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on South East Asia |
| By: | Maiko Ichihara |
| Abstract: | East Asian countries have traditionally been recognized as prioritizing sovereignty over democracy and human rights norms in their foreign policies. However, this sovereignty-weighted approach appears to have changed somewhat since the mid-2000s as East Asian democracies such as Japan and Indonesia have upgraded their support for democracy abroad. These countries began sharing their own experiences with democratization and providing the capacity-building assistance necessary for the operation of democratic institutions as well as material and financial assistance for elections, state institutions, and civil society organizations that promote democratic governance. This paper examines the state of and the motivations for their support of democracy, positioning the work as a pilot study from which to make an argument applicable to, and testable with, the cases of democracy support by other third-generation democracy promoters. This paper argues that the support from Japan and Indonesia for democracy has significant commonalities not only in terms of the timing of its emergence, but also in terms of content, and that both countries use regime-compatible approaches. Concerning the motivations behind support for democracy, the paper argues that while democratic norms function as the background identity of the countries, they are not explanatory variables. Rather, the two countries commonly began supporting democracy strategically as a foreign policy tool: Indonesia intended to expand its international influence to match its rising international status as a middle-income country, and Japan sought to strengthen its own ties with the US and to expand its influence vis-a-vis China at the time of its declining international status. In other words, the two countries f strategic incentives were motivated by the tectonic shift in the international power structure, which thus functions as the independent variable while the strategic incentives can be identified as intervening variables. |
| Keywords: | Democracy support, international power structure, strategic incentives, democratic norms, ODA, regime-compatible approach, Japan, Indonesia |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jic:wpaper:194&r=all |
| By: | Javier López González (OECD); Laura Munro (OECD); Julien Gourdon (OECD); Emanuele Mazzini (OECD); Andrea Andrenelli (OECD) |
| Abstract: | Although global value chain (GVCs) participation in Southeast Asia has been growing, little is known about whether the benefits from participation are accruing to larger firms or if small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), which make up the majority of companies and employ the bulk of the domestic workforce, are also able to take advantage of the new opportunities on offer. This paper uses detailed firm level data from Southeast Asian countries to split the OECD Trade in Value Added database and map how SMEs have been participating in GVCs. It then identifies the benefits associated with this participation and looks into the policy levers that can help make GVC participation in the region more inclusive. It suggest that policy makers focus on: i) reducing trade costs that hit SMEs hardest; including tariffs, trade agreements and trade facilitation; ii) creating an enabling environment to promote domestic linkages so that SMEs can create partnerships with larger firms and multinationals to export indirectly; and iii) reducing non-tariff measures that are especially onerous for SMEs through wider ASEAN regulatory harmonisation and adopting more flexible rules of origin. |
| Keywords: | Global Value Chains (GVCs), multinationals, Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs), Rules of Origin (RoO), Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs), trade in value added |
| JEL: | D22 F13 F14 L11 L25 |
| Date: | 2019–09–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:traaab:231-en&r=all |
| By: | Pornlapas Suwannarat (Mahasarakham University) |
| Abstract: | This study focuses on the effect of Hofstede?s cultural characteristics and commitment on international joint ventures (IJVs) performance in the Southeast Asian country context. The study has been provided the unpublished database of international joint venture (IJV) firms operating in Thailand from Thailand Board of Investment. The mail survey via questionnaire has been used as data collection method to obtain data from 89 target respondents, IJV managers. OLS regression is the main data analysis method of the study. The results indicate that all Hofstede?s cultural characteristics of IJV managers have no direct significant effect on awareness of IJV importance, but individualism and power distance have been found the significant effect on commitment. Uncertainty avoidance and power distance directly and positively impact on team performance. Interestingly, power distance has negatively effect on the IJV performance. In addition, the study can find the partial mediating effect of awareness of IJV importance mediating the association between Hofstede?s cultural characteristics and commitment, however, the moderating role of team commonality cannot be found. These results suggest that effective IJV managers have to effectively and efficiently manage the relationships, attempt to boost the commitment and the awareness of IJV importance, and robustly synergize the strengths among managers that come from different cultural background in order to successfully create better coordination and performance for organization. |
| Keywords: | Hofstede?s Cultural Dimension, Commitment, Top Management Team, Strategic Alliances, International Joint Ventures |
| JEL: | M16 M14 Z10 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:8711468&r=all |
| By: | Wilawan Jansri (Thaksin University, Muang Songkhla, Thailand) |
