indonesia cukup beragam, dari yang sifatnya umum hingga teknis (khusus). Permukiman dan perumahan memiliki berbagai sudut pandang yang berbeda, penafsiran, ruang lingkup, kepentingan, dan tema atau kasus tertentu. Dalam konteks pembangunan wilayah, permasalahan yang selalu muncul dan mendapatkan porsi dalam anggaran pembangunan untuk ditangani adalah perukiman kumuh. Kawasan permukiman kumuh di Kota Yogyakarta dan wilayah Perkotaan Yogyakarta masih perlu diperhatikan serius. Pola sebaran permukiman kumuh di Perkotaan dan Kota Yogyakarta masih didominasi pada wilayah dekat dengan sungai, terutama 3 (tiga) sungai besar yang melintasi Kota Yogyakarta (Sungai Gadjah Wong, Sungai Code, dan Sangai Winongo). Perkembangan Kota Yogyakarta yang diikuti munculnya lahan permukiman baru di sekitar kota jika tidak diantisipasi dan diatur dengan baik akan menimbulkan permasalahan yang sama, yaitu permukiman kumuh. Oleh karena itu perlu adanya upaya yang kuat untuk mencegah munculnya permukiman kumuh di perkotaan Kota Yogyakarta yang diikuti pencegahan, penanganan, dan pengurangan permukiman-permukiman yang tidak layak huni. |
| Date: | 2020–11–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:h4gfq&r=all |
| By: | Emilia M Jurzyk; Medha Madhu Nair; Nathalie Pouokam; Tahsin Saadi Sedik; Anthony Tan; Irina Yakadina |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic risks exacerbating inequality in Asia. High frequency labor surveys show that the pandemic is having particularly adverse effects on younger workers, women and people that are more vulnerable. Pandemics have been shown to increase inequalities. As a result, income inequality, which was already high and rising in Asia before the pandemic, is likely to rise further over the medium term, unless policies succeed in breaking this historical pattern. Many Asian governments have implemented significant fiscal policy measures to mitigate the pandemic’s effect on the most vulnerable, with the impact depending on the initial coverage of safety nets, fiscal space, and degree of informality and digitalization. The paper includes model-based analysis which shows that policies targeted to where needs are greatest are effective in mitigating adverse distributional consequences and underpinning overall economic activity and virus containment. |
| Keywords: | Income inequality;Education;Consumption;Labor;Income;COVID-19,Inequality,Susceptible-Infected-Recovered Macro Model,Fiscal Policy.,WP,IMF staff calculation,pandemic course,government-imposed lockdown,coronavirus disease pandemic,pandemic recession |
| Date: | 2020–10–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2020/217&r=all |
| By: | Facundo Alvaredo (PSE - Paris School of Economics, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, WIL - World Inequality Lab); Denis Cogneau (PSE - Paris School of Economics, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Thomas Piketty (PSE - Paris School of Economics, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, WIL - World Inequality Lab) |
| Abstract: | In this article we assess income inequality across French and British colonial empires between 1920 and 1960. For the first time, income tax tabulations are exploited to assess the case studies of French Algeria, Tunisia, Cameroon, and Vietnam, which we compare to British colonies and dominions. As measured by top income shares, inequality was high in colonies. It fell after WWII, but stabilized at much higher levels than in mainland France or the United Kingdom in the 1950s. European settlers or expatriates comprised the bulk of top income earners, and only a minority of autochthons could compete in terms of income, particularly in Africa. Top income shares were no higher in settlement colonies, not only because those territories were wealthier but also because the average European settler was less rich than the average European expatriate. Inequality between Europeans in colonies was similar to (or even below) that of the metropoles. In settlement colonies, the post-WWII fall in income inequality can be explained by a fall in inequality between Europeans, mirroring that of the metropoles, and does not imply that the European/autochthon income gap was reduced. |
| Keywords: | Inequality,Top incomes,Colonialism,Africa,Asia |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03022276&r=all |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Transport - Transport Economics Policy and Planning Transport - Transport and Trade Logistics International Economics and Trade - Access to Markets International Economics and Trade - Trade and Regional Integration Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Regional Economic Development Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Spatial and Local Economic Development Urban Development - Urban Economic Development |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33139&r=all |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | This Selected Issues paper focuses on the drivers, implications and outlook for China’s shrinking current account surplus. Although cyclical factors helped in 2018, the trend decline has been largely structural, driven by rebalancing, appreciation of the real effective exchange rate toward equilibrium, increase in outbound tourism, and moderation in goods surplus reflecting market saturation and China’s faster growth compared with trading partners. Policies should focus on continued rebalancing and opening to ensure excessive surpluses do not return; and to prepare the economy and the financial system to handle more volatile capital flows. From a global perspective, the decline in China’s surplus has lowered global imbalances, with different impact across countries, with the trade balances of Korea, Germany, Brazil improving vis-à-vis China, while that of Japan, India, and Indonesia deteriorating. Further declines in the current account surplus will reduce excess global imbalances—a positive development for global stability. |
