|
on South East Asia |
| By: | C. Veeramani (Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research); Garima Dhir (Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the dynamics and determinants of fragmentation trade in major Asian countries in comparative and long term (1962-2018) perspective. Based on the available literature, we identify certain product categories, referred to as "network products" (NP), where trade flows based on international fragmentation of production processes are most prevalent. Our analysis shows that Asian countries entered the market for NP exports in a sequential manner. The pattern of entry, rise, survival, and relative decline of countries in this market is consistent with the "wild-geese flying pattern". The first Asian country to enter the export market for NP was Japan - the lead goose - followed by a number of East and Southeast Asian countries. The export market participation of these countries, over the years, depicts a clear "inverted V" pattern. At this point in time, Japan, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Korea are on the declining part of the inverted V-curve while China seems to have reached the inflection point. Thailand and Vietnam are on the rising part of the curve while Philippines seem to be experiencing a premature descent. India and Indonesia are the only two major Asian countries that have not yet taken off, though some indication of a beginning of the growth process can be seen, particularly in India. A major concern among policy makers is whether participation in fragmentation based trade implies that low wage countries would perpetually stuck at the lower end of the production processes. Our analysis suggests that this concern is unwarranted. Econometric results suggest that stringent rules of origin requirements limit the positive impact of free trade agreements (FTAs) on NP exports Importers of NP, in particular, may find it difficult to satisfy the rules of origin clause as production process in these industries are spread across nations. Finally, our results show that a low level of service link costs and a liberal FDI regime are critical for countries to boost fragmentation based exports. |
| Keywords: | Fragmentation, Exports, Free trade agreements, Asia |
| JEL: | F13 F14 F15 |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ind:igiwpp:2019-040&r=all |
| By: | Skoufias,Emmanuel; Strobl,Eric; Tveit,Thomas Breivik |
| Abstract: | Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) nightlights are used to model damage caused by earthquakes, floods, and typhoons in five Southeast Asian countries (Indonesia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam). The data are used to examine the extent to which for each type of hazard there is a difference in nightlight intensity between affected and nonaffected cells based on (i) case studies of specific disasters, and (ii) fixed effect regression models akin to the double difference method to determine any effect that the different natural hazards might have had on the nightlight value. The results show little to no significance regardless of the methodology used, most likely due to noise in the nightlight data and the fact that the tropics have only a few days per month with no cloud cover. |
| Date: | 2019–10–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9052&r=all |
| By: | Onsardi, Onsardi |
| Abstract: | Era MEA sudah dimulai, maka akan menyebabkan aliran tenaga kerja antar negara Asean termasuk Indonesia. Kemungkinan Indonesia akan menjadi tempat untuk migrasi tenaga kerja terdidik. Apakah kita siap menerima aliran tenaga kerja asing? Selama ini tenaga kerja kita lebih mengutamakan gaji yang tinggi untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya dan bukan prestasi kerja yang diutamakan. Hal ini merupakan tantangan pertama dari MEA, yaitu negara‐negara di kawasan Asia Tenggara ini akan dijadikan sebuah wilayah kesatuan pasar dan basis produksi, sehingga arus barang, jasa, investasi, modal dalam jumlah yang besar, dan tenaga kerja terlatih menjadi tidak ada hambatan dari satu negara ke negara lainnya di kawasan Asia Tenggara. Dengan hadirnya MEA diharapkan akan memperkuat daya saing dalam bidang ketenagakerjaan. Umumnya tenaga kerja di Indonesia tidak terdidik yang mencapai lebih dari 60% dari jumlah penduduk. Penting juga diperhatikan adalah kemudahan untuk memperoleh pekerjaan mulai dari permodalan, keahlian, hingga regulasi yang mendukung. Dengan tujuan akhir bahwa sudah saatnya masyarakat Indonesia menjadi mandiri dan sejahtera dengan memaksimalkan semua potensi yang ada. |
| Date: | 2019–12–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:r9cs4&r=all |
| By: | Maya Sari (Netti Siska N Author-2-Name: Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia Author-2-Workplace-Name: S. Sulastri Author-3-Name: Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective – Capital structure policy is a strategic decision related to the selection of funding sources. The best mixed of capital structure will produce a low cost of capital, which in turn can maximize the value of the company. This study aims to determine the effect of company size as a moderator on the relationship of capital structure and its determinant factors on manufacturing companies in Indonesia and Malaysia.Methodology – Data were collected from 40 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange and 130 manufacturing companies listed on the Bursa Malaysia during 2008-2017. This study will analyze the determinants of capital structure consisting of liquidity, profitability, tangibility and efficiency as well as company size as a moderating variable. The research method uses panel data regression. Findings – The company size provides a moderating effect on the relationship between capital structure with liquidity, profitability, tangibility and efficiency, and this moderation effect is strengthened in large companies in Indonesia. Instead, this moderation effect is weakening for large companies in Malaysia Novelty – Research shows that the "modified pecking order" model is better able to explain the capital structure, policies of manufacturing companies in Indonesia and Malaysia compared to the traditional pecking order and trade off theory models.Type of Paper: Empirical |
| Keywords: | Capital Structure; Pecking Order Theory; Trade Off Theory; Manufacturing Company; Moderating Effect |
| JEL: | G23 G30 G32 |
| Date: | 2019–12–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jfbr163&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Qadri, Husin |
