|
on South East Asia |
| By: | Davis, Christopher G.; Cessna, Jerry |
| Abstract: | Food demand in Southeast Asia (SEA) is expected to grow in the coming decades, creating pportunities for exporters of dairy products. The top dairy product suppliers to the region are New Zealand, the European Union (EU), the United States, and Australia. This study analyzes trends in market share over the 2006-18 timeframe and the price sensitivity for the top four U.S. dairy products imported by SEA countries: skim milk powder (SMP), whey products, cheese, and lactose. In 2018, these four products accounted for 85 percent of the total value of SEA dairy imports from the United States. Our findings show differing trends in market share and price sensitivity across products and countries. Our analysis reveals that SEA importers are more likely to substitute U.S. products for EU dairy products than for dairy products from New Zealand or Australia. Our research indicates that the United States has the potential to gain market share as import expenditures increase (holding prices constant) for cheese in Indonesia; whey products in Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines; SMP in Indonesia and Vietnam; and lactose in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia. SEA imports of U.S. dairy products are sensitive, in varying degrees, to changes in U.S. prices—as well as price changes for products from competing suppliers, such as the EU, Australia, and New Zealand. |
| Keywords: | Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uerser:307713&r=all |
| By: | Solikin M. Juhro (Bank Indonesia); Budi Trisnanto (Bank Indonesia) |
| Abstract: | Indonesia memiliki modalitas yang sangat “berlimpah†dalam bentuk cultural capital dan values. Modalitas tersebut berpotensi menjadi sumber baru pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia ke depan. Kekayaan budaya dan nilai-nilai budaya termasuk tingkat religiousitas masyarakat merupakan faktor penting dalam meningkatkan kualitas human capital. Penelitian ini merupakan kelanjutan dari penelitian sebelumnya yang menyimpulkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia dapat dijelaskan secara lebih baik dengan menggunakan model endogenous growth model. Selain itu, inovasi dan pembiayaan syariah merupakan faktor yang memengaruhi dinamika pertumbuhan ekonomi meski dengan derajat yang masih kecil. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran cultural capital dan values terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi melalui peningkatan produktivitas (inovasi). Dengan menggunakan data panel seluruh provinsi di Indonesia, diperoleh hasil bahwa cultural capital yang didekati dengan variabel intangible cultural capital (traditional craftsmanship) dan values yang didekati dengan variabel jumlah pelajar sekolah islam secara statistik memberikan dampak yang signifikan terhadap produktivitas. Sebagai catatan, caveat dari penelitian ini adalah tidak tersedianya data survei dan indikator proxy religiousitas seperti jumlah infaq dan shodaqoh. |
| Keywords: | Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Indonesia, Endogenous Growth, Cultural Capital |
| JEL: | O3 O4 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idn:wpaper:wp122019&r=all |
| By: | Luis Bauluz (University of Bonn, WIL - World Inequality Lab); Yajna Govind (PSE - Paris School of Economics, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, WIL - World Inequality Lab); Filip Novokmet (WIL - World Inequality Lab , University of Bonn) |
| Abstract: | Agricultural land is vital for three out of four of the poorest billion individuals in the world yet little is known about the distribution of agricultural land. Existing crosscountry estimates of land inequality, based on agriculture census data, measure the size distribution of agricultural holdings. These neither reflect land ownership inequality nor value inequality and often do not account for the landless population. In this paper, we tackle these issues and provide novel and consistent estimates of land inequality across countries, based on household surveys. We show that i) land-value inequality can differ significantly from land-area inequality, ii) differences in the proportion of landless across countries vary substantially, affecting markedly inequality estimates and, iii) regional patterns in inequality according to our benchmark metric (landvalue inequality including the landless) contradict existing estimates from agricultural censuses. Overall, South Asia and Latin America exhibit the highest inequality with top 10% landowners capturing up to 75% of agricultural land, followed by Africa and 'Communist' Asia (China and Vietnam) at levels around 55-60%. . |
| Keywords: | Land Ownership,Inequality,Distribution |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-03022318&r=all |
| By: | Duong, Van Anh Thi; Pushkareva, Lyudmila |