| Abstract: | It is well known that community participation is the foundation for sustainable tourism development. The research focuses on the effects of perceptions among residents on community participation and explores the impacts of community participation on Support for Tourism Development in the Old Town Muang Songkhla, Thailand. The study employed a systematic random sampling method using a questionnaire to accessed resident perceptions of the Old Town Muang Songkhla, Thailand. The Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) techniques were applied to analyze the data. The results from 222 surveys revealed that community participation is influenced by both positive perceptions and negative perception of the residents. Moreover, the finding supports the effect of community participation on Support for Tourism Development. It is a clear statement that the role of the residence is important to support tourism development and maintain its strong growth. This research provokes reflections on community participation theory and management practices in the Thailand context. |
| Keywords: | perception of residents, community participation, support for tourism development |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:dpaper:07wj&r=all |
| By: | Bajrawan NUCHPRAYOOL (National Institute of Development Administration); Banjerd SINGKANETI (National Institute of Development Administration) |
| Abstract: | Economic development is influenced by domestic development and international obligations. Local administrative organizations may have to bear the effects of various aspects of economic development. Current fundamental problems concerning the role, power and duties of the Local administrative organizations result from the separation of governance to the central, the regional, and the local administrative organizations. Local administrative organizations are again divided into provincial administrative organizations, municipalities, and sub-district administrative organizations. The fundamental issues concerning Thai governance, especially in any specific province, is the separation of roles, powers, duties, budget, and personnel of organizations in a manner in which they are dispersed through the various governmental offices at the department level based on their missions and duties. Concurrently, the administration at local levels has overlapping jurisdiction between provincial administrative organizations and the municipality, and sub-district administrative organizations. The nature of these problematic issues is one that currently exists; however, another dimension is the state of global transformation which poses an additional challenge for the role, power, and duties of Local administrative organizations. This study aims at examining the impacts and adaptation for Thai local administrative organizations resulting from the economic development of ASEAN. The study is separated into three parts: 1) Thailand and economic development in ASEAN; 2) the impact of the local administrative organization toward economic development and 3) analysis and recommendations for Thai local administrative organizations. |
| Keywords: | local administrative organization, local governance, Economic Development, ASEAN Economic Community |
| JEL: | K23 K19 L38 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:9011063&r=all |
| By: | Sutana Boonlua (Mahasarakham Business School, Mahasarakham University) |
| Abstract: | The key question is what are the guidelines for leaning and development of logistics companies in Thailand for competitive advantages? And the main objective is to examine the guidelines for leaning and development of logistics companies in Thailand for competitive advantages.There are three theoretical contributions which are (1) strategic competitive advantages, (2) balanced scorecard, and (3) knowledge management. This research used the questionnaire mailing, the surveys completed and returned of 84 respondents. The key informants were the managing directors or managers of each logistics companies in Thailand which registered as members of the Thai International Freight Forwarders Association (TIFFA). This empirical research explains concepts associated with how a logistics companies achieve and fulfill their goals and maintain their sustained competitive advantage with greater learning and growth perspective of the companies in a turbulent business environment. The nature of strategic competitive advantages for future research also suggested at the latter. |
| Keywords: | strategic competitive advantages, balanced scorecard, knowledge management, logistics companies |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:8711040&r=all |
| By: | Sayid Mohammad Rifqi Noval (Islam Nusantara University) |
| Abstract: | After successfully getting the attention of countries in the Southeast Asia Region as the pioneer in presenting the Right to be Forgotten policy in its legal instruments, Indonesia must now account for the decision. The country must not only make sure the policy can be implemented, but also anticipate problems that will arise due to its implementation.The Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Amendment to the Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions is the basis for the enactment of the Right to be Forgotten policy in Indonesia (UU ITE) . This arrangement has led to debates, considering that to these days Right to be Forgotten is still a sore subject in European countries and the United States. Not only that, Indonesia currently has not had any laws specifically regulating data protection, even the provisions of Right to be Forgotten have not been regulated in detail that it has may lead to different interpretations.Cyberspace data or information related to legal cases in Indonesia is one of the problems that might occur; this includes not only the data existed before the case go on trial, but also the data presents after the case is decided by the court and the convict has served a sentence. This paper will discuss several events related to data and legal processes in Indonesia. The first is about a past photo of Angelina Sondakh, which proved her ownership of a Blackberry mobile phone that led to Supreme Court verdict for 10 years in a corruption case. The second is related to the release of data of legislative candidates who are ex-convicts by the General Election Commission in the General Election Process in 2019. The next data will be information to prove the public lie of Ratna Sarumpaet, an activist who claimed to have been persecuted, and the lie has sparked public criticism against the incident.These three cases have one thing in common, i.e. the presence of information or data that can be accessed via the internet having the potential to be used as an object of Right to be Forgotten. Therefore, regulations to ensure that Right to be Forgotten can work well in accordance with the legal provisions in Indonesia and without reducing other existing rights are necessary. |