| Abstract: | Like Indonesia, our neighboring country Malaysia is a multicultural country with diverse cultures and diverse religions in it. And has a lot of tourism destinations are very interesting to visit. Like the twin tower tourist attraction that stands majestically and becomes the heart of malaysia, Kuala Lumpur City Gallery with its thousands of charms, Datarn Merdeka. For tourists who want to satisfy the desire to shop Malaysia have Petaling Street, Seni Market, and Bukit bintang which is more familiar with (The Golden Triangle) . There is also a tourist attraction which, according to the author, gives a special impression, that is Batu Caves tourist attraction that located in Selangor Malaysia about 13 km north of kuala lumpur. The towering dragon fauna, intermingling flora fauna and become one perfect unity, the Hindu culture seen from all sides of stone caves make the stone caves worth a fortune in visit when we visit Malaysia. |
| Date: | 2019–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:gycn9&r=all |
| By: | Cali,Massimiliano; Cantore,Nicola; Iacovone,Leonardo; Pereira Lopez,Mariana De La Paz; Presidente,Giorgio |
| Abstract: | This paper provides novel evidence on the impact of changes in energy prices on manufacturing performance in two large developing economies -- Indonesia and Mexico. It finds that unlike increases in electricity prices, which harm plants'performance, fuel price hikes result in higher productivity and profits of manufacturing plants. The results of instrumental variable estimation imply that a 10 percent increase in fuel prices would lead to a 3.3 percent increase in total factor productivity for Indonesian and 1.2 percent for Mexican plants. The evidence suggests that effects are driven by the incentives that fuel price increases provide to plants towards replacing inefficient fuel-powered with more productive electricity-powered capital equipment. These results help to re-evaluate the policy trade-off between reducing carbon emissions and improving economic performance, particularly in countries with large fuel subsidies such as Indonesia and Mexico. |
| Keywords: | Energy Policies&Economics,Energy and Mining,Energy and Environment,Energy Demand,Food&Beverage Industry,Common Carriers Industry,Construction Industry,Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies,General Manufacturing,Plastics&Rubber Industry,Pulp&Paper Industry,Textiles, Apparel&Leather Industry,International Trade and Trade Rules,Oil Refining&Gas Industry |
| Date: | 2019–10–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9039&r=all |
| By: | Hollweg,Claire Honore |
| Abstract: | Global consumers, international brands, and governments in producing and outsourcing countries aim to improve working conditions in global value chains, but uncertainty exists about what is the best approach. This research uses firm-level data from the International Labour Organization?International Finance Corporation Better Work Vietnam program to assess the relationship between transparency on working conditions and firm compliance in the apparel sector in Vietnam between 2010 and 2018. It exploits a change in the policies of Better Work Vietnam when, in 2015, the program announced the launch of a new public disclosure program that would see factories'names made publicly available along with their compliance (or lack thereof) with certain"critical issues."The paper first examines which firm characteristics correlate with reductions in noncompliance rates over time, and then examines the impact of the public disclosure policy on compliance rates and firm dropout using different empirical techniques. It finds that while continued participation in the Better Work Vietnam program has the strongest effect on changes in firm compliance with labor standards over time, public disclosure is also associated with increased compliance, with stronger effects in some compliance points, including occupational health and safety, work time, and child labor. There is some evidence of increased dropout, but no evidence of firms only making progress on the critical issues is found. The research findings suggest that public disclosure within global value chains matters for firm behavior. |
| Date: | 2019–09–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9026&r=all |
| By: | Cali,Massimiliano; Maliszewska,Maryla; Olekseyuk,Zoryana; Osorio-Rodarte,Israel |
| Abstract: | As preferential trade agreements are growing in number and depth, assessment of their economic impacts has become more important to inform policy-makers facing a multitude of potential preferential trade agreements. This paper provides novel ex ante estimates of the impacts of two key preferential trade agreements currently negotiated by Indonesia, the largest economy in Southeast Asia. The paper then compares these estimates with those of other preferential trade agreements that Indonesia may negotiate in the future. To that end it, combines a dynamic, multi-country computable general equilibrium model and a microsimulation tool linking the macroeconomic results to household-level welfare. The results suggest that, among the preferential trade agreements considered, the European Union?Indonesia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (EU-CEPA) is expected to yield the largest gains for Indonesia in income, output, and exports. This result is due to a combination of large expected reductions in trade barriers and a high share of international trade between the partners. These macro effects translate into the highest expected income growth relative to the other preferential trade agreements at every point of the income distribution. However, the gains for the EU-CEPA are proportionately larger for richer households, unlike the other agreements considered. The regressive gains are mainly due to the increase in skill wage premia spurred by the additional demand for skill-intensive sectors, especially services. |
| Date: | 2019–09–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9021&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Maharani, Annisa Laila |
| Abstract: | Malaysia is one of part from South Asean. Malaysia has many culture and destination.one of Destination in Malaysia is Petaling Street Chinatown. Petaling Street Chinatown like Tourism Information Centre. So, tourist can know about Malaysia and Kuala Lumpur. |
| Date: | 2019–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:jaedu&r=all |