| Abstract: | Development society brings many benefits to people and also brings many challenges. Those challenges seriously affect sustainable economic development, the life and health of all people in society. At present, issues that the whole society has been facing are: hygiene, food safety, environmental pollution, new epidemics, and exhaust of natural resources as well as warming up of the earth... To limit and solve the aforementioned issues, it needs close cooperation and support from all people and enterprises. Every individual, every organization is a part of society. The development of each individual and each enterprise is also the development of society and vice versa. The rise of society will also have a positive impact on each member of it. Therefore, enterprises need to raise awareness about sustainable development and act responsibly with the community and society. It is necessary and useful not only for enterprises themselves but also for the whole society. In this thesis, the author focuses on addressing the following issues: Carrying out social responsibilities associated with environmental protection in order to sustainably develop of Vietnamese enterprises, thereby finding the causes and proposing solutions to help enterprises fulfill their social responsibilities and protect the green, clean and beautiful environment in accordance with the standards prescribed by the Law on Environment of Vietnam in 2014. |
| Keywords: | environment; sustainable development; social responsibilities; enterprises. |
| JEL: | H00 |
| Date: | 2020–05–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:102112&r=all |
| By: | Smriti Sharma (Newcastle University); Saurabh Singhal (Lancaster University & IZA); Finn Tarp (Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen) |
| Abstract: | While there is substantial corruption in developing countries, the costs imposed by corruption on individuals and households are little understood. This study examines the relationship between exposure to local corruption and mental health, as measured by depressive symptoms. We use two large data sets – one cross-sectional and one panel – collected across rural Vietnam. After controlling for individual and regional characteristics, we find strong and consistent evidence that day-to-day petty corruption is positively associated with psychological distress. Our results are robust to a variety of specification checks. Further, we find that the relationship between corruption and mental health is stronger for women, and that there are no heterogeneous effects by poverty status. An examination of the underlying mechanisms shows that reductions in income and trust associated with higher corruption may play a role. Finally, using a difference-in-difference estimation strategy, we also provide suggestive evidence that a recent high profile anti-corruption campaign had significant positive effects on mental health. Overall, our findings indicate that there may be substantial psychosocial and mental health benefits from efforts to reduce corruption and improve rural governance structures. |
| Keywords: | corruption, anti-corruption, mental health, depression, Vietnam |
| JEL: | I3 I15 O12 D73 P3 |
| Date: | 2020–11–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kud:kuderg:2007&r=all |
| By: | Pahl, Stefan; Brandi, Clara; Schwab, Jakob; Stender, Frederik |
| Abstract: | This paper aims at estimating the economic vulnerability of developing countries to disruptions in global value chains (GVCs) due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It uses data on trade in value-added for a sample of 12 developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin America to assess their dependence on demand and supply from the three main hubs China, Europe, and North America. Using first estimates on COVID-19-induced changes in production and sectoral final demand, we obtain an early projection of the GDP effect during the lockdowns that runs through trade in GVCs. Our estimates reveal that adverse demand-side effects reduce GDP by up to 5.4 per cent, and that collapsing foreign supply is responsible for a drop in GDP of a similar magnitude. Overall, we confirm conjecture that the countries most affected are those highly integrated into GVCs (Southeast Asian countries). We argue, however, that these countries also benefit from a well-diversified portfolio of foreign suppliers, leading to a cushioning of economic downswing from adverse supply-side spillovers, because COVID-19 stroke major hubs at different times during the first wave in early 2020. Moreover, despite expected hazardous home market effects, sub-Saharan Africa's GDP appears to be comparatively less affected though GVCs due to a lack of intensive supply- and demand-side dependencies. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19,global value chains,input-output analysis,international trade,supply- and demand-side dependency,shock spillover |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:212020&r=all |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | As part of Cambodia’s participation in the Japan-funded Government Finance Statistics (GFS) and Public Sector Debt Statistics (PSDS) project for selected Asian countries (JSA3),1 this mission conducted an in-country workshop (December 2–4, 2019) and provided follow-up technical assistance (TA) on GFS and PSDS (December 5–13, 2019).2 Both activities were aimed at strengthening compilation and dissemination of fiscal data in line the GFS Manual 2014 (GFSM 2014) and the PSDS: Guide (PSDSG) to support surveillance and decision making. At the request of the authorities, the TA mission participated in the inter-agency workshop on data consistency in macroeconomic statistics conducted by the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) during December 5–6, 2019. |
| Date: | 2020–10–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2020/290&r=all |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change and Environment Environment - Green Issues Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance Poverty Reduction - Development Patterns and Poverty Poverty Reduction - Equity and Development Poverty Reduction - Inequality Private Sector Development - Business Environment Social Protections and Labor - Skills Development and Labor Force Training |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33831&r=all |
| By: | Kym Anderson |
| Abstract: | Asia’s alcohol consumption, and its retail expenditure on each of beer, distilled spirits and grape wine, have more than doubled so far this century. In the process, the mix of beverages in Asia’s consumption of alcohol has been converging on that of the west as wine’s share rises. Since Asia’s beverage production has not kept up with its expansion in demand, imports net of exports are increasingly filling the gap – especially for wine. This paper analyses trends in consumption and imports for the region and key Asian countries, and provides projections to 2025 using a new model of global beverage markets. |
| Keywords: | Changes in beverage tastes, premiumization of alcohol consumption, impacts of tax and trade policies, beverage market projections |
| JEL: | F14 F17 L66 Q13 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pas:papers:2020-04&r=all |
| By: | Facundo Alvaredo (PSE - Paris School of Economics, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, WIL - World Inequality Lab); Denis Cogneau (PSE - Paris School of Economics, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Thomas Piketty (PSE - Paris School of Economics, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, WIL - World Inequality Lab) |
| Abstract: | In this article we assess income inequality across French and British colonial empires between 1920 and 1960. For the first time, income tax tabulations are exploited to assess the case studies of French Algeria, Tunisia, Cameroon, and Vietnam, which we compare to British colonies and dominions. As measured by top income shares, inequality was high in colonies. It fell after WWII, but stabilized at much higher levels than in mainland France or the United Kingdom in the 1950s. European settlers or expatriates comprised the bulk of top income earners, and only a minority of autochthons could compete in terms of income, particularly in Africa. Top income shares were no higher in settlement colonies, not only because those territories were wealthier but also because the average European settler was less rich than the average European expatriate. Inequality between Europeans in colonies was similar to (or even below) that of the metropoles. In settlement colonies, the post-WWII fall in income inequality can be explained by a fall in inequality between Europeans, mirroring that of the metropoles, and does not imply that the European/autochthon income gap was reduced. |
| Keywords: | Inequality,Top incomes,Colonialism,Africa,Asia |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-03022276&r=all |
| By: | Facundo Alvaredo (PSE - Paris School of Economics, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, WIL - World Inequality Lab); Denis Cogneau (PSE - Paris School of Economics, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Thomas Piketty (PSE - Paris School of Economics, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, WIL - World Inequality Lab) |
| Abstract: | In this article we assess income inequality across French and British colonial empires between 1920 and 1960. For the first time, income tax tabulations are exploited to assess the case studies of French Algeria, Tunisia, Cameroon, and Vietnam, which we compare to British colonies and dominions. As measured by top income shares, inequality was high in colonies. It fell after WWII, but stabilized at much higher levels than in mainland France or the United Kingdom in the 1950s. European settlers or expatriates comprised the bulk of top income earners, and only a minority of autochthons could compete in terms of income, particularly in Africa. Top income shares were no higher in settlement colonies, not only because those territories were wealthier but also because the average European settler was less rich than the average European expatriate. Inequality between Europeans in colonies was similar to (or even below) that of the metropoles. In settlement colonies, the post-WWII fall in income inequality can be explained by a fall in inequality between Europeans, mirroring that of the metropoles, and does not imply that the European/autochthon income gap was reduced. |
