|
on South East Asia |
| By: | , AISDL |
| Abstract: | The subprime mortgage crisis in the United States (U.S.) in mid-2008 suggests that stock prices volatility do spillover from one market to another after international stock markets downturn. The purpose of this paper is to examine the magnitude of return and volatility spillovers from developed markets (the U.S. and Japan) to eight emerging equity markets (India, China, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand) and Vietnam. Employing a mean and volatility spillover model that deals with the U.S. and Japan shocks and day effects as exogenous variables in ARMA(1,1), GARCH(1,1) for Asian emerging markets, the study finds some interesting findings. Firstly, the day effect is present on six out of nine studied markets, except for the Indian, Taiwanese and Philippine. Secondly, the results of return spillover confirm significant spillover effects across the markets with different magnitudes. Specifically, the U.S. exerts a stronger influence on the Malaysian, Philippine and Vietnamese market compared with Japan. In contrast, Japan has a higher spillover effect on the Chinese, Indian, Korea, and Thailand than the U.S. For the Indonesian market, the return effect is equal. Finally, there is no evidence of a volatility effect of the U.S. and Japanese markets on the Asian emerging markets in this study. |
| Date: | 2020–02–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:5tbmc&r=all |
| By: | Antonia Eliason; Matteo Fiorini |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the Australia – Anti-Dumping Measures on A4 Copy Paper panel report, the second recent WTO dispute to involve a challenge to Indonesia’s paper industry. The Indonesian paper industry benefits from reduced-cost inputs because of the Indonesian government’s influence and subsidies over the timber and pulp market. The report offers the first interpretation of “particular market situation” under Article 2.2 of the WTO’s Anti-Dumping Agreement. At the same time, it raises questions regarding the appropriateness of using anti-dumping measures to address what are fundamentally subsidy issues. While the panel ultimately found that Australia’s measure was inconsistent with Article 2.2, the paper shows that the panel's interpretation of “particular market situation” increases the relative attractiveness of using anti-dumping duties instead of countervailing measures. Two key points on the welfare implications of the decision can be made. The first relates to the motivations of the Australian paper industry and the imperfectly competitive market in which Australian Paper operates. The second is the importance of challenging subsidies rather than imposing anti-dumping duties where the subsidies in question have negative environmental effects. |
| Keywords: | Anti-dumping, Subsidies, WTO, Particular market situation |
| JEL: | F13 |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rsc:rsceui:2020/87&r=all |
| By: | Suryo Budi Santoso; Herni Justiana Astuti |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is the design model of Islamic bank socialization in terms of four pillars (Business Institution, Formal Education, Islamic Scholar and Higher Education) through Synergy and Proactive. The location of the study was conducted in the Regency of Banyumas, Indonesia. The results of the survey on respondents obtained 145 respondents' answers that deserve to be analyzed. Data were analyzed using SEM models with Partial Least Squares approach, designing measurement models (outer models) and designing inner models. The results of the calculation outside the model of all measurements are more than the minimum criteria required by removing Formal Education from the model because it does not meet the requirements. While the inner model results show that the socialization model was only built by the Business Institution, Islamic Scholar and Higher Education through synergy and proactivity. All independent variables directly influence the dependent variable, while the intervening variables also significantly influence except the relationship of Islamic Scholar Islamic to Bank Socialization through Proactive. |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2011.10958&r=all |
| By: | Sugiyanto, Catur; Indarjulianto, Sudarminto; Pertiwiningrum, Ambar; Prabowo, Teguh Ari; Wuri, Margaretha Arnita; Trisilia, Mustika Septiyas; Fauzi, Ahmad Syahrul |
| Abstract: | This paper draws from our experience in assisting the midwives of milk farmers in learning how to process milk to raise their family income. We focus on 136 housewives of dairy farmers (all members of dairy farmer groups) in Tahunan village, Tegalombo sub-regency, Pacitan regency in Indonesia. There is only one collector in the area, PT DAS, sub-contracting from Nestle Indonesia. The problem happened when there is an over-supply, and the milk collector refuses to process the farmer's milk. For this reason, we have been assisting the dairy farm wives to process the milk and sell it to the local market since 2018. We start with the introduction of the plan to all dairy farm members (both the husband and the wives), then survey the availability of time the wives have. We focus on the wives because the husband is responsible for taking care of the cows. Also, we investigate the potential of local products (empon-empon, traditional roots such as ginger, turmeric) that can be processed together with the milk. The local product is chosen because of the familiarity of the potential customer with the flavor of the product. Introduction of the new technology to process milk at the beginning and the accompaniment are the keys to the acceptance of the activities. |