| By: | Muhammad Istan (State Institute of Islamic Studies, Curup, Bengkulu, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Kamaludin Author-2-Workplace-Name: Bengkulu University, Bengkulu, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective – The purpose of this research is to test the theory of capital structure by determining whether the relationship is affected by Political Patronage. The study will examine political support, capital structure and financial performance of the company. Methodology/Technique – The data in this research is in the form of financial ratios displayed in the financial report of each company listed from 2010 to 2016. The sample was selected using purposive sampling with as many as 70 companies indicated to have political support. The data was analysed using regression analysis. Findings – The results show that Political Patronage has an influence on capital structure and political Patronage has a weak effect on financial performance. Type of Paper: Empirical |
| Keywords: | Political Patronage; Capital Structure; Financial Performance. |
| JEL: | G30 G32 G39 |
| Date: | 2019–12–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jfbr161&r=all |
| By: | Dominic Rohner (Department of Economics, University of Lausanne and CEPR); Alessandro Saia (Department of Economics, University of Lausanne) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the impact of school construction on the likelihood of conflict, drawing on a policy experiment in Indonesia, and collecting our own novel dataset on political violence for 289 districts in Indonesia over the period 1955-1994. We find that education has a strong, robust and quantitatively sizeable conflict-reducing impact. It is shown that the channels of transmission are both related to economic factors as well as to an increase in inter-religious trust and tolerance. Interestingly, while societal mechanisms are found to have an immediate impact, economic channels only gain importance after some years. We also show that school construction results in a shift away from violent means of expression (armed conflict) towards non-violent ones (peaceful protests). |
| Keywords: | Education, Conflict, Civil War, Fighting, Schools, Returns to Education, Polarization, Protest JEL Classification: C23, D74, H52, I20, N45 |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hic:wpaper:304&r=all |
| By: | Boonmanunt, Suparee (Mahidol University); Meier, Stephan (Columbia University) |
| Abstract: | In-group bias can be detrimental for communities and economic development. We study the causal effect of financial constraints on in-group bias in prosocial behaviors – cooperation, norm enforcement, and sharing – among low-income rice farmers in rural Thailand, who cultivate and harvest rice once a year. We use a between-subjects design – randomly assigning participants to experiments either before harvest (more financially constrained) or after harvest. Farmers interacted with either in-group or out-group partners at village level. We find that in-group bias in cooperation and norm enforcement exist only after harvest, that is, when people are less financially constrained. |
| Keywords: | cooperation, financial constraints, in-group bias, lab-in-the-field experiment, norm enforcement |
| JEL: | C93 D64 D91 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp12919&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Wiranata, Robertus Benny |
| Abstract: | Merlion Park is a leading tourist attraction in Singapore. Merlion Park is a tourist attraction that became the main icon of the country of Singapore has never looked lonely by travelers from various parts of the world. Currently, the Singapore government is trying to make Singapore a City in a Garden. Singapore has a well developed tourism industry, with over 20 million visitors by 2015. Society of Singapura is very discipline. The people of Singapore have three ethnicities, such as Chineese ethnic, Malay ethnic and Indian ethnic. The religion spread across Singapore are Islam, Hindu, Buddha, Christian and Catholic. |
| Date: | 2020–01–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:f2bz7&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Wiranata, Robertus Benny |
| Abstract: | Merlion Park is a leading tourist attraction in Singapore. Merlion Park is a tourist attraction that became the main icon of the country of Singapore has never looked lonely by travelers from various parts of the world. Currently, the Singapore government is trying to make Singapore a City in a Garden. Singapore has a well developed tourism industry, with over 20 million visitors by 2015. Society of Singapura is very discipline. The people of Singapore have three ethnicities, such as Chineese ethnic, Malay ethnic and Indian ethnic. The religion spread across Singapore are Islam, Hindu, Buddha, Christian and Catholic. Keyword: , , |
| Date: | 2020–01–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:mgx53&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Majid, Rizki Amalia |
| Abstract: | Merlion Park is a leading tourist attraction in Singapore. Merlion Park is a tourist attraction that became the main icon of the country of Singapore has never looked lonely by travelers from various parts of the world. Currently, the Singapore government is trying to make Singapore a City in a Garden. Singapore has a well developed tourism industry, with over 20 million visitors by 2015. Society of Singapura is very discipline. The people of Singapore have three ethnicities, such as Chineese ethnic, Malay ethnic and Indian ethnic. The religion spread across Singapore are Islam, Hindu, Buddha, Christian and Catholic. |
| Date: | 2020–01–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:rd6t2&r=all |
| By: | Sumner Andy; Kim Kyunghoon |
| Abstract: | Discussions on the developing world’s industrial policies have largely neglected the role of state-owned entities.This paper argues that the resurgence of state capitalism has been, in part, the response of developing countries to the recent pattern of structural transformation involving weak manufacturing. Using the case of Indonesia, this paper demonstrates that many middle-income countries have large and diverse state-owned entities in their development policy toolbox and have begun to experiment with these tools in order to change the pace and characteristics of structural transformation.Considering these trends, there is a need to reconsider or ‘normalize’ the debate on the positive role that state-owned entities can play in stimulating structural transformation and on the institutional and policy design that can foster that role. |
| Keywords: | Indonesia,Industrial policy,Industrialization,infrastructure,state-owned enterprises |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2019-87&r=all |