| Keywords: | Imports;Trade balance;Current account surpluses;Exports;Credit;ISCR,CR,China,debt,household debt,surplus,trade diversion |
| Date: | 2019–08–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2019/274&r=all |
| By: | Kustanto, Andi |
| Abstract: | The threat of TB continues to occur in the world. In 2018, 10 million people suffered from TB, and 1.5 million people die from this infectious disease. Referring to target 3 of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) goals 03 regarding good health and well-being, by 2030, end the epidemic of AIDS, TB, malaria, and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases, and other communicable diseases. Based on data from the WHO, Indonesia ranks 3rd for TB cases globally. The estimated population suffering from TB is 845,000 cases; only 68 percent of cases were found and treated in 2018. The high number of TB cases in Indonesia could threaten the golden generation's opportunity in the next 2025 demographic bonus, where the number of productive age population is higher than the population non-productive age. This study found that population factors such as population, population density, and the number of poor people had a positive and significant effect on TB cases. In contrast, the GRDP per capita, the number of health workers, and literacy rates negatively affected the TB cases. Furthermore, environmental factors from the availability of proper sanitation and toilet facilities show a negative but insignificant effect on TB cases. |
| Date: | 2020–12–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:ad3uv&r=all |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | This Financial System Stability Assessment paper on Singapore highlights the attractiveness of Singapore as a financial center is underpinned by strong economic fundamentals, sound economic policies, and a sophisticated financial oversight framework. The financial system is exposed to global and regional macrofinancial shocks through significant trade and financial channels but appears resilient even under adverse scenarios. However, banks’ US dollar liquidity is vulnerable to stress conditions. Fintech developments so far have focused on partnerships with existing financial institutions and do not appear to contribute significantly to systemic risk. Singapore authorities should continue to enhance its strong oversight of the financial system. Strengthening the framework for resolution and safety nets, namely by devoting more resources to the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS)’ Resolution Unit; and enhancing the oversight of MAS Electronic Payments System by ensuring more staffing resources are two other important areas for action. |
| Keywords: | Banking;Domestic systemically important banks;Stress testing;Insurance companies;Financial Sector Assessment Program;ISCR,CR,U.S. dollar,financial system,foreign exchange,Singapore dollar,exchange rate |
| Date: | 2019–07–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2019/224&r=all |
| By: | Andrei Busuioc; Alfred Jean-Marie Borgonovo; Tran Thi Phuong Mai |
| Keywords: | Finance and Financial Sector Development - Finance and Development Finance and Financial Sector Development - Financial Literacy Private Sector Development - Corporate Data and Reporting Private Sector Development - Corporate Governance |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33469&r=all |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | This Selected Issues paper provides an overview of the exchange rate and trade dynamics in Indonesia. Using data on monthly export and import price and volume at the sectoral level, the paper estimates pass-through effects of exchange rate changes to trade price and volume. Results indicate adjustment frictions that depend on the source of the exchange rate fluctuation and the degree of integration in global value chains. Overall, combining price and volume effects, we find that 10 percent depreciation in the exchange rate is associated with a rise in the goods net-exports of up to 1.6 percent of GDP. Results indicate that there is considerable asymmetry and sectoral heterogeneity in the pass-throughs of exchange rate on import and export prices. Import prices adjust well to exchange rate fluctuations with the effects being stronger for appreciation episodes. The price sensitivity of export prices to exchange rate shocks is generally lower than of imports and concentrated over shorter horizons and during episodes of depreciation. The price and quantity results imply that exchange rate changes can have significant effects on the current account, by affecting movements in net-exports of goods. |
| Keywords: | Exchange rates;Corporate income tax;Tax administration core functions;Value-added tax;Medium term revenue strategy;ISCR,CR,rate,price,market,pass-through |