| Keywords: | empowerment, accompaniment, milk processing technology, house-wives |
| JEL: | D1 J16 Q12 |
| Date: | 2020–11–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:104348&r=all |
| By: | , AISDL |
| Abstract: | In 1986, the Communist Party of Vietnam officially approved reform policies known as đổi mới (doi moi) which transformed the country from a centrally-planned to a market-oriented economy. Since then, as Vietnam has been integrating into the global economy, the transitional society has become more open and diverse. The transformations have apparently impacted the ways in which citizenship has been understood and practiced in Vietnam. This study specifically investigates changes in state visions of citizenship as reflected in educational discourses. In addition, it examines teachers’ interpretations of good citizenship and their experiences of teaching citizenship in Vietnam’s schools. |
| Date: | 2019–05–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:jyqp5&r=all |
| By: | Walter Theseira (Singapore University of Social Sciences) |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews the development and implementation of congestion control policies in Singapore since the introduction of the Area Licensing Scheme in 1975. It examines the city state’s experience of vehicle quotas, cordon charging and electronic road pricing. It also looks at developments in public transport and urban planning to improve accessibility and congestion control. Both public attitudes to congestion policies and their economic effects are discussed and analysed. |
| Date: | 2020–10–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/10-en&r=all |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Health, Nutrition and Population - Public Health Promotion Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Investment and Investment Climate Poverty Reduction - Employment and Shared Growth |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34047&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Agricultural Sector Economics Poverty Reduction - Inequality Rural Development - Agricultural Growth and Rural Development Rural Development - Rural Labor Markets |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33914&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Health, Nutrition and Population - Early Child and Children's Health Health, Nutrition and Population - Health Economics & Finance Health, Nutrition and Population - Health Service Management and Delivery Health, Nutrition and Population - Reproductive Health Public Sector Development - Public Sector Expenditure Policy |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34196&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Agricultural Sector Economics Agriculture - Commodity Risk Management Finance and Financial Sector Development - Access to Finance Finance and Financial Sector Development - Insurance & Risk Mitigation Finance and Financial Sector Development - Microfinance Rural Development - Rural Microfinance and SMEs |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34100&r=all |
| By: | Sharma, Rajesh; Sinha, Avik; Kautish, Pradeep |
| Abstract: | The reexamination of the existing economic and environmental policies in the South and Southeast Asian countries seems to be necessary, as these countries are struggling to achieve the goals of sustainable development. For suggesting a long-term environmental policy, we intend to examine whether the selected economic and demographic indicators have influenced the ecological footprint in the eight developing countries of Asia for the period of 1990-2015. The use of pooled mean group (PMG) approach allowed driving the long-run common coefficients, which may facilitate us to develop a common policy framework to fortify the environmental quality. The computed results confirmed that the selected variable are cointegrated in the long run; and, per capita income, nonrenewable energy usage, urbanization, fertility rate, and population density are observed as the significant drivers of the environmental pollution. On the other hand, renewable energy consumption restored the environmental quality in these countries. Based on the results, we recommend the need for the diversification of the energy-basket where the use of renewable energy resources to be enhanced. Further, by sensitizing the necessity of environmental conservation, governments should promote less carbon-intense economic and demographic practices across the industries and sectors. |
| Keywords: | Ecological footprint; South and Southeast Asia; Energy; Urbanization |
| JEL: | Q5 Q53 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:104245&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Education - Education Finance Health, Nutrition and Population - Health Economics & Finance Social Protections and Labor - Social Protections & Assistance Water Supply and Sanitation - Water Supply and Sanitation Finance Public Sector Development - Public Sector Expenditure Policy |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33954&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Agricultural Extension Agriculture - Agricultural Knowledge & Information Systems Agriculture - Agricultural Sector Economics Agriculture - Climate Change and Agriculture Agriculture - Crops & Crop Management Systems |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34069&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Health, Nutrition and Population - Public Health Promotion Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy Social Protections and Labor - Labor Markets Social Protections and Labor - Social Protections & Assistance |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33960&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Finance