| By: | Armida Alisjahbana (Faculty of Economics and Business, Padjadjaran University); Takahiro Akita (Rikkyo University, International University of University) |
| Abstract: | This study attempts to explore the determinants of interprovincial income inequality in Indonesia from 2005 to 2013 by using a bi-dimensional inequality decomposition method. It tries, particularly, to analyze how economic tertiarization and concurrent output deindustrialization have affected interprovincial inequality. The bi-dimensional inequality decomposition method decomposes interprovincial inequality as measured by the squared population-weighted coefficient of variation in two dimensions, namely, by regional groups and industrial sectors. While deindustrialization has lowered the relative importance of manufacturing in determining overall interprovincial inequality, manufacturing activities are still very unevenly distributed among regions and provinces. The government needs to implement policies that are conducive to the balanced development of non-oil and gas manufacturing industries based on regional comparative advantages and disadvantages, where further development of economic infrastructures and human resources, particularly outside Java-Bali, is essential. Meanwhile, economic tertiarization has raised the importance of service activities in determining overall interprovincial inequality, particularly inequality within Java-Bali. The tertiary sector accounts for more than half of total GDP in Java-Bali, and many service activities, such as IC, banking, business services and private services, are concentrated in Jakarta and neighboring districts. Particularly, with the advancement of IC technologies, the IC sector has been expanding rapidly. Together with banking, business services and private services, further development of the IC sector is likely to increase interprovincial inequality in Java-Bali unless policies that could facilitate geographical dispersion of these service activities are implemented. |
| Keywords: | regional income inequality, Indonesia, economic tertiarization, deindustrialization, bi-dimensional inequality decomposition |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iuj:wpaper:ems_2020_01&r=all |
| By: | Mayda, Anna Maria (Georgetown University); Parsons, Christopher (University of Western Australia); Pham, Han (University of Western Australia); Vézina, Pierre-Louis (King's College London) |
| Abstract: | We exploit the designs of two separate U.S. refugee dispersal policies to provide causal evidence that refugees foster outward FDI to their countries of origin. Drawing upon aggregated individual-level refugee and project-level FDI data, we first leverage the quasi-random distribution of refugees "without U.S. ties" after the enactment of the 1980 Refugee Act, to show that outward FDI to refugees' countries of origin grew more from those U.S. commuting zones that hosted greater numbers of refugees after 1990. Secondly, we exploit the specificities of the Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act, which resulted in a quasi-experimental dispersal of Vietnamese refugees in 1975, to provide causal evidence that Vietnamese refugees fostered FDI to their home region, while national domestic reforms in Vietnam amplified the positive FDI-creating effects of the overseas Vietnamese diaspora. Overall, our results highlight a new mechanism through which refugees foster development to their origin countries. |
| Keywords: | refugees, networks, foreign direct investment |
| JEL: | F21 F22 F23 |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp12860&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; H, Heni |
| Abstract: | Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan judul Kuala Lumpur City gallery Sebagai Daya Tarik Wisata di Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. |
| Date: | 2019–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:bdyct&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; S., Raden Roro Rahayu |
| Abstract: | Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan Judul Damnoen Saudak Floating Market Sebagai Obyek Wisata Populer di Bangkok Thailand. |
| Date: | 2020–01–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:gtmza&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; S., Raden Roro Rahayu |
| Abstract: | Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan Judul Damnoen Saudak Floating Market Sebagai Obyek Wisata Populer di Bangkok Thailand. |
| Date: | 2020–01–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:6mndx&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Anjarsari, Ria Rizqi |
| Abstract: | Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan Judul Potensi Pariwisata Hatyai Municipai Thailand. |
| Date: | 2019–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:73862&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Ginting, Talenta Anggreni |
| Abstract: | Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan Judul Daya Tarik Arsitektur Wat Pho Sebagai Destinasi Wisata Unggulan Di Thailand. |
| Date: | 2020–01–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:k547p&r=all |
| By: | Ajaz, Ali; Karimi, Poolad; Cai, Xueliang; De Fraiture, Charlotte; Akhter, Muhammad Saleem |
| Abstract: | Inconsistencies in the statistical datasets of irrigated areas at the national level could have considerable implications for policies developed for food and water security. Remote sensing can address this issue, however, dubieties of its reliability inhibit its protagonist role. Methods that integrate both remote sensing based and statistical datasets seem expedient, and they are more likely to be acknowledged by the policymakers. Therefore, it is important for scientists to know the basis and limitations of statistical datasets which originate at the country level. Data collection methodologies of irrigated areas were reviewed for seven Asian countries, namely China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Indonesia, and Thailand. Factors causing the uncertainties in data, and the limitations of data collection methodologies were highlighted. Also, an irrigation density distribution analysis was conducted to understand the relation of spatial spread pattern of irrigated areas and uncertainty in their statistical records. It was found that irrigated areas statistics are mostly based on the information originating from water user associations and farmers, which is either self-reported or it is collected through interviews during surveys and censuses. The main causes of discrepancy were lack of resources to frequently enumerate the irrigated land, inconsistency in the data collection methodologies, unaccounted secondary crops, illegal and unregulated water use, and bureaucratic and political constraints. Irrigation density distribution analysis showed that the largely scattered irrigated areas might be prone to lack of comprehensive and frequent enumeration. Furthermore, dense irrigation regions might have potentially unrecorded irrigated areas where temporary or supplementary irrigation arrangements are made by the marginal farmers. |