| Date: | 2019–07–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2019/251&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Public Sector Development - Regulatory Regimes Energy - Electric Power Energy - Energy Policies & Economics Energy - Energy Sector Regulation Energy - Renewable Energy Energy - Solar Energy |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33255&r=all |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | This technical note Financial Stability Analysis and Stress Testing on Singapore contributes to the assessment of the stability and soundness of the financial sector with a comprehensive set of risk analyses. The work combines an examination of key risk indicators with detailed stress tests, which simulate the health of banks, insurers, nonfinancial corporates and households under severe yet plausible (counterfactual) adverse scenarios. Scenarios include global financial market turmoil, a major slowdown of economic activity in China, cyber-attacks and extreme flooding. The analyses include simulations of contagion within the international banking network, within the domestic banking system and between different types of financial institutions in the financial system. The stress tests reveal that the financial system is broadly resilient to severe adverse shocks; however, foreign exchange liquidity is a key vulnerability. The analyses suggest that Monetary Authority of Singapore should continue strengthening its surveillance by closing data gaps and developing its analytical tools. Further data collection on domestic interlinkages, household mortgage debt at the borrower level, insurers’ balance sheets would enhance surveillance. |
| Keywords: | Stress testing;Banking;Domestic systemically important banks;Insurance companies;Capital adequacy requirements;ISCR,CR,U.S. dollar,financial market,banking group,financial system,sensitivity analysis,solvency stress tests |
| Date: | 2019–07–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2019/228&r=all |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | This technical assistance report on Malaysia explains the effort by the mission to support the Malaysian authorities in improving Government Finance Statistics (GFS) decision making. The mission achieved significant progress with respect to the development of a budgetary central GFS compilation system based on primary accrual accounting data. The mission, together with the authorities, successfully developed a compilation sheet to facilitate the largely automated compilation of a comprehensive set of GFS tables from the system. With respect to flows reported in the income statement, the analysis suggests that it is essential to build the survey around the balancing items (net) operative income and (net) comprehensive income. The analysis of the corporate balance sheets suggests that most accounting terms used by the public corporations can be grouped sensibly and linked to GFS classifications. With respect to the extrabudgetary units of central government, the mission proposed minor refinements of the survey and prepared preliminary GFS data. |
| Keywords: | Government finance statistics;Public sector;Financial statements;Fiscal accounting and reporting;Business enterprises;ISCR,CR,government,state government,classification of functions of government,accounting data,GFS classification |
| Date: | 2019–08–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2019/269&r=all |
| By: | Astadi Pangarso (Brawijaya University, Jl. MT. Haryono 163, 65145, Malang, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Endang Siti Astuti Author-2-Workplace-Name: Brawijaya University, Jl. MT. Haryono 163, 65145, Malang, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Kusdi Raharjo Author-3-Workplace-Name: Brawijaya University, Jl. MT. Haryono 163, 65145, Malang, Indonesia Author-4-Name: Tri Wulida Afrianty Author-4-Workplace-Name: Brawijaya University, Jl. MT. Haryono 163, 65145, Malang, Indonesia Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - This paper aims to build a new theoretical framework related to organizational effectiveness. Unfortunately, there is no research which builds a theoretical framework of organizational effectiveness influenced by knowledge infrastructure capability, organizational environment, absorptive capacity and innovative ambidexterity. Methodology/Technique - The theoretical framework is built from the past research of the organizational effectiveness antecedents using literature review method. The theoretical framework in this conceptual paper consists of nine propositions with three novelties: the direct relationship among knowledge infrastructure capability; absorptive capacity; and organizational environment to innovative ambidexterity. Findings - This conceptual paper only applies structural contingency theory, knowledge-based theory and absorptive capacity theory in constructing relationships among concepts. Novelty - This theoretical framework can be applied as a basis for the next future empirical research. Type of Paper - Review |
| Keywords: | Knowledge Infrastructure Capability; Organizational Environment; Absorptive Capacity; Innovative Ambidexterity; Organizational Effectiveness. |
| JEL: | L22 L23 M10 |
