|
on South East Asia |
| By: | Nashihah, Faidatun |
| Abstract: | This article explains the problems in the development and management of cash waqf in Indonesia. Cash waqf by people, groups of people, and institutions or legal entities in the form of cash. Waqf cash is still debated among scholars whether it is legal or not, and managing cash waqf professionally is still a discourse and not many people or institutions can accept such waqf models. This article also discusses understanding, legal basis, problematics, management and solutions. Also discussed about cash waqf as the basis for community economic development by opening up Muslim rigidity to cash waqf, as well as the economic prospects of waqf property. The potential of waqf is one of the instruments of economic empowerment for Muslims even though management in Indonesia is still not good. But seen from the number, waqf property in Indonesia is quite large. Money waqf has played an important role as one of the new Islamic fiscal instruments in the economy. Money waqf has two functions as a means of worship and the achievement of social welfare. This article tries to explore how the problems in developing money waqf management such as the way it is distributed and its circulation and how the waqf is able to have a good impact on the surrounding community. |
| Keywords: | Problems, Development, Management, Cash Waqf, Indonesia. |
| JEL: | A10 G00 G23 G24 H00 P4 P43 |
| Date: | 2019–07–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:95176&r=all |
| By: | SEKINE Takemasa |
| Abstract: | In the realm of trade disputes, Indonesia's presence is gradually increasing. The case at hand is one instance in which a consultation has been requested regarding Indonesia under the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement procedure. This case is significant in that it deals with the issues regarding the amendment of legal instruments that constitute the measure in question during the procedure (the so-called "moving target" issue); the legal assessment of trade restrictions based on the halal requirements (the "trade and religion" issue); and the interpretation of Articles III:4 and XX of the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) as well as Article 8 of the WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement). Among these, the treatment of halal requirements appears to be the most defining issue in this case. Restricting imports of non-halal products is not necessarily based on scientific evidence and the standards for such restrictions differ between countries. Under such circumstances, distinguishing between a genuinely religious measure and a disguised restriction is a difficult task. While the thorough examination on the details of halal requirements did not unfold in this case, it may serve as an important trigger to think concretely about the relationship between halal requirements and free trade. |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:rpdpjp:19011&r=all |
| By: | Dana Kassem |
| Abstract: | I ask whether electrification causes industrial development. I combine newly digitized data from the Indonesian state electricity company with rich manufacturing census data. To understand when and how electrification can cause industrial development, I shed light on an important economic mechanism - firm turnover. In particular, I study the effect of the extensive margin of electrification (grid expansion) on the extensive margin of industrial development (firm entry and exit). To deal with endogenous grid placement, I build a hypothetical electric transmission grid based on colonial incumbent infrastructure and geographic cost factors. I find that electrification causes industrial development, represented by an increase in the number of manufacturing firms, manufacturing workers, and manufacturing output. Electrification increases firm entry rates, but also exit rates. Empirical tests show that electrification creates new industrial activity, as opposed to only reorganizing industrial activity across space. Higher turnover rates lead to higher average productivity and induce reallocation towards more productive firms in electrified areas. This is consistent with electrification lowering entry costs, increasing competition and forcing unproductive firms to exit more often. Without the possibility of entry or competitive effects of entry, the effects of electrification are likely to be smaller. |
| JEL: | D24 L60 O13 O14 Q41 |
| Date: | 2018–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2018_052_1&r=all |
| By: | Dana Kassem |