| Date: | 2019–07–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:cmahg&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Mulayati, Maria Imaculata |
| Abstract: | Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan judul Phra Standing Buddha Mongkol Maharaj Mongkol Sebagai Wisata Unggulan Di Hat Yai, Thailand. |
| Date: | 2019–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:b3qys&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Fr, Mochammad Fahmi |
| Abstract: | Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan Judul Melaka River Sebagai Destinasi Utama di Melaka Malaysia. |
| Date: | 2020–01–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:xr6u2&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Priyanto, Cahyo Suko |
| Abstract: | Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan Judul Big Buddha Sebagai Daya Tarik Wisata Di Phuket Thailand. |
| Date: | 2019–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:8tqy5&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; , Firmansyah |
| Abstract: | Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan judul Obyek Wisata Marina Bay Sands Sebagai Icon Wisata Di Singapore. |
| Date: | 2019–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:uzesw&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Putri, Delsa Anggraeni |
| Abstract: | Singapore’s historic Chinatown is a bustling mix of old and ne, filled with traditional shops and market as well as cool stores and cafes. Chinatown in Singapore is a sharp contrast to the rest of the city, with low rise buildings and culture bursting out into the streets, from the fragrant smells of traditional cuisine to the bold red and gold tones that run through the neighbourhood. This is an area that’s proud of is heritage, and has it very much on display. There are ornate Chinese, Buddhist and Hindu temples, museum galore and plenty of opportunities to soak up the bustling streets lined with old shophouses. |
| Date: | 2019–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:2npwa&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Rachmawati, Dwi Heny |
| Abstract: | Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan Judul Menara Twin Towers Sebagai Wisata Unggulan Di Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. |
| Date: | 2019–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:xtd9k&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Sanjaya, Birdan Arung |
| Abstract: | Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan judul Pesona Keindahan Pantai Pulau Redang Malaysia. |
| Date: | 2019–12–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:4ufj5&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Yuniati, Rika |
| Abstract: | Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan judul Batu Caves Sebagai Daya Tarik Wisata Malaysia. |
| Date: | 2019–12–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:jgcem&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Asrorudin, Zuhdi |
| Abstract: | Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan Judul Menara Kembar Petronas Sebagai Ciri Khas Wisata Di Malaysia. |
| Date: | 2019–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:3fe6c&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Rinaldi, Irfan |
| Abstract: | Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan judul Pesona Batu Cave Malaysia |
| Date: | 2019–12–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:fcb7z&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Aldiansyah, Muhammad Diki |
| Abstract: | Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan Judul Keindahan Wisata Batu Caves Malaysia. |
| Date: | 2020–01–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:ysrkb&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Basworo, Andrea |
| Abstract: | Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan judul Pesona Kebudayaan Masyarakat Hindu di Batu Cave Malaysia. |
| Date: | 2019–12–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:8x5qw&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Marsela, Tri |
| Abstract: | Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan judul Batu Caves Sebagai Daya Tarik Wisata Bersejarah Di Selangor Malaysia |
| Date: | 2019–12–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:dx39m&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Setiawan, Louis |
| Abstract: | Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan Judul Batu Caves Sebagai Daya Tarik Wisata di Selangor Malaysia. |
| Date: | 2020–01–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:b7n9h&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; , Saharuddin |
| Abstract: | Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan Judul Batu Caves Menjadi Daya Tarik Wisata di Malaysia. |
| Date: | 2020–01–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:kucjt&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Tong, Topwan |
| Abstract: | Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan Judul Kampung Cina Sebagai Daya Tarik Wisata di Kuala Terengganu Malaysia. |
| Date: | 2020–01–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:r45zt&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Aditya, Dhoni Cahya |
| Abstract: | Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan judul Batu Caves Sebagai Wisata Sejarah Di Malaysia. |
| Date: | 2019–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:d37ak&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Lenisia, Mita |
| Abstract: | Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan judul Batu Caves sebagai Warisan Budaya Hindu di Malaysia. |
| Date: | 2019–12–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:tdgmu&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Puspitaningtyas, Ratna Dwi |
| Abstract: | Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan judul Pesona Batu Caves Sebagai Daya Tarik Wisata Di Selangor Malaysia. |
| Date: | 2019–12–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:en8ct&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Atmaja, Dwi Putra |