| Date: | 2020–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jmmr257&r=all |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | This technical note on Crisis Management, Resolution, and Safety Nets on Singapore highlights that the resolution tools are well designed, with the exception of bail-in powers; however, steps are still needed to operationalize the resolution plans. The note reviews current practices, considering international best practice principles as outlined in the Financial Stability Board’s Key Attributes for Effective Resolution of Financial Institutions and the International Association of Deposit Insurers’ Core Principles Effective Deposit Insurance Systems. Monetary Authority of Singapore currently develops resolution plans for Domestic Systemically Important Bank only. The resolution plans for each institution must be reviewed for both internal consistency and cross-institutional consistency. Some extension of resolution planning should be considered. The funding arrangements for resolution aim at limiting public sector exposure to loss. Losses will be first borne by equity holders and unsecured subordinated creditors. When additional funds are required, the deposit insurance fund, built by ex-ante premiums from members, can be used to support the resolution of members on an equivalent cost basis. |
| Keywords: | Bank resolution framework;Crisis resolution;Banking;Deposit insurance;Crisis management;ISCR,CR,resolution plan,bank resolution,resolution strategy,central bank,Resolution authority,resolution tool |
| Date: | 2019–07–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2019/226&r=all |
| By: | , AISDL |
| Abstract: | As the stock market has increased by 60% in prices from the bottom at the end of March, the total market capitalization now reached US$200 billion, equivalent to nearly 60% of the country's gross domestic product. |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:rqenv&r=all |
| By: | Tolulope T. Osinubi (Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the effect of globalization on female economic participation (FEP) in MINT (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria & Turkey) and BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China & South Africa) countries between 2004 and 2018. Four measures of globalization are employed and sourced from KOF globalization index, 2018, while the female labour force participation rate is a proxy for FEP. The empirical evidence is based on Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimators. The findings of the PMG estimator from the Panel ARDL method reveal that political and overall globalization in MINT and BRICS countries have a positive impact on FEP, whereas social globalization exerts a negative impact on FEP in the long-run. It is observed that economic globalization has no long-run effect on FEP. Contrarily, all the measures of globalization posit no short-run effect on FEP in the short-run. This supports the argument that globalization has no immediate effect on FEP. Thus, it is recommended that both MINT and BRICS countries should find a way of improving the process of globalization generally to empower women to be involved in economic activities. This study complements the extant literature by focusing on how globalization dynamics influence FEP in the MINT and BRICS countries. |
| Keywords: | Globalization; female; gender; labour force participation; MINT and BRICS countries |
| JEL: | E60 F40 F59 D60 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:abh:wpaper:20/058&r=all |
| By: | Wang, Xintong; Flores-Lagunes, Alfonso |
| Abstract: | Employing nonparametric bounds, we examine the effect of military service on incarceration outcomes using the Vietnam draft lotteries as a possibly invalid instrumental variable for military service. The draft is allowed to have a direct effect on the outcomes independently of military service, disposing of the exclusion restriction. We find: (i) suggestive but not strong statistical evidence that the direct effect of the draft increases the incarceration rate for violent offenses for a particular cohort of draft avoiders, and (ii) military service increases the incarceration rate for violent and nonviolent crimes of white volunteers and veterans in certain birth cohorts. |
| Keywords: | Conscription,Military Service,Incarceration,Crime,Nonparametric Bounds |
| JEL: | K4 C31 C36 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:751&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | International Economics and Trade - Export Competitiveness International Economics and Trade - Foreign Direct Investment Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy Private Sector Development - Enterprise Development & Reform |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33190&r=all |
| By: | Lambrecht, Isabel; Ragasa, Catherine; Mahrt, Kristi; Aung, Zin Wai; Ei Win, Hnin; Zu, A Myint; Wang, Michael |