| Abstract: | I ask whether electrification causes industrial development. I combine newly digitized data from the Indonesian state electricity company with rich manufacturing census data. To understand when and how electrification can cause industrial development, I shed light on an important economic mechanism - firm turnover. In particular, I study the effect of the extensive margin of electrification (grid expansion) on the extensive margin of industrial development (firm entry and exit). To deal with endogenous grid placement, I build a hypothetical electric transmission grid based on colonial incumbent infrastructure and geographic cost factors. I find that electrification causes industrial development, represented by an increase in the number of manufacturing firms, manufacturing workers, and manufacturing output. Electrification increases firm entry rates, but also exit rates. Empirical tests show that electrification creates new industrial activity, as opposed to only reorganizing industrial activity across space. Higher turnover rates lead to higher average productivity and induce reallocation towards more productive firms in electrified areas. This is consistent with electrification lowering entry costs, increasing competition and forcing unproductive firms to exit more often. Without the possibility of entry or competitive effects of entry, the effects of electrification are likely to be smaller. |
| JEL: | D24 L60 O13 O14 Q41 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2019_052_2&r=all |
| By: | Zhenqian Huang (Macroeconomic Policy and Financing for Development Division, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific); Lena Kaiser (Macroeconomic Policy and Financing for Development Division, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific) |
| Abstract: | Technological advancements bring both opportunities and challenges for taxation policy. Although they improve revenue raising and efficiency of spending, to fully harness such benefits requires concerted national and international efforts. Asian and Pacific economies are at the forefront in reforming taxation policies in a digital era to counter under- or double-taxation. |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:pbmpdd:pb102&r=all |
| By: | Taguchi, Hiroyuki |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to address the issue on bond market development by investigating the determinants of bond market development with a focus on Asian economies, and also by identifying the impediment factors to prevent its development in Mongolian economy. This paper contributes to the literature by enriching evidence of the determinants of bond market development with a focus on Asian economies with common characteristics such as their high dependence on banking sectors. In particular, while there have been few studies on an individual economy’s bond market, the strategic contribution is to identify the Mongolia-specific factors to prevent her bond market development among Asian economies. The estimation result shows that the two manageable variables, namely, bureaucracy quality and level of interest rate, are major determinants for both public and private bond market development in Asian economies, and also that these determinants are main factors to prevent the Mongolian bond market from developing. |
| Keywords: | Bond Market, Mongolia, Asian Countries, Bureaucracy Quality, and Interest Rate |
| JEL: | E44 O53 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:95123&r=all |
| By: | Oguzhan Cepni (Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, Haci Bayram Mah. Istiklal Cad. No:10 06050 Ulus, Altndag, Ankara, Turkey); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa); I. Ethem Guney (Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, Haci Bayram Mah. Istiklal Cad. No:10 06050 Ulus, Altndag, Ankara, Turkey); M. Hasan Yilmaz (Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, Haci Bayram Mah. Istiklal Cad. No:10 06050 Ulus, Altndag, Ankara, Turkey) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we forecast local currency debt of five major emerging market countries (Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa, and Turkey) over the period of January 2010 to January 2019 (with an in-sample: March 2005 to December 2018). We exploit information from a large set of economic and financial time series to assess the importance of not only “own-country” factors (derived from principal component and partial least squares approach), but also create “global” predictors by combining the country-specific variables across the five emerging economies. We find that while information on own-country factors can outperform the historical average model, global factors tend to produce not only greater statistical and economic gains, but also enhances market timing ability of investors, especially when we use the target-variable (bond premium) approach under the partial least squares method to extract our factors. Our results have important implications for not only fund managers, but also policymakers. |
| Keywords: | Bond risk premia, Emerging markets, Factor extraction methods, Out-of-sample forecasting |
| JEL: | C22 C53 G12 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:201957&r=all |
| By: | R, Revathi; L. M., Madhushree; Aithal, Sreeramana |