| Keywords: | Right to be forgotten, data privacy, general data protection regulation |
| JEL: | K00 K00 K00 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:9211550&r=all |
| By: | Kanokwan Chancharoenchai (Kasetsart University); Wuthiya Saraithong (Kasetsart University) |
| Abstract: | Economic growth can be considered as an important element of countries? development process. For developing countries, like Thailand, to ensure the continuous growth of the economy, the Thai government usually implements various policies to stimulate economic growth. This study, therefore, investigates explanatory variables for economic growth in Thailand from 2005 to 2017 with the total of 52 quarters. The investigation is estimated throughout the production function with non-linear Cobb-Douglas equation. The relevant factors included in the estimation cover three traditional means of production and implicit effects with the internal and external instabilities. According to empirical results, the AR(|2|) equation with the inclusion of seven significant variables presents the most suitable model. However, this is not the case of the recursive coefficient model from the state space model that allows the transition of coefficients. With the powerful state space model, it provides the productivity or effect of each significant factor more in detail. The state coefficients are estimated based on the AR(|2|) with the exception of the one previous GDP and the 2009 world financial crisis dummy. The findings shed the light that those factors seem to be stable through time since the occurrence of the world financial crisis together with the political situation in Thailand. These two events could lower the confidence in the Thai economy. Moreover, state coefficients highlight the sluggish rate of machinery replacement and the low level of technology of capital goods imported from abroad. The Thai government should apply the proactive policies via taxation and specific credit policy to improve technological advance, for instance. Another interesting evidence is the issue of trade openness which shows the negative transition effect along the sample period. This could be explained by the loss of price competitiveness to imported goods, especially under the widespread implementation of free trade agreement. |
| Keywords: | autoregressive model, economic growth, state space model, Thailand |
| JEL: | O00 C10 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:9210943&r=all |
| By: | Wuthiya Saraithong (Kasetsart University); Kanokwan Chancharoenchai (Kasetsart University) |
| Abstract: | One of the principles of economic development is economic growth. To ensure the sustainability, factors promoting long-term economic growth need to be analyzed. Understanding these factors could provide insightful information and, then, allow the government to properly plan for the future economic stimulating scheme. This study, therefore, looks into the determinants of economic growth in Thailand. The ARMA and ARCH techniques are employed to elicit significant factors and their impact on the country's economic growth between the first quarter of 2005 to the fourth quarter of 2017. The rate of change of GDP is applied as an indicator for economic growth. The result presents the volatile behavior or a sign of time-varying variance. Moreover, the finding preliminarily hypothesizes autoregressive characteristic. Technically, time-varying variance could be captured by ARCH, while that of autoregressive could be taken into account by the ARMA. This study employs the inflation uncertainty to reflect the role of the internal instability on economic growth, and the exchange rate uncertainty to indicate the external instability. The AR(1)-GARCH(0,1) model is appropriately estimated the inflation and its residual is taken as its uncertainty. On the other hand, the naive OLS-GARCH(1,1) is the most suitable model to estimate the value of Thai baht and the unobserved portion is treated as its uncertainty. Finally, the economic growth is thus explored under the growth model framework with the Cobb-Douglas production form. The empirical results show that AR(|2|) equation appears to be the most suitable model compared to others. These findings suggest that the government should implement promotion measures to attract foreign direct investment. In addition, labor productivity issue should be taken care of by the adjustment in education curriculum and on-the-job training. |
| Keywords: | ARCH, Cobb-Douglas production, economic growth, uncertainty |
| JEL: | O00 O10 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:9210942&r=all |
| By: | Pathompong Kookkaew (Rajamangala University of Technology Suvarnabhumi) |