| Keywords: | Inequality,Top incomes,Colonialism,Africa,Asia |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wilwps:halshs-03022276&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Transport - Transport and Trade Logistics International Economics and Trade - Customs and Trade International Economics and Trade - Foreign Direct Investment International Economics and Trade - Globalization and Financial Integration International Economics and Trade - Rules of Origin International Economics and Trade - Trade Liberalization International Economics and Trade - Trade and Multilateral Issues International Economics and Trade - Trade and Regional Integration |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33787&r=all |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | The BSP’s regulatory framework is broadly effective for the size and complexity of the Philippine banking system, but legislative gaps continue to hinder effective supervision of banks. The BSP has a well-resourced, experienced and highly committed staffing complement, but there is an ongoing need to develop and maintain adequate expertise in certain complex areas (e.g., risk modelling). Since the FSAP in 2002, and the assessment update in 2010, the BSP has made significant progress in enhancing the regulatory framework in a number of areas. But significant weaknesses in the legislative framework, arising notably from the bank secrecy laws and the lack of power for the BSP to supervise the parent companies and their affiliates of banking groups, present a material hindrance to effective supervision. |
| Date: | 2020–11–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2020/296&r=all |
| By: | Jayasooriya, Sujith |
| Abstract: | Access to finance in the digital era is innovative with the different alternative funding approaches. In emerging markets, digital innovation of the financial sources is not limited to the own capital or borrowing from bank or credit institutions but numerous paths of financing. The purpose of the research is to recognize the alternative and innovative funding tools including borrowed from bank/credit institution, borrowed against interest from other sources, and borrowed from other sources without interest, peer-to-peer (P2P) lending -borrowed from friends and relatives without interest-, and stocks issued. The data was obtained from the survey of 2647 enterprises conducted by the UNU WIDER 2015 in Vietnam. The probit model approach for access to finance is used to analyze the impact of alternative funding tools for enterprises. The results predict the use of alternative funding tools for startup capital and investment financing of the firms separately. The results revealed that sources of start-up capital from founders’ own money, loans from friends and acquaintances, finance/investments from other enterprises, domestic bank loan, and Informal credit association (money lenders, informal bank, pawnshop) are positively and significantly affect the access to finance, while loans from family members, business associations, and international bank loans are not significant. Meanwhile, own funding, bank/credit institution, borrowed against interest from other sources, and borrowed from other sources without interest, borrowed from friends and relatives without interest have significantly affected the access to finance. In a summary, the alternative funding tools are an important source for financing SMEs in Vietnam. |
| Keywords: | Alternative funding, P2P lending, SMEs, Access to Finance |
| JEL: | L11 L22 L25 M13 |
| Date: | 2020–11–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:104387&r=all |
| By: | Kene Boun My; Phu Nguyen-Van; Thi Kim Cuong Pham; Anne Stenger; Tuyen Tiet; Nguyen To-The |
| Abstract: | This study examines farmers’ investments in organic farming using the data from a contextualized lab-in-the-field experiment in Northern Vietnam. We analyze how network structures, information nudge and social comparison between farmers impact their decisions. Results show that networks play a key role in encouraging the adoption of organic farming. However, this effect differs depending on the type of network (circle, star or complete), indicating that the role of individuals and the number of individual connections matter. We find that the cooperation incentivized by social comparison can be more easily achieved in decentralized networks like circle networks than in star networks or complete networks. Our results suggest that policymakers can rely on social interaction and social comparison between farmers as well as on information nudge to encourage farmers to make decisions that support sustainable agriculture in Vietnam. |