| Abstract: | Goods and Service tax is tax regime adopted by 160 countries over the globe in order to evade cascading of tax in the economy. India introduced GST in the year 2017 whereas many other countries implemented GST many years before in their tax system. France was the primary country to adopt this single tax system in 1954 and followed by Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea. GST is one of the top initiatives taken by most of the countries for a structured and developed economy. A value-added tax levied on mainly goods and services provided or sold for domestic or household consumption is called Goods and Service Tax. GST provides revenue or income for the government in the growth procedure of the economy. The section of GST which is accumulated or collected from the consumers by the business or seller of the goods forwarded to the government. In some countries, Goods and Service Tax is also acknowledged as Value Added Tax. This review paper focused on the implications of GST on different countries economy and its collision on the society. Many scholars have researched on this topic before and after the implementation in India. The paper throws light on the various aspects of GST, and how it affects different industrial sectors in the economy. The paper also analyses how various researchers have interpreted their study about GST, its future implications, and impacts in their countries with special emphasis on India. |
| Keywords: | Goods and Service tax, Value added Tax, ASEAN, Asia, Europe, Oceania, India |
| JEL: | A1 E4 G0 M2 |
| Date: | 2019–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:95152&r=all |
| By: | Matias, Denise Margaret; Fernández, Raúl; Hutfils, Marie-Lena; Winges, Maik |
| Abstract: | In the face of increasingly frequent extreme weather events, the need to manage climate risk becomes more urgent, especially for the most vulnerable countries and communities. With the aim of reducing vulnerability, climate risk transfer in the form of climate risk insurance (CRI) has been gaining attention in climate policy discussions. When properly designed, CRI acts as a safety net against climate change impacts by providing financial support after an extreme weather event. Two main types of insurance enable payouts: indemnity (traditional) insurance or predefined parameters (index-based) insurance. Individuals, groups, or even governments may take out policies with either type of insurance and receive payouts directly (insurer to beneficiary payout) or indirectly (insurer to aggregator to beneficiary payout). Direct insurance is usually implemented at the micro-level with individual policyholders. Indirect insurance is usually implemented through group contracts at the meso-level through risk aggregators and at the macro-level through the state. While promising, risk transfer in the form of CRI also has its share of challenges. Within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the lack of accessibility and afford¬ability of CRI for poor and vulnerable groups have been identified as barriers to uptake. In light of climate justice, asking the poor and climate-vulnerable groups - most of whom do not contribute substantially to anthropogenic climate change - to solely carry the financial burden of risk transfer is anything but just. Employing a human rights-based approach to CRI may ensure that the resilience of poor and climate-vulnerable groups is enhanced in a climate-just manner. Indigenous peoples are some of the poorest and most climate vulnerable groups. Often marginalised, they rarely have access to social protection. The strong communal relationship of indigenous peoples facilitates their participation in community-based organisations (CBOs). CBOs are a suitable vehicle for meso-insurance, in which risk is aggregated and an insurance policy belongs to a group. In this way, CBOs can facilitate service provision that would otherwise be beyond the reach of individuals. Conclusions of this briefing paper draw on a conceptual analysis of meso-insurance and the results of field research conducted in March 2018 with indigenous Palaw’ans in the Philippines. We find that CRI needs to be attuned to the differential vulnerabilities and capacities of its beneficiaries. This is particularly true for poor and vulnerable people, for whom issues of accessibility and affordability need to be managed, and human rights and pro-poor approaches need to be ensured. In this context, meso-insurance is a promising approach when it provides accessibility and affordability and promotes a pro-poor and human rights-based approach of risk transfer by: Properly identifying and involving target beneficiaries and duty-bearers by employing pro-poor and human rights principles. Employing measures to improve the financial literacy of target beneficiaries. Designing insurance models from the bottom up. |
| Keywords: | Armut und Ungleichheit,Klimawandel |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:192018&r=all |
| By: | Palmisano Flaviana; Lo Bue Maria |
| Abstract: | The canonical approach to analysing the poverty impact of growth is based on the comparison of poverty before and after growth. Measurement tools that endorse this approach fail to capture the different experiences of poverty dynamics in the population: there can be groups of the population made poorer or non-poor made poor by growth.We propose an approach that allows measuring this individual poverty incidence of growth, and show how it relates to existing models. We apply our framework to evaluate the dynamics of the poverty impact of growth in Indonesia, by comparing the 1993–2000, 2000–07, and 2007–14 growth periods. |