| Abstract: | The purposes of this research study were 1) to study cost and return on investment from rice RD41 farming of the farmers in Samchuk district, Suphanburi province 2) to analyze cost and return on investment from rice RD41 farming of the farmers in this area. The sample of 10 farmers who were member of Samchuk Agricultural Cooperative having rice farms which the area between 10 to 50 rai, drawn by the method of purposive sampling because the management methods of rice farm did not different. The study was conducted by collecting data and analyzing the data obtained by in-depth interviews, the tool was interview questions. Quantitative data were analyzed using the following cost, profit, Net profit to cost ratio, Net profit to sales ratio, Return on investment and break-even point. Results of cost and return indicated that total average cost was 4,420.25 baht per rai, while average net profit was 1,209.86 per rai. Net profit to cost ratio was 26.37%, while net profit to sales ratio was 20.01%. Return on investment (ROI) was 22.54% and break-even point was 0.21 tons per rai. Cost of rice RD41 comprised 3 important costs which were 12.06% of raw material cost, 35.59% of labor cost and 52.35% of overhead cost. |
| Keywords: | Cost, Return, Ratio, Rice RD41, Rice cultivation |
| JEL: | D24 M19 Q19 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:8711206&r=all |
| By: | Mitsuru Katagiri |
| Abstract: | The legacy of non-performing loans and high opportunity cost of government financing of bank recapitalization impeded the efficiency of financial intermediation and are an important policy issue in Vietnam. This paper presents a theoretical and empirical analysis of the issue. An empirical analysis using corporate data indicates credit misallocation between state owned enterprises and private firms in Vietnam. On the theoretical side, a micro-founded banking model is embedded in a political economy setting to assess the factors determining the size of bank recapitalization and its effects on the efficiency of financial intermediation, economic growth and welfare. The analysis suggests that recapitalization depends on an array of factors, including the tightness of the government budget and the decision maker’s concern for the favored sector. |
| Date: | 2019–09–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:19/189&r=all |
| By: | Pitan Sanpakdee (Rajamangala University of Technology Suvarnabhumi Thailand.) |
| Abstract: | The purposes of this research study were 1) to study cost and return on investment from laying ducks Farming of the Farmers in Bang pla ma district, Suphanburi province 2) to analyze cost and return on investment from laying ducks Farming. The sample of 16 farmers drawn by the method of purposive sampling. The study was conducted by collecting data and analyzing the data obtained by in-depth interviews, the tool was interview questions. Quantitative data were analyzed using the following cost, profit, Net profit to cost ratio, Net profit to sales ratio, Return on investment and break-even point. Results of cost and return indicated that total average cost was 1,609.28 baht per duck, while average net profit was 325.68 baht per duck. Net profit to cost ratio was 20.24%, while net profit to sales ratio was 6.83%. Return on investment (ROI) was 19.97% and break-even point was 152 eggs per duck. Cost of laying ducks comprised 3 important costs which were 8.17% of raw material cost, 4.17% of labor cost and 87.66% of overhead cost. |
| Keywords: | Cost, Return, Ratio, laying ducks, Duck raising |
| JEL: | D24 M19 Q19 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:8711358&r=all |
| By: | Chuenjit Changchenkit (Kasetsart University) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this research was to study customer satisfaction towards service quality and communication of Energy Complex Conference or ?EnCo? rooms. The venue, named Energy Complex, was located in Bangkok, mainly served for tenants within the premise and general customers. Quantitative research consisting of 400 samples was employed to those who had at least 1 year experience in renting conference rooms or conference rooms with catering services. Data were collected through convenience sampling method. The results revealed that most of the respondents were female, aged between 31 - 40 years old, held bachelor degree, with 1-2 times experience in using EnCo rooms or EnCo rooms with catering services.The service dimension that respondents perceived and expected in the highest level was assurance dimension, especially corporate?s integrity and customer - centric culture. However, respondents ranked the reliability service dimension in the highest importance, followed by empathy and responsiveness, respectively. When considering the service quality gap by comparing customers? perception and expectations, results showed that the biggest gap that customers gave the highest importance was the reliability dimension ( weighted mean score = -1.69 ),followed by responsiveness and empathy dimensions ( weighted mean score = -1.65 and -1.56, respectively ). The higher the service quality gap means the less customer satisfaction. The hypothesis testing results showed that different demographic factors led to different customer expectation and perception differently at the statistical significance level of 0.05. It was recommended that EnCo should improve service reliability through proactive teamwork and correct communication by using digital media such as application, and social media. |
| Keywords: | Customer Satisfaction, Customer Perception, Customer Expectation, Service Quality Dimension, Thailand |
| JEL: | M31 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:8710675&r=all |
| By: | SUMITTRA JIRAWUTTINAN (Mahasarakham Business School) |
| Abstract: | The main aim of this study is to test the effect between social capital capabilities and SME performance via entrepreneurial capability as mediating variable on the relationship. The model is verified by collecting data from 340 small and medium enterprises in Thailand and mail survey questionnaire is used as instrument. The statistical analysis for testing the hypothesis is OLS multiple regression analysis. The results showed that four dimensions of social capital capabilities (network capability, trust, communication and collaboration) have positive effect on entrepreneurial capability and SME performance. All dimensions of social capital capabilities can explain predication of entrepreneurial capability at 40.70% and SME performance at 38.90 %. In addition, two independent variables such as trust and collaboration are fully support hypotheses. Overall, this study contributes to SME manager by exploring that social capital capabilities and entrepreneurial capability can be achieved SME performance |