| Keywords: | Lab-in-the-field; Network; Nudge; Organic agriculture; Social comparison.. |
| JEL: | C91 C93 O13 Q12 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2020-54&r=all |
| By: | Deasy D. P. Pane; Arianto A. Patunru |
| Abstract: | This paper finds that increased competition in export markets could reinforce firms’ learning-by-exporting processes. We investigate competition as a learning channel by employing 25 years’ worth of Indonesian garment firms’ data. Firms in this labour-intensive industry experienced a long period of a quota regulation under the Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA), which governed much of the global trade in garments before its abolition in 2005. This allows us to conduct a quasi-natural experiment type of study on how the MFA affected apparel exporters’ performance. Using propensity score matching and difference-indifference methods, we find that the impact of exporting on total factor productivity during the MFA implementation period is mixed; but after it was abolished, productivity increased by more than 12 percent. This implies that exporters gain a significant learning-by-exporting benefit from competition (that is, without a special facility such as the MFA), and that interventions that protect exporters from such competition might lessen the benefit. |
| Keywords: | learning-by-exporting, total factor productivity, MFA, developing countries |
| JEL: | D22 D24 F13 F14 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pas:papers:2020-03&r=all |
| By: | Riaz Bhardwaj; Noah Yarrow; Massimiliano Cali |
| Keywords: | Education - Educational Institutions & Facilities Education - Educational Technology and Distance Education Education - Secondary Education Infrastructure Economics and Finance - Private Participation in Infrastructure |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33762&r=all |
| By: | Xavier Cirera; Diego A. Comin; Marcio Cruz; Kyung Min Lee |
| Abstract: | We collected data on the sophistication of technologies used at the business function level for a representative sample of firms in Vietnam, Senegal, and the Brazilian state of Ceará. Our analysis finds a large variance in technology sophistication across the business functions of a firm. Specifically, the within-firm variance in technology sophistication is greater than the variance in sophistication across firms, which in turn is greater than the variance in sophistication across regions or countries. We document a stable cross-firm relationship between technology at the business function and firm levels that we name the technology curve. We uncover significant heterogeneity in the slopes of the technology curves across business functions, a finding that is consistent with non-homotheticities in firm-level technology aggregators. Firm productivity is positively associated with the within-firm variance and the average level of technology sophistication. Development accounting exercises show that cross-firm variation in technology accounts for one-third of cross-firm differences in productivity and one-fifth of the agricultural versus non-agricultural gap in cross-country differences in firm productivity. |
| JEL: | D2 E23 L23 O10 O40 |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:28080&r=all |
| By: | Solikin M. Juhro (Bank Indonesia); A. Farid Aulia (Bank Indonesia); Dessy Aliandrina (Bank Indonesia); Donni Hadiwaluyo (Bank Indonesia); Edo Lavika (Bank Indonesia) |
| Abstract: | We analyze the impact of a catalytic collaboration as a tool on the leverage of transformational leadership competencies to generate a sustainable innovation by developing a Sustainable Innovation Matrix (SIM) leadership model. We observe it by employing a unique data set of the behaviors of fifty regional heads (mayors and regents) in Indonesia. The results of the analysis show us that the transformational leaders who made a catalytic collaboration have proven able to create significant impacts on their regions. The leaders with good transformational leadership competencies who make a catalytic collaboration can generate innovations that not only create relevant impacts on the needs of their regions, but they were also sustainable in terms of economic and environmental aspects. The results also suggest that leaders must be courageous to make innovation and strongly care for their regional development despite limited resources there. In doing so, those leaders must collaborate catalytically with other parties to optimize all available opportunities for the progress of the regions that they lead. |
| Keywords: | Transformational Leadership, Catalytic Collaboration, Sustainable Innovation, Leadership Model |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idn:wpaper:wp112019&r=all |
| By: | Jan Berkes; Adrien Bouguen; Deon Filmer; Tsuyoshi Fukao |