| Abstract: | Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan judul Budaya Thaipusam Di Batu Cave Malaysia. |
| Date: | 2019–12–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:vf2cw&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Indah, Alini Nur |
| Abstract: | Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan Judul Daya Tarik Wisata Batu Caves Sebagai Kawasan Destinasi Wisata di Selangor Malaysia. |
| Date: | 2020–01–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:bm7df&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Fitriani, Nisa |
| Abstract: | Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan judul Merlion Park Sebagai Wisata Alternatif Di Singapore |
| Date: | 2019–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:a9ksq&r=all |
| By: | Hai-Anh H. Dang (Survey Unit, Development Data Group, World Bank and Center for Analysis and Forecasting, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences); Trung X. Hoang (Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences); Ha Nguyen (Macroeconomics and Growth Unit, Development Research Group, World Bank) |
| Abstract: | Very few studies currently exist on the long-term impacts of schooling policies in developing countries. This paper examines the impacts—half a century later—of a mass education program conducted by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the occupied areas during the First Indo- china War. Difference-in-difference estimation results suggest that school-age children who were exposed to the program obtained significantly higher levels of education than their peers who were residing in French-occupied areas. The impacts are statistically significant for school- age girls and not for school-age boys. The analysis finds beneficial spillover and inter-generational impacts of education: affected girls enjoyed higher household living standards, had more educated spouses, and raised more educated children. The paper discusses various robustness checks and extensions that support these findings. |
| Keywords: | education achievement, reading literacy, school policy, popular education, difference- in-difference, long-term impact, war JEL Classification: H0, I2, O1, P3 |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hic:wpaper:307&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Wisang, Mikael Wilibrodus Setian |
| Abstract: | Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan judul Pesona Merlion Park Sebagai Daya Tarik Wisata Sejarah Di Singapore. |
| Date: | 2019–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:fubqc&r=all |
| By: | Nguyen, Ha Trong; Connelly, Luke B.; Le, Huong Thu; Mitrou, Francis; Taylor, Catherine L.; Zubrick, Stephen R. |
| Abstract: | Children of Asian immigrants in most English-speaking destinations have better academic outcomes, yet the underlying causes of their advantages are under-studied. We employ panel time-use diaries by two cohorts of children observed over a decade to present new evidence that children of Asian immigrants begin spending more time than their peers on educational activities from school entry; and, that the ethnicity gap in the time allocated to educational activities increases over time. By specifying an augmented value-added model and invoking a quantile decomposition method, we find that the academic advantage of children of Asian immigrants is attributable mainly to their allocating more time to educational activities or their favorable initial cognitive abilities and not to socio-demographics or parenting styles. Furthermore, our results show substantial heterogeneity in the contributions of initial cognitive abilities and time allocations by test subjects, test ages and points of the test score distribution. |
| Keywords: | Migration,Education,Test Score Gap,Time Use Diary,Quantile Regression,Second-generation Immigrants,Australia |
| JEL: | C21 I20 J13 J15 J22 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:213871&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Mawikere, Regina Priscilla |
| Abstract: | Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan judul Batu Cave Sebagai Warisan Budaya India Di Malaysia. |
| Date: | 2019–12–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:4yzn2&r=all |
| By: | Alam,Muneeza Mehmood; Herrera Dappe,Matias; Melecky,Martin; Goldblatt,Ran Philip |
| Abstract: | This paper collects meta data on transport corridor projects financed by the Asian Development Bank, Japan International Cooperation Agency, and World Bank and links them to one important wider economic benefit -- local economic activity. The meta data cover 47 projects in 16 countries, with appraisal dates between 1991 and 2007. First, the paper reviews the variation in project design and implementation -- including the local initial conditions, complementary non-transport interventions, and private sector involvement. Second, using the difference-in-differences methodology, the paper links this variation to a measure of local economic activity -- the geocoded intensity of nighttime lights. The effect of the supported corridor projects on local economic activity could be very heterogenous and significantly depend on certain initial conditions and project characteristics. The latter could include locations with access to the sea, as well as projects with a strong theory of change and better engagement of the private sector. |
| Date: | 2019–11–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9057&r=all |
| By: | De Nicola,Francesca; Kessler,Martin Dov Alfred; Nguyen,Ha Minh |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impacts of U.S.-China trade tensions via the lens of East Asian stock markets. Studying 10 indices of the main East Asian stock markets, it finds that announcements of"trade war"escalation translated into 50 to 60 percent of the total declines in two major Chinese stock markets over the first eight months of 2018. In other words, in the absence of the"trade war"Asian stocks would have experienced half the decline, or they would have registered gains. |
| Date: | 2019–11–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9068&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Anggraeni, Indah |
| Abstract: | Merlion park and merlion statue are the main icon in singapore. The most popular lion headed fishes in the world. The purpose of this study is to describe the tourist attraction in the park merlion. |
| Date: | 2019–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:rgphf&r=all |
| By: | Korwatanasakul Upalat |