| Keywords: | Social Capital Capabilities; Entrepreneurial Capability; SME performance, Small and Medium Enterprises |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:8711229&r=all |
| By: | Fukao, Kyoji; Makino, Tatsuji; Settsu, Tokihiko |
| Abstract: | After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Japan modernized its institutions and economic growth gradually picked up. Growth accelerated especially during the so-called high-speed growth era from 1955 to 1970, when Japan rapidly caught up with Western economies. The long-term sustained high-speed growth recorded during this period was unprecedented not only in Japan but worldwide. While other East Asian countries such as Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, and China subsequently also experienced remarkable growth over a prolonged period, Japan's place in history as the first country to record such sustained high-speed growth means that its experience continues to garner worldwide interest. Using newly constructed Hitotsubashi estimates of Japan's historical GDP statistics and a growth accounting framework, we analyze the sources of Japan's economic growth from 1885 to 1970 and try to answer why Japan was not able to accomplish such high-speed growth before 1955. Since until the mid-1960s the primary sector accounted for a large share of economic activity and was a major determinant of overall economic growth, we use a Hayashi and Prescott (2008) type two-sector model in which the economy overall is divided into the primary sector and the non-primary sector. |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hit:sspjdp:dp19-002&r=all |
| By: | JITPANAT SUWANTHEP (Suranaree University of Technology); Fangfang Wang (Suranaree University of Technology) |
| Abstract: | The study aims at developing EFL vocabulary learning mobile application to enhance students? vocabulary knowledge and retention. The researcher attempted to develop the mobile application based on constructivism theory to learn vocabulary. The application consists 3 parts: Preview, Review 1 and Review 2. The participants were 20 second-year students at Suranaree University of Technology, in Thailand. The application is developed based on Cordova hybrid apps framework and standard web technologies (HTML5, JavaScript and CSS). The vocabulary pretests, post-tests and delayed post-tests, student questionnaires and interviews are employed to collect data. Based on the case study, the results show the constructivism-based vocabulary learning mobile application has positive effects on improving students? vocabulary in terms of vocabulary knowledge and retention; and students express positive opinions towards the implementation of the mobile application. The study concludes with the positive outcomes in further develop the learning application for EFL vocabulary learning. |
| Keywords: | MALL, constructivism, EFL vocabulary learning |
| JEL: | I29 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:8710930&r=all |
| By: | 深尾, 京司; 牧野, 達治; 攝津, 斉彦 |
| Abstract: | 日本経済は1868年の明治維新以降，アジアで最初に近代経済成長を開始し，第二次世界大戦後の高度成長期を経て，1970年ごろには欧州の主要国にほぼ追いついた．戦前の経済成長率は西欧諸国とほぼ同水準であったものの，高度成長期に急激な産業構造の変化を伴いながら，アメリカ・イギリスの4倍という高い成長率を達成したことが，このようなキャッチアップを可能とした．本論文では，このおよそ100年間に及ぶ経済成長の過程を，近年整備された新たなGDP推計にもとづき，成長会計の手法を用いて分析する．特に，産業構造の変化，すなわち資源の再配分の効果が，経済成長にどのような影響を与えたのかを明らかにするべく，第一次産業と非第一次産業に分けて分析を試みた．我々の分析の結果，以下の知見を得た．戦前の第一次産業は，企業勃興期から第一次世界大戦ブーム期にかけて労働生産性の上昇が著しかったが，同期間の前半部分においては，TFPの上昇がその主要因となっていたのに対し，後半部分については労働者1人あたり資本ストックおよび耕地面積の寄与が相対的に大きかった．非第一次産業では，戦前期のほぼ全期間を通じて，TFPの上昇が労働生産性上昇を説明する主要因であった．戦後については，高度成長の源泉はTFPの上昇と労働者1人あたり資本ストックの増加の寄与であったが，その上昇率は非第一次産業で圧倒的に大きかった．また，これらの成長要因と比較すると，資源の再配分効果は限定的なものであった．, After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Japan modernized its institutions and economic growth gradually picked up. Growth accelerated especially during the so-called high-speed growth era from 1955 to 1970, when Japan rapidly caught up with Western economies. The long-term sustained high-speed growth recorded during this period was unprecedented not only in Japan but worldwide. While other East Asian countries such as Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, and China subsequently also experienced remarkable growth over a prolonged period, Japan’s place in history as the first country to record such sustained high-speed growth means that its experience continues to garner worldwide interest. Using newly constructed Hitotsubashi estimates of Japan’s historical GDP statistics and a growth accounting flamework, we analyze the sources of Japan’s economic growth from 1885 to 1970 and try to answer why Japan was not able accomplish such high-speed growth before 1955. Since until the mid-1960s the primary sector accounted for a large share of economic activity and was a major determinant of overall economic growth, we use a Hayashi and Prescott (2008) type two-sector model in which the economy overall is divided into the primary sector and the non-primary sector. |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hit:sspjdp:dp19-001&r=all |
| By: | Bloem, Jeffrey R. |
| Keywords: | International Development |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291036&r=all |
| By: | CHIA WEI TANG (National Sun Yat-Sen University) |