| Abstract: | The persistent and worsening effects of the COVID-19 crisis on rural household incomes are alarming. The onset of the second wave of infections and mitigation measures in Myanmar is continuing to depress household incomes. Key findings: Almost three-quarters of the households surveyed reported lower household income than usual in August and September. In addition to a drought and lack of irrigation water limiting crop production in August and September, 22 percent of farmers experienced difficulties accessing inputs and 28 percent invested less than usual in their farm due to financial constraints. A quarter of farmers experienced difficulties selling their produce, which is lower than the share that reported having such difficulties in previous months. However, farmers anticipate further difficulties hampering sales in coming months, mainly due to expected restrictions on mobility. Landless households have been the most adversely affected by the crisis, largely due to lost nonfarm employment, lower remittances, and further negative impacts on rural enterprises. To cope with reduced incomes, 61 percent of households reported having reduced food expenditures, 36 percent sold assets, and 37 percent took loans. Households maintained the diversity of their diets but reduced the amount of meat and fish consumed. More households reported meat and fish to be less available than in previous rounds. Government transfer programs reached 99 percent of households in the study area, mostly in the form of income assistance. Recommended actions: Assistance to rural households should be continued to soften the impact of reduced income during the COVID-19 crisis and prevent households from jeopardizing future food security and health by depleting savings and assets, acquiring debt, and reducing food expenditures. Supporting rural non-farm businesses and employment will be key to building resilience in household livelihoods and to achieving a faster overall economic recovery. |
| Keywords: | MYANMAR, BURMA, SOUTHEAST ASIA, ASIA, Coronavirus, coronavirus disease, Coronavirinae, COVID-19, agricultural production, rural population, livelihoods, irrigation, household income |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:myanpn:36&r=all |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | This technical note examines the implications of fintech for the regulation and supervision of the Singaporean financial services sector. It provides an overview of the financial system with a focus on fintech developments. The note looks at not only fintech developments but also the institutional setup as well as Monetary Authority of Singapore’s (MAS) approach to fintech. The MAS has so far managed to strike the right balance between innovation and safety and soundness. MAS has responded quickly to the challenges of fintech. The impact of fintech on the financial services sector has largely been internalized by financial institutions (FI). FIs are swiftly digitizing and modernizing their systems, products and business models. Because of their market knowledge and higher investment capacities, incumbent FIs are getting better at providing services and products by adopting new technologies or improving existing ones. The note also recommends that it is imperative to develop a cyber network map that considers both financial linkages and Information and Communications Technology connections and use it for cyber risk surveillance. |
| Keywords: | Fintech;Financial services;Anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT);Technology;Banking;ISCR,CR,fintech firm,risk management,business model,financial system,market structure,unit cost |
| Date: | 2019–07–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2019/229&r=all |
| By: | , AISDL |
| Abstract: | Entrepreneurship is one of the main strategies of countries, especially developing countries like Vietnam. Government of Ho Chi Minh City is using entrepreneurship as the effective implement to promote economy. Therefore, finding the barriers to prevent development of entrepreneurship is necessary. The aim of this study is to assess factors that affect the entrepreneurship development in Ho Chi Minh City. This thesis employs quantitative methods to conduct the research with sample size being 154 samples. The author evaluates Cronbach’s Alpha reliability, EFA analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, determines and analyzes multivariate regression models; Multicollinearity assay and ANOVA. The results show that the regression model is suitable and does not have multicollinearity; three factors affect the entrepreneurship development in Ho Chi Minh City: (i) Individual factors; (ii) Environmental factors; (iii) Social – Cultural factors. Based on the found results, the author points out some management implications related to reject the barriers to entrepreneurship in Ho Chi Minh City and give some recommendations for making entrepreneurial policies. |
| Date: | 2020–04–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:sh32d&r=all |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | This technical note evaluates the macroprudential policy framework in Singapore with a focus on the price effect of macroprudential instruments. It assesses the domestic institutional arrangement, systemic risk monitoring framework, and macroprudential policy toolkit. The note assesses the strengths and weaknesses of the institutional arrangements for macroprudential policymaking and provides recommendations on how to enhance them further. It also describes the existing systemic risk monitoring framework and provides options to strengthen it. The use of macroprudential instruments in recent years and their effects on residential prices have also been discussed. The institutional framework for macroprudential policymaking has been revised and contains a clear mandate and well-defined objectives. The macroprudential mandate is assigned to dedicated committees within Monetary Authority of Singapore, limiting risk of dual mandates for the central bank. The authorities have taken important steps in recent years to develop the macroprudential policy framework and address relevant recommendations. |