| Abstract: | Using data from Sierra Leone, I explore the role of cognitive ability in sorting across sectors and the importance of perceptions in the employment decision-making process. Crucial to the analysis is the introduction of the aid-industry/development sector as a ‘third sector’, which is shown to be attractive to skilled jobseekers. One of the key findings is that the largest share of skilled jobseekers opt for early-career employment working for a donor organisation, INGO, or NGO in the development sector. The results show that cognitive ability matters for occupational choice, as higher ability workers are more likely to choose the development sector over other sectors. Skilled graduates also sort by intrinsic motivations to some extent, but these motivations are secondary to jobseekers’ perceptions of various sectors. This result implies that ‘mission matching’ based on measured preferences may be inhibited in contexts where employment possibilities are limited. |
| Keywords: | ability bias,Mincer equation,regression discontinuity,Returns to education,Thailand |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2019-105&r=all |
| By: | Goldblatt,Ran Philip; Heilmann,Kilian Tobias; Vaizman,Yonatan |
| Abstract: | This study explores the potential and the limits of medium-resolution satellite data as a proxy for economic activity at small geographic units. Using a commune-level dataset from Vietnam, it compares the performance of commonly used nightlight data and higher resolution Landsat imagery which measures daytime light reflection. The analysis suggests that Landsat outperforms nighttime lights at predicting enterprise counts, employment, and expenditure in simple regression models. A parsimonious combination of the first two moments of the Landsat spectral bands can explain a reasonable share of the variation in economic activity in the cross-section. There is however poor prediction power of either satellite measure for changes over time. |
| Date: | 2019–12–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9088&r=all |
| By: | Briones, Roehlano |
| Abstract: | This paper characterizes the structural and rural transformation of the Asia and the Pacific region (APR), highlighting the implications for rural youth opportunities and challenges, and identifying and elaborating on the characteristics, opportunities and challenges related to rural youth inclusion. Nearly half of the population in Asia is urban, with the proportion projected to rise to 59 per cent by 2035. Except for China, the majority of youth still reside in rural areas. Youth labour force participation is higher in rural than urban areas, and for males than females. Rural youth in countries with low structural transformation and low rural transformation continue to rely on agriculture for employment; in countries with high levels of transformation, a majority of rural youth are now employed outside agriculture (though it is still the biggest contributor to rural youth employment). About one fifth of youth in Asia are not in education, employment or training. More than 86 per cent of employed youth in Asia and the Pacific are in the informal sector, greater than the proportion of informal employment among adult workers |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Consumer/Household Economics, Crop Production/Industries, Financial Economics |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:unadrs:301834&r=all |
| By: | Hasan,Amer; Jung,Haeil; Kinnell,Angela; Maika,Amelia; Nakajima,Nozomi; Pradhan,Menno Prasad |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the longer-term impact of a project that expanded access to playgroup services in rural Indonesia. It compares the outcomes of two cohorts of children who were exposed to the same intervention at different points in time. One cohort was eligible to access playgroups during the first year of a five-year project cycle, beginning at age four. The other cohort became eligible to access these services during the third year, beginning at age three. The younger cohort was more likely to be exposed to playgroups for longer and at age-appropriate times relative to the older cohort. The paper finds that enrollment rates and enrollment duration in preprimary education increased for both cohorts, but the enrollment effects were larger for the younger cohort. In terms of child development outcomes, there were short term effects at age five that did not last until age eight, for both cohorts. The data reveal that the younger cohort had substantially higher test scores during the early grades of primary school, relative to the older cohort. To unpack why the two cohorts experienced different longer-term outcomes, the paper provides evidence of changes that transpired in the operating conditions of the playgroups over time. |
| Date: | 2019–11–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9060&r=all |
| By: | Hasan,Amer; Jung,Haeil; Kinnell,Angela; Maika,Amelia; Nakajima,Nozomi; Pradhan,Menno Prasad |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the sustainability of early childhood education centers established under a large-scale, donor-funded project in rural Indonesia. Analysis of quantitative and qualitative data shows that 86 percent of the centers continued to provide preschool services three years after project funding ended. Centers balanced the reduction in funding by introducing student fees. The paper estimates a series of logistic regression models to predict center sustainability. Centers that increased their share of expenditures on teacher salaries during the project were significantly more likely to remain open. Often this was made possible by centers altering their mix of supplementary services provided. Centers that provided higher quality care, had more complementary services in the area, and had more parental involvement were significantly more likely to be sustained after donor funding ended. In contrast, centers with more substitute services in the area were less likely to be sustained. There is no evidence to suggest that distance to the village center or nearest neighboring center was a major factor for sustainability. There is also no evidence to suggest that, while they were operating, closed centers catered to children from different wealth backgrounds than those that remained open. These results point to actionable lessons for the design and sustainability of future development projects. |
| Date: | 2019–11–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9061&r=all |
| By: | Berkes,Jan Lukas; Bouguen,Adrien; Filmer,Deon P.; Fukao,Tsuyoshi |