and Financial Sector Development - Public & Municipal Finance Health, Nutrition and Population - Disease Control & Prevention Health, Nutrition and Population - Public Health Promotion Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Stabilization Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy Public Sector Development - Public Sector Expenditure Policy Public Sector Development - Public Investment Management |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33998&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Finance and Financial Sector Development - Finance and Development Finance and Financial Sector Development - Insurance & Risk Mitigation International Economics and Trade - Access to Markets |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34132&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Health, Nutrition and Population - Disease Control & Prevention Health, Nutrition and Population - Public Health Promotion Information and Communication Technologies - Digital Divide Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy Poverty Reduction - Achieving Shared Growth |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33879&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Health, Nutrition and Population - Disease Control & Prevention Health, Nutrition and Population - Public Health Promotion Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy Poverty Reduction - Employment and Shared Growth Poverty Reduction - Inequality |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34049&r=all |
| By: | Sjamsu Rahardja; Fabio Artuso; Aka Kyaw Min Maw |
| Keywords: | International Economics and Trade - Trade Liberalization International Economics and Trade - Trade Policy International Economics and Trade - Trade and Multilateral Issues International Economics and Trade - Trade and Regional Integration International Economics and Trade - World Trade Organization |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34091&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Finance and Financial Sector Development - Access to Finance Poverty Reduction - Employment and Shared Growth Poverty Reduction - Living Standards Poverty Reduction - Migration and Development Social Development - Social Analysis Social Protections and Labor - Labor Markets Social Protections and Labor - Skills Development and Labor Force Training |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34099&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Forestry Management Environment - Environmental Protection Environment - Forests and Forestry Environment - Natural Resources Management Environment - Sustainable Land Management |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34149&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Energy - Energy Consumption Energy - Energy Demand Energy - Energy Policies & Economics Energy - Energy and Environment Energy - Energy and Natural Resources Environment - Environment and Energy Efficiency Environment - Forests and Forestry |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34096&r=all |
| By: | Zainab Ali Ahmad; Kenneth Simler; Soonhwa Yi |
| Keywords: | Finance and Financial Sector Development - Finance and Development Poverty Reduction - Migration and Development Social Protections and Labor - Labor Markets Social Protections and Labor - Labor Policies Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Remittances |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33913&r=all |
| By: | Michael Ward |
| Abstract: | PISA for Development (PISA-D) aims to make the assessment more accessible and relevant to low- and middle-income countries. This report summarises findings from the out-of-school assessment results for PISA-D. By combining the out-of-school assessment with the in-school assessment, PISA-D has been able to achieve a unique perspective on the current skills level and on the challenges that the entire population of 14-16 year-olds face. Seven countries participated in the school-based implementation of PISA-D: Cambodia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, Senegal and Zambia.1 Four of them, namely Guatemala, Paraguay, Honduras and Senegal, also participated in the PISA-D out-of-school assessment. Panama took part in the main PISA assessment in 2018 and the PISA-D out-of-school assessment. This report provides an overview of the main results of the out-of-school assessment for the five participating countries, comparing them, where relevant, with those for the in-school students discussed in PISA in Focus #91. |
| Date: | 2020–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:eduddd:110-en&r=all |
| By: | Francesco D'Acunto; Michael Weber; Shuyao Yang; Michael Weber |
| Abstract: | Manpower constraints are the pervasive lack of specialized high- and low-skill workers, irrespective of the wage firms might offer. For a panel of German firms, we show manpower-constrained firms have higher capacity utilization and longer backlog of orders (measured in months). They are more willing to increase their capital expenditures, and more willing to grow their employment in the following year. Manpower constraints vary substantially over time and across industries, being higher on average in traditional manufacturing industries and lower in high-tech industries. For identification, we exploit the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, and the subsequent differential fluxes of Eastern immigrants across Western states, which followed the pre-existing patterns of Eastern German immigration immediately after WWII. We construct a Manpower Constraint (MPC) Index calibrating the loadings on firm-level financials that are also available in commonly used data set for US, European, and Asian firms. Our results help inform relevant debates such as the reform of immigration policies and the investment in public and private education for low-skilled workers. |