| Keywords: | Housing;Macroprudential policy;Macroprudential policy instruments;Loans;Housing prices;ISCR,CR,price,loan,market,housing loan,MAS Financial |
| Date: | 2019–07–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2019/227&r=all |
| By: | Joscha Beckmann (Universität Greifswald); Mariarosaria Comunale (Bank of Lithuania & Vilnius University) |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the financial channel of exchange rate fluctuations for emerging countries and the link to the conventional trade channel. We analyse whether the effective exchange rate affects GDP growth, the domestic credit and the global liquidity measure as the credit in foreign currencies, and how global liquidity affects GDP growth. We make use of local projections in order to look at the shocks transmission covering 11 emerging market countries for the period 2000Q1-2016Q3. We find that foreign denominated credit plays an important macroeconomic role, operating through various transmission channels. The direction of effects depends on country characteristics and is also related to the policy stance among countries. We find that domestic appreciations increase demand with regard to foreign credit, implying positive effects on investment and GDP growth. However, this is valid only in the short-run; in the medium-long run, an increase of credit denominated in foreign currency (for instance, due to appreciation) decreases GDP. The financial channel works mostly in the short-run except for Brazil, Malaysia and Mexico, where the trade channel always dominates. Possibly there is a substitution effect between domestic and foreign credit in the case of shocks in exchange rates. |
| Keywords: | emerging markets, financial channel, exchange rates, global liquidity |
| JEL: | F31 F41 F43 G15 |
| Date: | 2020–12–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lie:wpaper:83&r=all |
| By: | Xin Li |
| Abstract: | Using firm-level data on ASEAN5, this paper studies the differential effects of macro-financial and structural factors on corporate saving behavior through the lens of external financing dependence. The finding suggests that non-financial corporations in ASEAN5 have been subject to binding financial constraints over the past two decades. Greater capital account openness or exchange rate depreciation reduces the average saving rate of industries with low dependence on external funds, while it increases the saving rate of industries with high dependence on external funds. The effects are greater for export-oriented industries. An improvement in banking sector competition, banks’ lending efficiency, or policy clarity is associated with lower saving rate of firms across the board. |
| Keywords: | Financial sector development;Commercial banks;Capital flows;Precautionary savings;Corporate sector;ASEAN countries,corporate saving,external financing need,export-orientation,financial constraint,capital account openness,exchange rate depreciation.,WP,saving rate,high-tech company,Level analysis,tech firm,firm's use,precautionary saving theory,saving behavior,use of external finance |
| Date: | 2020–10–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2020/223&r=all |
| By: | Daniel Baksa; Ales Bulir; Dyna Heng |
| Abstract: | The paper describes a semistructural macrofiscal approach to simulating and forecasting macroeconomic policies. Our canonical model is adapted to Cambodia and we demonstrate its application with an illustrative scenario of macroeconomic effects of the Covid-19 pandemic. Complemented with near-term forecasting tools and expert judgment, the dynamics of the model helps to inform policymakers about medium-term transmission channels and thus guide policy advice. |
| Keywords: | Real exchange rates;Exchange rates;Real interest rates;Return on investment;Output gap;WP,nominal exchange rate,potential GDP |
| Date: | 2020–09–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2020/202&r=all |
| By: | Nkosinathi Vusizihlobo Mbuya; Sutayut Osornprasop; Clarissa David |
| Keywords: | Health, Nutrition and Population - Adolescent Health Health, Nutrition and Population - Food & Nutrition Policy Health, Nutrition and Population - Health and Poverty Health, Nutrition and Population - Nutrition |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33142&r=all |
| By: | Samirah Dunakhir (Faculty of Economic, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Mukhammad Idrus Author-2-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economic, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - This paper aims to propose a framework for cultural values and perceived audit quality Methodology – The methodology used in this study is the content analysis of the published papers in relation to cultural values and perceived audit quality Findings – There is a strong relationship between cultural values and accounting values in the judgement process of auditing and they determine the quality of audit. Novelty – There is not much information published in the area of the roles of cultural values and perceived audit quality. Therefore, this paper offers a conceptual framework on cultural values and perceived audit quality. Type of Paper - Review |