| Keywords: | Education - Early Childhood Development Education - Educational Institutions & Facilities |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33802&r=all |
| By: | Clara Roussey (Labex Entreprendre - UM - Université de Montpellier, UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | More than the analysis of oppression or the sense of duty toward the oppressed the core political experience of our generation may well have been to go on such a voyage, discovering for ourselves this recognizable foreignness,this shimmering of life" (Rancière,2003,p.2).While the voyage mentioned by Rancière could be likened to ethnographic work, several questions are hard to figure out regarding what the voyager can do with this 'political experience' once back home, and how (s)he could produce knowledge from it. [...]it seems that trying to 'understand man by all of his experiences and achievements' (Lévi-Strauss, 1984) cannot be limited to having been there (Watson, 1999). [...]it was also autoethnogra-phy - challenging, tough, and rather unflattering (Jones, 2005) - and an exploration of the "reflexive connection between the researcher's and participants' lives" (Ellis, 2004, p, 30) that, in the end, allowed me to necessary and salutary surpassing of myself in aid of the translation of the words and pains collected on the way of my fieldwork. [...]I relate how my immersion in my field of studying a mining community in Indonesia led me to engage my body and emotions in the situation. |
| Keywords: | ethnography,corporate social responsibility,story,interview,mine,indonesia |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02997813&r=all |
| By: | Global Delivery Initiative |
| Keywords: | Education - Access & Equity in Basic Education Education - Education Finance Education - Effective Schools and Teachers Education - Primary Education |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34211&r=all |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Education - Education Reform and Management Education - Effective Schools and Teachers Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy Social Protections and Labor - Employment and Unemployment Health, Nutrition and Population - Disease Control & Prevention Health, Nutrition and Population - Public Health Promotion |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33826&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Education - Education Finance Education - Education For All Education - Educational Institutions & Facilities Education - Educational Sciences Education - Effective Schools and Teachers |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33916&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Forestry Management Environment - Environmental Protection Environment - Forests and Forestry Environment - Natural Resources Management Environment - Sustainable Land Management |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34095&r=all |
| By: | Lee, K.; Linton, O.; Whang, Y-J.; |
| Abstract: | We propose nonparametric tests for the null hypothesis of time stochastic dominance. Time stochastic dominance makes a partial order of different prospects over time based on the net present value criteria for general utility and time discount function classes. For example, time stochastic dominance can be used for ranking investment strategies or environmental policies based on the expected net present value of the future benefits. We consider an Lp integrated test statistic and derive its large sample distribution. We suggest a path-wise bootstrap procedures that allows for time dependence in a panel data structure. In addition to the least favorable case based bootstrap method, we describe two approaches, the contact-set approach and the numerical delta method, for the purpose of enhancing a power of the test. We prove the asymptotic validity of our testing procedures. We investigate the finite sample performance of the tests in simulation studies. As an illustration, we apply the proposed tests to evaluate the welfare improvement of the Thailand’s Million Baht Village Fund Program. |
| Keywords: | Bootstrap, Discounting, Stochastic Dominance, Testing |
| JEL: | C10 C12 C14 |
| Date: | 2020–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:20121&r=all |
| By: | Sy-Hoa Ho (Institute of Research and Development, Duy-Tan University, TIMAS - Thang-Long University); Jamel Saadaoui (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | We investigate short-run nonlinear impacts of bank credit on economic growth in ASEAN countries. We find an inverted L-shaped relationship and a statistically significant threshold of 96.5%. Positive effects of bank credit expansion on short-run economic growth fade away after this threshold. |
| Keywords: | Bank credit,Economic growth,Dynamic threshold estimation,ASEAN |