| Keywords: | investment, skilled workers, immigration policies, education policies, economic growth |
| JEL: | J21 J31 J61 G31 G32 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8698&r=all |
| By: | Dharani Dhar Burra; Sriganesh Lokanathan |
| Abstract: | Big data sources provide a significant opportunity for governments and development stakeholders to sense and identify in near real time, economic impacts of shocks on populations at high spatial and temporal resolutions. In this study, we assess the potential of transaction and location based measures obtained from automatic teller machine (ATM) terminals, belonging to a major private sector bank in Indonesia, to sense in near real time, the impacts of shocks across income groups. For each customer and separately for years 2014 and 2015, we model the relationship between aggregate measures of cash withdrawals for each year, total inter-terminal distance traversed by the customer for the specific year and reported customer income group. Results reveal that the model was able to predict the corresponding income groups with 80% accuracy, with high precision and recall values in comparison to the baseline model, across both the years. Shapley values suggest that the total inter-terminal distance traversed by a customer in each year differed significantly between customer income groups. Kruskal-Wallis test further showed that customers in the lower-middle class income group, have significantly high median values of inter-terminal distances traversed (7.21 Kms for 2014 and 2015) in comparison to high (2.55 Kms and 0.66 Kms for years 2014 and 2015), and low (6.47 Kms for 2014 and 2015) income groups. Although no major shocks were noted in 2014 and 2015, our results show that lower-middle class income group customers, exhibit relatively high mobility in comparison to customers in low and high income groups. Additional work is needed to leverage the sensing capabilities of this data to provide insights on, who, where and by how much is the population impacted by a shock to facilitate targeted responses. |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2011.08721&r=all |
| By: | Gunawan, Anang; Mendez, Carlos; Santos-Marquez, Felipe |
| Abstract: | Using a novel dataset constructed for this study, the spatio temporal dynamics of income per capita across 34 provinces and 514 districts in Indonesia over the 2010-2017 period are analyzed. First, an exploratory spatial analysis suggests that spatial autocorrelation is only significant at the district level, and it appears to be robust from 2013 to 2017. Consequently, at this level, a spatial filtering model is used for decomposing income into a spatially independent component and a spatial residual. Next, through the lens of a distributional convergence framework, it was found that the spatially independent component shows less intra-mobility than the original income variable. When analyzing beta and sigma convergence, strong converging patterns are found for filtered variables and the speed is higher for the filtered data. Thus, it is argued that neighbor effects have played a significant role in slowing the pace of income convergence at the district level. In terms of provinces, beta convergence is reported and the distributional convergence framework suggests the formation of at least three clubs with high intra-distribution mobility for the upper end of the distribution. The article is concluded by relating these findings to some plausible policy interventions. |
| Keywords: | Convergence, Getis filter, Nonparametric distribution, Indonesia |
| JEL: | R10 R11 R15 |
| Date: | 2019–11–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:104265&r=all |
| By: | Sinha, Avik; Sengupta, Tuhin; Saha, Tanaya |
| Abstract: | Since the inception of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Asia Pacific countries are facing difficulties in attaining the SDG objectives, as maintaining the environmental quality has been a challenge for them. In this study, we have revisited the technology policies of these countries, and in doing so, we have tried to address the problem of environmental degradation, while addressing the issues of sustainable economic growth, clean and affordable energy, and quality education. In this pursuit, we have designed two indices for environmental degradation and technological advancement, and then analyzed the association between them following the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Following IPAT framework, and by using quantile approach, over a period of 1990-2017, we have found that the turnaround points of EKCs rise with the rise in quantiles, i.e. quantiles with low pollutions are having turnaround points within sample range, whereas quantiles with high pollutions are having turnaround points outside sample range. Using Rolling Window Heterogeneous Panel Causality test, unidirectional causality has been found running from technological advancement to environmental degradation. Following the results obtained from the analysis, we have tried to address the objectives of SDG 13, SDG 4, SDG 8, SDG 9, SDG 7, and SDG 10. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Development Goals; Technology policy; Research and Development, Asia Pacific; Environmental quality |
| JEL: | Q5 Q53 Q55 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:104249&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Health, Nutrition and Population - Disease Control & Prevention Health, Nutrition and Population - Health Service Management and Delivery Health, Nutrition and Population - Public Health Promotion Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34048&r=all |