| Abstract: | In Asia, in order to keep up with internationalisation, the English-Medium Instruction (EMI) course has become a phenomenon in higher education. In turn, EMI literature has increasingly focused on the role of instructor?s pedagogy in reducing students? negative response to EMI courses. Additionally, we further explore, from the students? perspective, whether students can reduce their anxiety about learning in English by adopting varied learning strategies while reducing their avoidance of EMI courses. A questionnaire survey was conducted in spring 2018; 208 postgraduate students from 15 different EMI courses in the School of Business Administration of Sun Yat-sen University participated in this study. We used partial least-squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to explore the relationship between learning strategies, English anxiety, and EMI avoidance, while regarding English proficiency as a controlled variable. The results indicate that English anxiety has a positive relationship to EMI avoidance; critical thinking has a negative relation to English anxiety; effort regulation has a negative relation to EMI avoidance, and English anxiety mediates the relationship between critical thinking and EMI avoidance. General principles are drawn from these findings and are discussed as they apply to the teaching of EMI classes. |
| Keywords: | English for specific purposes; English-medium instruction; English anxiety; learning strategy; Taiwan |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:8711519&r=all |
| By: | Niels-Jakob H Hansen; Albe Gjonbalaj |
| Abstract: | We evaluate the impact of fiscal reforms on growth and inequality in Cambodia using a calibrated general equilibrium model with heterogeneous agents (Peralta-Alva et al., 2018). Over the last two decades, Cambodia’s consumption inequality and poverty have declined. However, income inequality is higher, and large gaps remain between urban and rural residents. At the same time, domestic revenue mobilization has improved substantially, but collection of tax revenue is biased towards non-progressive sources. We use the model to evaluate the growth and inequality impact of reforms that increase infrastructure spending by raising (i) VAT, (ii) property tax, or (iii) personal income tax. We find that using property taxes delivers the largest increase in GDP and reduction in inequality. Reaping the gains from property taxation will however require additional investments in tax administration. |
| Date: | 2019–09–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:19/187&r=all |
| By: | Djeneba Doumbia; Tidiane Kinda |
| Abstract: | Can a government reduce income inequality by changing the composition of public spending while keeping the total level of expenditure fixed? Using newly assembled data on spending composition for 83 countries across all income groups, this paper shows that reallocating spending toward social protection and infrastructure is associated with reduced income inequality, particularly when it is financed through cuts in defense spending. However, the political and security situation matters. The analysis does not find evidence that lowering defense spending to finance infrastructure and social outlays improves income distribution in countries with weak institutions and at higher risk of conflict. Reallocating social protection and infrastructure spending towards other types of spending tends to increase income inequality. Accounting for the long-term impact of health spending, and particularly education spending, helps to better capture the equalizing effects of these expenditures. The paper includes a discussion of the implications of the findings for Indonesia, a major emerging market where income inequality is at the center of policy issues. |
| Date: | 2019–09–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:19/188&r=all |
| By: | Ploychompoo Kittikunchotiwut (Mahasarakham Business School) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the mediating effect of entrepreneurial orientation on the relationship between transformational leadership, transactional leadership, and organizational innovation. The data were collected by using a questionnaire from 135 software industry in Thailand. We use structural equations modeling (SEM) to explore the mediating effect of entrepreneurial orientation on a positive relationship between transformational leadership, organizational innovation directly and indirectly through the construct. The mediating effect of entrepreneurial orientation on a positive relationship between transactional leadership, organizational innovation directly and indirectly through the construct. |
| Keywords: | Transformational Leadership, Transactional Leadership, Entrepreneurial Orientation, Organizational Innovation |
| JEL: | L14 M10 O32 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:8710470&r=all |
| By: | Javier López González (OECD) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a broad overview of some of the issues that digital trade raises for ASEAN countries and its MSMEs, including new opportunities that digitalisation presents for ASEAN firms to increase trade. However, it shows that adoption of relatively simple digital tools, such as webpages, remains relatively low, constraining the ability of ASEAN SMEs to engage in trade as exporters and importers. The paper argues that, to benefit from digital trade, policy makers need to consider issues related to accessing digital networks jointly with a range of old and new trade issues. |
| Keywords: | ASEAN, digital trade, SMEs, trade costs |
| JEL: | D22 F13 F14 L11 |
| Date: | 2019–09–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:traaab:230-en&r=all |
| By: | Oraphin Choochom (Behavioral Science Research Institute, Srinakharinwirot University) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of an intervention of self-development for enhancing psychological immunity of the elderly. The psychological immunity intervention (PI) was based on an integration of mindfulness, self-efficacy, and optimism approaches. The study was a quasi-experimental design, including pretest and posttest with a control group. The sample was recruited from senior clubs in Bangkhunthian District, Bangkok Thailand. Participants were divided into 2 groups: 1) the intervention group (24 participants) participated in the PI intervention activities and the control group (24 participants) did not receive any intervention. The PI intervention consisted of 10 sessions for 5 weeks which lasted for two hours per session. Participants from both groups completed the questionnaire at the beginning and at the end of the intervention. Results showed that elders in the PI intervention group scored significantly higher on psychological immunity and psychological well-being than did the control group. More specifically, elders receiving the PI intervention showed significantly greater psychological immunity in the domains of resilience, mindfulness, and hope than did the control group. The findings suggest that the intervention is beneficial for elder people and senior clubs to improve psychological immunity and well-being. |