| Date: | 2020–11–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03008069&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Forestry Management Environment - Forests and Forestry Environment - Natural Resources Management Environment - Sustainable Land Management |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34094&r=all |
| By: | Bayari, Celal |
| Abstract: | The Chinese state has integrated its economy into the neoliberal globalization of trade and investment without neoliberalizing its own financial markets, and to ensure stability, the state applies strict controls on interest rates, capital movement and the value of RMB. The Chinese state policies have divided the domestic economy into upstream and downstream domains whereby the state extracts rents from the private businesses profits downstream and then pump them upstream to underwrite the SOEs operating as monopolies (domestically), and as strategic traders, and investors (internationally). The state is the largest owner in the economy through holdings of shares in listed companies, direct ownership of enterprises, influence over privatized SOEs, and ownership of the public utility companies. The state has thus structured the domestic market in a way that has made the appearance of the BRI a cogent outcome. The BRI is a demand creation project for two distinct zones of the state-owned internationalized businesses, firstly, the Chinese state finance sector and secondly other sectors that primarily include the construction, logistics, and utilities. The Chinese state’s regulatory characteristics makes the financing and construction of the BRI possible, and reverential to the aims of the state. Further, the Chinese state has increased its weight in the Bretton Woods financial institutions, the IMF, and World Bank, while institutionalizing its reach in the formation of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the co-creation of the New Development Bank. These processes have simultaneously ensured commitments to multilateralism and bilateralism. |
| Keywords: | Belt and Road Initiative, Chinese economy, Neoliberalism, New Keynesianism, State-Owned-Enterprises |
| JEL: | E2 E22 E27 F12 F13 F15 F17 F18 F2 F21 F29 F3 F30 F33 F34 F36 F4 F42 F43 F47 F62 F63 F64 F66 G0 G00 K2 K21 K23 O1 O11 O14 O16 O19 O32 P2 P21 P28 P33 P48 P51 |
| Date: | 2020–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:104471&r=all |
| By: | Chang, Pao-Li (School of Economics, Singapore Management University); Yao, Kefang (School of Economics, Singapore Management University); Zheng, Fan (School of Economics, Singapore Management University) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we follow the micro-to-macro approach of Fajgelbaum et al. (2020) and analyze the impacts of the 2018–2019 U.S.-China trade war on the Chinese economy. We use highly disaggregated trade and tariff data with monthly frequency to identify the demand/supply elasticities of Chinese imports/exports, combined with a general equilibrium model for the Chinese economy (that takes into account input-output linkages, and regional heterogeneity in employment and sector specialization) to quantify the partial and general equilibrium effects of the tariff war at the product/sector/region/aggregate levels. This complements the studies that focus on the ex post response of the U.S. economy by Amiti, Redding and Weinstein (2019), Fajgel baum et al. (2020), and Cavallo et al. (2020). |
| Keywords: | Chinese Economy; Tariff War; Elasticity Estimation; Regional Labor Market Adjustment; Welfare Analysis |
| JEL: | F13 F14 F16 |
| Date: | 2020–11–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:smuesw:2020_025&r=all |
| By: | Sharma, Rajesh; Sinha, Avik; Kautish, Pradeep |
| Abstract: | Economic and demographic transitions led by the persistent increase in the per capita income have challenged the environmental conservation drive in most of the developing nations. Therefore, in recent years, policymakers emphasized the need for navigating the harmful impacts of economic growth endeavors on the established ecosystem. In this regard, the widespread usage of renewable energy solutions has helped in restoring the environmental quality in both developed and developing countries. Keeping this in mind, in the present study, we examined the long run and short-run impacts of per capita income, renewable energy, life expectancy, and population density on the ecological footprint in the eight developing countries of South and Southeast Asia from 1990-2015. In the selected nations, these variables appear to be the potential drivers of the ecological footprint. To calculate the common coefficients, we have employed the cross-sectional augmented autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) approach, as this approach handles the cross-sectional dependency issue efficiently and provides the short-run and long-run coefficients. The long-run results supported the need for low pollution-intense energy resources because the association between per capita income and ecological footprint is found N-shaped. Further, the study established that the increased use of renewable energy has significantly reduced the ecological footprint in the region. However, the increased population density has led to an increase in pollution emissions in these countries. Similarly, the impact of life expectancy on the ecological footprint is found positive but insignificant. Based on the findings, a multipronged policy framework has been designed, so that these nations can attain the objectives of certain sustainable development goals (SDGs). |