| By: | Dimitria Gavalyugova; Wendy Cunningham |
| Keywords: | Poverty Reduction - Inequality Social Protections and Labor - Employment and Unemployment Social Protections and Labor - Labor Markets Social Protections and Labor - Wages, Compensation & Benefits |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34201&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Ecosystems and Natural Habitats Environment - Environmental Protection Environment - Natural Resources Management Environment - Sustainable Land Management Environment - Tourism and Ecotourism Environment - Water Resources Management |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34070&r=all |
| By: | Inaki Arto (Basque Centre for Climate Change – BC3); Jose M. Rueda-Cantuche (European Commission – JRC); M. Victoria Roman (European Commission – JRC); Ignacio Cazcarro (Basque Centre for Climate Change – BC3); Antonio F. Amores (European Commission – JRC); Erik Dietzenbacher (University of Groningen) |
| Abstract: | The European Commission identified trade policy as a core component of the European Union's 2020 Strategy. The fast changing global economy, characterised by the dynamic creation of business opportunities and increasingly complex production chains, means that it is now even more important to fully understand how global value chains affect CO2 emissions. Gathering comprehensive, reliable and comparable information on this is crucial to support evidence-based policymaking. Guided by that objective, the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) has produced this publication. It aims to be a valuable tool for trade policymakers. The report features a series of indicators to illustrate in detail the EU CO2 emissions dependence on the final demand of each EU Member State, and the CO2 emissions in each Member State depending on the EU final demand. This is done using the World Input-Output Database (WIOD), 2016 release, as the main data source. This information has been complemented with data on CO2 emissions from other sources such as the EU Science Hub of the European Commission (Corsatea et al. 2019). Besides, indicators have been also included to account for the inter-dependence between the EU and other world economies. Indicators cover the period 2000 - 2014.The geographical breakdown of the data includes the 28 EU Member States, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Russia, South Korea, Switzerland, Turkey, Taiwan, the United States of America, and an aggregate “Rest of the World†region. The information presented in this pocketbook is complemented with a software tool for analyses of global value chains, trade, income and employment. This tool enables a more detailed analysis of the different indicators related to global value chains and includes additional data management and visualization options. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions, Trade, European Union |
| JEL: | F64 C67 |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc120523&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Carbon Policy and Trading Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34202&r=all |
| By: | Henrik Hansen (DERG, Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen); John Rand (DERG, Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen); Ngu Wah Win (Centre for Economic and Social Development, Yangon, Myanmar) |
| Abstract: | Gender wage inequality has been studied for decades, applying highly standardized regression decomposition techniques. It is common to find that education and experience explain small parts of the wage gap while differences in occupation and sector are important. Using three different surveys, all from 2017, we analyse the gender wage gap for urban workers in Myanmar. We start from a standard Mincer-type wage equation in which we condition on the workers level of education and years of experience. Subsequently we control for differences in occupational choice and sector of employment. Finally, we compare wages for men and women with similar characteristics, working in the exact same manufacturing enterprises. Our results show that the urban labour markets in Myanmar stand out as remarkable. In Myanmar, selection into wage work leads to an urban workforce in which the female wage-workers have higher levels of education than their male counterparts. Thus, female workers should, on average, have higher wages than male workers. Even so, the observed gender wage gap is 14-35 percent, depending on the survey analysed. Differences in educational attainment and selection into occupations and sectors cannot account for this wage gap. Instead, it is associated with a lower base wage for women and lower remuneration of women’s experience. Digging deeper, we go beyond the traditional standardized methods and utilize a matched employer-employee dataset to generate one-to-one comparisons of female and male production workers with the same level of education and experience who are employed in the same manufacturing enterprises. Even in this setting, in which the male and female workers are closely matched, we find an average wage gap of 13 percent. Our analysis thus indicates substantial discrimination against women in Myanmar’s urban labour markets, with the situation being worst for uneducated women in low wage jobs. |
| Keywords: | discrimination, gender, labour market, Mincer earnings function, Myanmar, wage gap |
| JEL: | J16 J24 J31 J71 O53 |
| Date: | 2020–01–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kud:kuderg:2005&r=all |