| Keywords: | Culture; Cultural Values; Perception; Audit Quality |
| JEL: | M4 M42 |
| Date: | 2020–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jfbr175&r=all |
| By: | Aprihatiningrum Hidayati (Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen PPM, Jl. Menteng Raya No. 9-19, 10340, Jakarta, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Ronny Kountur Author-2-Workplace-Name: Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen PPM, Jl. Menteng Raya No. 9-19, 10340, Jakarta, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Vitalijs Rašcevskis Author-3-Workplace-Name: Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen PPM, Jl. Menteng Raya No. 9-19, 10340, Jakarta, Indonesia Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - This study set out to examine the effect of perceived value and satisfaction on repeat purchase. Training service companies are competing by encouraging their managers to increase repeat purchase.Methodology/Technique - Data from a survey of 300 customers of public training are used to scientifically verify the model. Path analysis is used to process the data.Findings - Results show that perceived value and satisfaction have indirect effect on repeat purchase through the mediating role of service quality. Satisfaction and perceived value are important predictors in enhancing service quality, but do not directly affect repeat purchase. Surprisingly, the direct effect on repeat purchases stems from service quality while recent researches suggest satisfaction is the antecedent. The findings suggest that training service companies should exert all efforts to improve service quality through service delivery training for their employees.Novelty - Most of literature considers purchase as an attitudinal (namely purchase intention), while this study focuses on behavioural (namely repeat purchase) that consider to be more actual and impactful for companies' sustainability.Type of Paper - Empirical. |
| Keywords: | Path Analysis, Perceived Value, Repeat Purchase, Satisfaction, Service Quality |
| JEL: | M3 M31 |
| Date: | 2020–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jmmr255&r=all |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | This 2019 Article IV Consultation with Lao People’s Democratic Republic (P.D.R) analyses that after more than a decade of high growth with low inflation, country is solidifying its progress toward graduating from the Least Developed Country (LDC) status. However, more than one-fifth of the population remains poor, regional disparities are persistent, and recurring natural disasters pose risks for poverty reduction. A large current account deficit, low level of reserves, a high level of debt, managed exchange rate, and a dollarized banking system amplify macro-vulnerabilities. The authorities recognize the current economic challenges and their comprehensive reform programs aim at rebalancing the economy from a resource based to a more diversified growth model by investing in human development and improving competitiveness. Modernizing monetary governance and building reserves supported by greater exchange rate flexibility will help to mitigate external shocks in an uncertain global environment. |
| Keywords: | Public debt;External debt;Revenue administration;Government debt management;Government finance statistics;ISCR,CR,debt,GFS expert,Includes Bank of Lao P.D.R,rate,deficit,Lao P.D.R.,Lao P.D.R. authorities |
| Date: | 2019–08–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2019/267&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Biodiversity Environment - Environmental Protection Environment - Wildlife Resources |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34110&r=all |
| By: | Alain Piveteau (PRODIG - UMR 215 Prodig - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [France-Nord] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech, PRODIG - UMR 8586 Prodig - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - IRD [France-Nord] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement) |
| Abstract: | In the Fordist version of industrial capitalism, automobile production forms the basis of industrial production and the wage relationship, in other words, of economic development and the transformation of modes of work. Derivatives of this centrality continue to fuel the post-Fordist debate on economic development as to the ability of the automobile industry and its national development to stimulate, in the current configuration of Global Value Chains (GVCs), the industrialization of developing economies. The literature continues to emphasize the key driver role of the automotive industry in job creation, productivity improvement, innovation and structural transformation of economic activity. Empirically, however, the debate is far from settled. The difficulty of moving from a successful entry into automotive GVCs, dominated by a small group of global automakers and suppliers, to the effective development of an automotive industry central to national economic development remains high. To be lifted, it requires public policies adjusted to the markets and to the need for accumulation of technological assets that contrast with a simple strategy of attracting and securing FDI. This is the crucial phase that Morocco seems to be entering. The sectoral analysis in this chapter seeks to understand