| Keywords: | Psychological immunity, intervention, well-being, elderly |
| JEL: | I19 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:8710642&r=all |
| By: | SUNEE HAEMAPRASITH (Srinakharinwirot University) |
| Abstract: | The purposes of this study were to 1) to survey people? s opinion towards the strength and weakness of the Voluntary Development and Self Defense Villages (VDS) and 2) to assess the quality of VDS villages in overall and 3 aspects, namely Stability, Prosperity and Sustainability and classified by region. The samples were 959 people from 60 VDS villages in 4 regions of Thailand in 2018. The samples were collected by multistage random sampling. The instrument used for data collecting was a questionnaire. The t-test for one sample and F-test were used for the data analysis The findings are as follows:1. The strength of VDS villages is a) the diligent people for making living b) the care and unity people and c) the dedicated and honest leaders, respectively. The weakness of VDS villages is a) the village administration and management b) ineffective infrastructure and c) destroyed natural resources, respectively. 2) The quality of VDS villages is good in overall and 3 aspects, namely Stability, Prosperity and Sustainability.3) The quality of VDS villages in each region is good except the northern region which is fairly good. |
| Keywords: | The Quality of Village, Stability, Prosperity and Sustainability |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:8711037&r=all |
| By: | Benjamas Nakwong (Rajamangala University of Technology Suvarnabhumi.) |
| Abstract: | The objective is to study the motivation level of the employees of ABC Company Limited and compare personal factors and motivation of employees of ABC Company Limited. The equipment is a questionnaire, a sample group of 200 people and statistics used in data analysis: frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and value measurement result of T-Test and F-Test. According to the study, it has been found that work motivation level of employees stays at a moderate level in all 3 factors: working environment, income and growth at work. The hypothesis test results show that the different age, income, years of job experience can cause significantly different work motivation (p 0.05). |
| Keywords: | Job Performance, Employee, Motivation |
| JEL: | O15 M54 L20 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:8711430&r=all |
| By: | Bloem, Jeffrey R. |
| Keywords: | International Development |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291032&r=all |
| By: | JASSODRA Maharaj (UNIVERSITY OF EAST LONDON) |
| Abstract: | Both the flow and stock of FDI grew very rapidly in the first part of the twentieth century but this was no match to the growth in FDI after the 2nd World War. It is without doubt that the main mechanism of interconnectedness in the global economy has shifted from trade to FDI which has spread rapidly throughout the world dominating a wide range of industries. One of the most controversial issues is whether Foreign Direct Investment is beneficial to countries. Supporters of FDI (Rodrik, 2000) emphasize that growth is enhanced in the host country as FDI enables technology diffusion, enhances employment of human capital and allows host countries to gain access to wider global markets. On the other hand there is a substantial body of literature which emphasizes that FDI creates hardly any benefits to the host nation. It is often argued that the presence of plentiful and cheap labour is the main reason for attracting FDI. This study attempts to investigate whether FDI contributes to growth in a selected group of countries from Asia, Africa and South America using a panel data analysis. A panel data analysis is conducted for 12 countries in order to examine the effects of FDI, employment, and investment formation (lagged) on economic growth. The data for all variables are from the period from 1977 to 2016. |
| Keywords: | Foreign Direct Investment, growth, technology, panel |
| JEL: | F21 F23 F29 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:8711351&r=all |
| By: | Chatree Preedaananthasuk (Naresuan University) |
| Abstract: | When problems have solutions in hand, they are not too difficult to solve. On the other hand, for an unprecedented case which has many unknown factors and threatens the survival of the victims, it is risky and challenging. The Tham Luang Cave is located in the Maesai District, Chiangrai Province, Northern Thailand. Thirteen members of the Wild Boar Soccer Team decided to visit the cave after they finished practice. Although some members had visited the cave in the past, this time, conditions in the cave were different from their previous visits. The rainy season came earlier than usual and heavy rain caused them to be trapped in the cave for more than two weeks. As soon as it became known that they were still in the cave, a rescue operation was mounted.In the first stage, there were many limitations for rescue operations in terms of details of the cave map, cave diving skills and rescue operation techniques. However, international cooperation together with systematic local management could make the rescue mission possible. The rescue of the Wild Boar Soccer Team members is a unique case. This study aims to better understand the crisis management process. Knowledge of crisis management is still limited and more work needs to be done to enhance the field. Therefore, this study illustrates the framework of integrated crisis management through an analysis of the rescued Wild Boar Soccer Team members case. Research Results Analysis help to shed new light on the crisis management process and to provide lessons learnt from an unprecedented crisis management case. |