| Abstract: | This paper experimentally examines the impacts of a large-scale government program that increased the supply and quality of community preschools in rural Cambodia. The construction of new preschool facilities was paired with two demand-side interventions designed to stimulate additional enrollment into preschools. The newly constructed preschools caused an increase in enrollment rates but the demand-side interventions did not. One year after the program started, the paper finds small and significant impacts on cognitive (0.04 standard deviations) and socio-emotional development (0.09 standard deviations). The analysis shows that the cognitive impacts are driven by children from the wealthiest quartile, while the program had limited impacts on children from the poorest families. The effects on cognitive development increased after two years for the wealthiest (the cognitive gap widened) while the effects on socio-emotional development faded out across the board. Using detailed classroom surveys and in-class observations, the paper shows that the program had large impacts on the quality of preschool infrastructure and materials but only limited impacts the quality of educational processes -- the results therefore suggest that further improvement of those processes might be needed to foster the development of disadvantaged children. |
| Keywords: | Educational Sciences,Educational Institutions&Facilities,Effective Schools and Teachers,Early Childhood Development,Nutrition,Reproductive Health,Early Child and Children',Early Child and Children's Health,Children and Youth,Social Protections&Assistance |
| Date: | 2019–12–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9070&r=all |
| By: | Gisselquist Rachel |
| Abstract: | Across the world, we observe different experiences in terms of inequality between migrant and ‘host-country’ populations. What factors contribute to such variation? What policies and programmes facilitate ‘better’ economic integration?This paper, and the broader collection of studies that it frames, speaks to these questions through focused comparative consideration of two migrant populations (Vietnamese and Afghan) in four Western countries (Canada, Germany, the UK, and the US). It pays particular attention to involuntary migrants who fled conflict in their home regions beginning in the 1970s.The paper builds in particular on the literature on segmented assimilation theory, exploring new linkages with work on horizontal inequality, to highlight the role of five key sets of factors in such variation: governmental policies and institutions; labour market reception; existing co-ethnic communities; human capital and socioeconomic characteristics; and social cohesion or ‘groupness’. |
| Keywords: | Segmented assimilation,Horizontal inequality,Migration,Economic integration,Involuntary migration,Inequality |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2019-95&r=all |
| By: | Nirmala Devi Mohanadas (Faculty of Business, Multimedia University, Malaysia. Author-2-Name: Abdullah Sallehhuddin Abdullah Salim Author-2-Workplace-Name: Student Affairs Division, Multimedia University, 63100 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia Author-3-Name: Suganthi Ramasamy Author-3-Workplace-Name: Student Affairs Division, Multimedia University, 63100 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective – Although corporate tax avoidance is a widely discussed topic in the literature, conflicts do emerge when it is analyzed through the context of primary corporate duty. Should companies, in managing their taxes, solely honor their obligation to increase shareholders' wealth or should they cater to the interests of all their stakeholders? Such conflicts are especially evident in the inconsistent empirical observations on how corporate tax avoidance relate to corporate social responsibility (CSR), which makes the dearth of theoretical analysis on this issue even more conspicuous. Taking into account the socio-political nature and human elements in corporate tax avoidance, theoretical analyses from social sciences' perspectives are becoming markedly crucial. Methodology/Technique – This paper critically reviews the extant literature for discussions on how corporate tax avoidance is influenced by the dissenting approaches towards primary corporate duty.Findings – By allowing an insight into how people act and the world they live in, these analyses form a constructive tool to rationalize and foretell managerial actions towards shareholders and stakeholders alike.Novelty – It focuses particularly on the theories that are widely used to lend supports for such approaches. These theories are the agency theory, stakeholder theory, and legitimacy theory. Type of Paper: Review |
| Keywords: | Corporate Tax Avoidance; Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR); Theoretical Analysis; Shareholder Approach; Stakeholder Approach; Agency Theory; Stakeholder Theory; Legitimacy Theory. |
| JEL: | G30 G32 G39 |
| Date: | 2019–12–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jfbr160&r=all |
| By: | Janssen, Aljoscha (Singapore Management University) |
| Abstract: | This article examines the market power of branded prescription drugs faced with generic competition. Using prescription-level and matched socioeconomic panel data of the entire Swedish population between 2010 and 2016, I provide evidence for the key role of switching costs. A discontinuity surrounding patent expirations establishes that the effect is causal. Further, by comparing patients with and without medical education, I show that those without medical education experience higher brand premia. A unique feature of the Swedish market allows me to rule out patients’ inattention due to information costs as a source of market power. Therefore, switching costs and perceived quality differences are the key determinants of market power. I then estimate a dynamic oligopoly model with forward-looking firms which is used in counterfactual studies of the effect of switching costs and perceived quality differences on prices. First, an increase in the length of procurement mimics a reduction of switching costs and increases prices. While the effect of switching costs on prices in theory is ambiguous, moderate switching costs and sufficient competition for new patients increase competitive pressure. Second, if everyone acts as a medical expert and experiences fewer brand premia, prices decrease. |
| Keywords: | Switching Costs; Brand Premia; Behavioral Pricing; Pharmaceuticals |
| JEL: | D12 I11 L13 |
| Date: | 2020–02–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:iuiwop:1317&r=all |