| Keywords: | Ecological Footprints; Renewable Energy; Life Expectancy; Per Capita Income; Population Density; SDG |
| JEL: | Q5 Q53 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:104277&r=all |
| By: | Saunders, Harry (Carnegie Institution for Science, Global Ecology Group, Stanford, USA); Roy, Joyashree (Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand); Azevedo, Inês M.L. (Stanford University, USA); Chakravarty, Debalina (Indian Institute of Management-Calcutta); Dasgubta, Shyamasree (Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, India); de la Rue du Can, Stephane (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA); Druckman, Angela (University of Surrey, UK); Fouquet, Roger (London School of Economics and Political Science, UK); Grubb, Michael (University College London, UK); Qiang Lin, Bo (Xiamen University, China); Lowe, Robert (University College London, UK); Madlener, Reinhard (E.ON Energy Research Center, Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN)); McCoy, Daire (London School of Economics and Political Science, UK); Mundaca, Luis (International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics at Lund University, Sweden); Oreszczyn, Tadj (University College London, UK); Sorrell, Steve (University of Sussex, UK); Stern, David (Australian National University); Tanaka, Kanako (Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan); Wei, Taoyuan (CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Norway) |
| Abstract: | This article presents a critical assessment of research and practices that emerged over last 40 years that may be brought under the umbrella of “energy efficiency,” spanning different aggregations and domains – from individual producing and consuming agents to economy-wide effects, the role of innovation, and the influence of policy. It highlights advances in understanding the benefits of energy efficiency innovation, improvements in economic and measurement methods and tools, and progress in bending downward the energy use per unit economic output curve, which has taken over a century. We focus on how well deliberate policy actions have influenced energy users in the uptake of energy efficiency. We also note how policies pursued thus far have put less attention on social welfare, inequity issues, and need to better account for complex dynamics associated with how micro actions affect macro outcomes, and to include a richer interdisciplinary approach. |
| JEL: | N70 O33 Q40 Q41 Q43 Q48 |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:fcnwpa:2020_016&r=all |
| By: | Janssen, Aljoscha (Singapore Management University); Zhang, Xuan (Singapore Management university) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the role of retail pharmacy ownership in the opioid epidemic in the United States by comparing independently owned pharmacies’ and chain pharmacies’ prescription opioid dispensing practices. Using data of prescription opioid orders at the pharmacy level between 2006 and 2012, we find that compared to chain pharmacies within the same ZIP code area, independent pharmacies on average dispense 40.9% more opioids and 61.7% more OxyContin. We further confirm that after being acquired by a chain, a previously independent pharmacy reduces dispensing of opioids by 31.7% and OxyContin by 43%. Using the Oxy-Contin reformulation in 2010, which reduced the demand for diversion for illegal recreational use but not the demand for medical use, we show that half of the difference in dispensed Oxy-Contin doses between independent and chain pharmacies can be attributed to drug diversion. In addition, we find that independent pharmacies’ OxyContin dispensing is higher in areas with greater competition. Furthermore, a larger county-level recreational demand is correlated with a larger difference between independent and chain pharmacies’ prescription opioid dispensing. We discuss two reasons that may explain why independent pharmacies are more likely to be linked to drug diversion. First, they have stronger financial incentives due to lower expected costs of misdoing. Second, they may have less information on patients’ prescription drug use history. Prescription drug monitoring programs help to reduce the information gap between independent and chain pharmacies to some extent, but monitoring of small independent pharmacies needs to be strengthened. |
| Keywords: | Pharmacy; Ownership; Prescription opioids; Drug diversion |
| JEL: | I11 I18 L22 |
| Date: | 2020–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:iuiwop:1373&r=all |