| Keywords: | Tham Luang Cave, Wild Boar Soccer Team, Crisis Management, Lessons Learned, Rescue Plan |
| JEL: | M10 D83 H12 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:8511443&r=all |
| By: | Serge Svizzero (CEMOI - Centre d'Économie et de Management de l'Océan Indien - UR - Université de La Réunion); Avik Ray; Debarati Chakraborty |
| Date: | 2019–07–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02275576&r=all |
| By: | Serge Svizzero (CEMOI - Centre d'Économie et de Management de l'Océan Indien - UR - Université de La Réunion); Avik Ray (CEiBa - Center for Studies in Ethnobiology, Biodiversity, and Sustainability); Debarati Chakraborty (CEiBa - Center for Studies in Ethnobiology, Biodiversity, and Sustainability, Kalyani University) |
| Abstract: | Although wild progenitors of Asian cultivated rice have long awns, they are shorter or absent in domesticated landraces and cultivars. Thus, one may wonder when and why such transition from awned to awnless has occurred, i.e., is the reduction of awns a domestication syndrome trait or a trait that emerged during crop improvement? The proponents of an evolutionary model of rice domestication consider the loss/reduction of seed dispersal aids as a key domestication syndrome trait, apart from the fixation of seed retention. We challenge this view by showing that early cultivators had incentives for selecting long awns before and even after the fixation of the non-shattering trait. This is because long awns prevented seed predation by animals and facilitated harvest by means of the basket-beating method, which implies that their presence improved yield and labor efficiency. Our arguments also reveal that awns perhaps have persisted long after domestication and even after the introduction of sickles. Taken together, the reduction of awns may not fit into a domestication syndrome trait, but it can most plausibly be considered as a crop improvement trait. |
| Keywords: | Rice awn,Oryza sativa,domestication syndrome,crop evolution,pre-domestication cultivation,human behavioral ecology,non-shattering |
| Date: | 2019–07–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02275855&r=all |
| By: | Tristance Kee (Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong) |
| Abstract: | As the urban design discipline develops renewed interests in participatory design and collaborative place-making, it becomes critical to review the potential and limitations in current process to ensure a sustainable method for future development. This paper explores how collaborative design can be a key to future sustainable urban development. The process involves a multi-disciplinary collaboration and an innovative learning process by sharing ideas as well as careful consideration on social, economic and political circumstances among government and district stakeholders. This intrinsic proposition of innovative participatory planning implies interdisciplinary collaboration between professionals and local residents to integrate knowledge into new urban place-making thinking. Design innovation in contemporary society can manifest itself in the discourse sustainable urban development by application of bottom up planning and community driven design. This paper examines the emerging design pedagogy which promotes interdisciplinary coalition of professionals and local stakeholders in community development as an innovative design rubric to create a sustainable urban approach. Through two case studies in the Asian context, this paper reviews and critically evaluates the process of how the notion of sustainable development in contemporary urban planning theory is underpinned by the collaborative design practice. |
| Keywords: | Collaborative Design, Design Innovation, Sustainable Development, Urban Development |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:9011252&r=all |
| By: | William W. Olney (University of Hawai‘i) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the economic implications of the Jones Act, which is a 1920 U.S. cabotage law that restricts domestic waterborne shipments to American vessels. The rapid rise of the Asian shipbuilding industry over the last century has contributed to the closure of most American shipyards and to the decline in American built ships. Thus, the Jones Act requirements have become more onerous over time. The results show that the decline in Jones-Act-eligible vessels, instrumented for using shipbuilding in another high-income country, has reduced domestic waterborne shipments into U.S. states relative to other modes of transport and relative to waterborne imports. These findings are stronger in coastal states and for commodities that are typically transported via water. Furthermore, there is evidence that this reduction in domestic trade, due to the Jones Act, has increased consumer prices. These findings support common, but to date unverified, claims that the Jones Act impedes domestic trade and drives up prices. |
| Keywords: | Cabotage, Jones Act, Shipping, Domestic Trade, Prices, Trade Policy |
| JEL: | F14 R48 |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hae:wpaper:2019-6&r=all |
| By: | Florin Mihai (Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași [Romania]); Maria-Grazie Gnoni (Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, Campus Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy); Christia Meidiana (Department of Regional and Urban Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia); Chukwunonye Ezeah (Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria); Valerio Elia (Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, Campus Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy) |
| Date: | 2019–03–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02276468&r=all |