the origins and nature of the industrial discontinuity represented by the rapid emergence of motor vehicle manufacturing and then discuss its actual and potential impact on the country's economic development. The proposed answers will take into account both external conditions, i.e. the profound transformations of the automotive sector in general, and internal conditions, which remain decisive in organizing the productive, social and territorial integration of an originally exogenous productive transformation. The central hypothesis of the discussion logically poses the problem of complementarity and synchrony between external and internal conditions. By moving away from the neo-institutionalist normativism that inexorably prescribes the conformation of the economies of the South to the presupposed rules of a global market for products, it in fact raises a more complex dimension of economic success: the role of national public policy in meeting the challenge of synchronization favourable to development. A first point (1) recalls the stages in the trajectory of the Moroccan automotive sector and the transformation of the institutional arrangements that accompanied it. The analysis of the sector's key statistics (2) then allows us to put into perspective the current weight of automobile production in the industrialization - or deindustrialization - process, while highlighting the present potential. Point (3) focuses on the strengths and weaknesses of the export positioning of the Moroccan automotive industry and on the challenge of local integration. Finally, the concluding point (4) summarizes the prospects and challenges for the development of the automotive sector in Morocco. |
| Abstract: | Dans la version fordiste du capitalisme industriel, la production automobile forme le socle de la production industrielle et du rapport salarial, autrement dit du développement économique et de la transformation des modes de mise au travail. Les dérivées de cette centralité continuent d'alimenter le débat post-fordiste sur le développement économique quant à l'aptitude de l'industrie automobile et de son développement national à stimuler, dans la configuration actuelle des Chaînes de valeur mondiale (CVM), l'industrialisation des économies en développement. La littérature continue de souligner le rôle clef (key driver) de l'industrie automobile dans la création d'emplois, l'amélioration de la productivité, dans l'innovation et dans la transformation structurelle de l'activité économique. Empiriquement pourtant, le débat est loin d'être tranché. Aux succès Chinois, Thaïlandais, Mexicain et Turque, on oppose les échecs des politiques gouvernementales dans de nombreux pays d'Afrique, mais aussi en Australie. La difficulté à passer d'une entrée réussie dans les CVM de l'automobile, dominées par un groupe retreint de constructeurs et d'équipementiers mondiaux, au développement effectif d'une industrie automobile central pour le développement économique national reste élevée. Elle requiert, pour être levée, des politiques publiques ajustées aux marchés et au besoin d'accumulation d'actifs technologiques qui contrastent avec une simple stratégie d'attraction et de sécurisation des IDE. C'est la phase cruciale dans laquelle le Maroc semble pouvoir entrer. L'analyse sectorielle proposée dans ce chapitre vise à comprendre les origines et la nature de la discontinuité industrielle que représente l'émergence rapide d'une production manufacturière de véhicules automobiles puis à discuter de sa portée réelle et potentielle sur le développement économique du pays. Les réponses proposées tiendront compte à la fois des conditions externes, à savoir des profondes transformations du secteur automobile en général, et des conditions internes, qui restent déterminantes pour organiser l'intégration productive, sociale et territoriale d'une transformation productive originellement exogène. L'hypothèse pivot de la discussion pose logiquement le problème de la complémentarité et de la synchronie entre les conditions externes et internes. En sortant du normativisme néo-institutionnaliste prescrivant inexorablement la conformation des économies du Sud aux règles présupposées d'un marché global des produits, celle-ci soulève en fait une dimension plus complexe de la réussite économique : le rôle de la politique publique nationale pour relever le défi d'une synchronisation favorable au développement. Un premier point (1) rappelle les étapes de la trajectoire du secteur automobile marocain et de la transformation des dispositifs institutionnels qui l'ont accompagnée. L'analyse des statistiques-clefs du secteur (2) permet ensuite de relativiser le poids actuel de la production automobile dans le processus d'industrialisation – ou de désindustrialisation – tout en soulignant le potentiel présent. Le point (3) s'attarde sur les forces et faiblesses du positionnement à l'export de l'industrie automobile marocaine et sur l'enjeu de l'intégration locale. Enfin, le point conclusif (4), reprend sous forme de synthèse les perspectives et enjeux du développement du secteur automobile au Maroc. |
| Keywords: | Morocco,Automotive,Industrialization,Structural Transformation,Industrial Policy,Global value chain,Maroc,Automobile,Industrialisation,Transformation Structurelle,Politique Industrielle,Chaîne de valeur globale |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03021343&r=all |