| Keywords: | Poverty Dynamics,Pro-poor,Social mobility,Growth,income mobility |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2019-41&r=all |
| By: | Ke, Miao (School of Economics, Singapore Management University); Su, Liangjun (School of Economics, Singapore Management University); Wang, Wendun (Econometric Institute, Erasmus University Rotterdam and Tinbergen Institute) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we consider the least squares estimation of a panel structure threshold re-gression (PSTR) model where both the slope coefficients and threshold parameters may exhibit latent group structures. We study the asymptotic properties of the estimators of the latent group structure and the slope and threshold coefficients. We show that we can estimate the latent group structure correctly with probability approaching 1 and the estimators of the slope and threshold coefficients are asymptotically equivalent to the infeasible estimators that are obtained as if the true group structures were known. We study likelihood-ratio-based inferences on the group-specific threshold parameters under the shrinking-threshold-effect framework. We also propose two specification tests: one tests whether the threshold parameters are homogenous across groups, and the other tests whether the threshold effects are present. When the number of latent groups is unknown, we propose a BIC-type information criterion to determine the number of groups in the data. Simulations demonstrate that our estimators and tests perform reasonably well in finite samples. We apply our model to revisit the relationship between capital market imperfection and the investment behavior of firms and to examine the impact of bank deregulation on income inequality. We document a large degree of heterogeneous effects in both applications that cannot be captured by conventional panel threshold regressions. |
| Keywords: | Classification; Dynamic panel; Latent group structures; Panel structure model; Panel threshold regression. |
| JEL: | C23 C24 C33 |
| Date: | 2019–07–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:smuesw:2019_013&r=all |
| By: | Klymak Margaryta |
| Abstract: | This paper examines whether foreign competition affects the reallocation of unpaid and family workers from household businesses to working outside of the family firm.Using a rich panel dataset of Vietnamese manufacturing enterprises that went through trade liberalization, I find that import competition leads to the switching of family and unpaid employees from working at the household firm to working externally.This response to heightening foreign competition is also greater for less financially stable firms, and for the households largely reliant on the income from the household firm. This finding is consistent with income diversification on the part of households who own firms threatened by import competition. We also explore heterogeneous effects among entering and exiting firms, as well as industry-switching firms. |
| Keywords: | unpaid labour,family workers,foreign competition,Household business |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2019-39&r=all |
| By: | Olekseyuk, Zoryana; Rodarte, Israel Osorio |
| Abstract: | Following the decision of the British referendum on 23 June 2016, the United Kingdom (UK) plans to exit the European Union (EU). Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty was invoked at the end of March 2017 and the UK will officially leave the single market and customs union in March 2019. Brexit negotiations have proven difficult due to diverging positions of the two partners on many issues, such as freedom of movement, financial contributions and the potential re-emergence of a tough border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Despite the successfully negotiated Withdrawal Agreement and Political Declaration, there is still con¬siderable political uncertainty about the final EU-UK deal. Regardless of the final outcome of the negotiations, Brexit implies fundamental changes in the British trade regime concerning third countries. This starts with a negotiation of national terms of access for World Trade Organization (WTO) membership and extends to renegotiation of the numerous EU free trade agreements. Moreover, the UK will no longer be part of the European Generalised Scheme of Preferences (GSP) or the Everything But Arms (EBA) treaty, which allow vulnerable developing countries to pay fewer or no duties on their exports to the EU. The Economic Partnership Agree-ments (EPAs) between the EU and African, Caribbean and Pacific countries will not apply to the UK either. While the negative effects of Brexit on the UK and EU are in the limelight, the implications for third countries receive less attention. This paper puts the spotlight on these often-overlooked issues by presenting new findings on Brexit implications for Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and discussing policy recommendations. Developing countries with close ties to the UK will suffer from Brexit as import duties are once again imposed. In particular, 49 of the world’s poorest countries presently benefit from preferential treatment that covers 99% of all products under the EBA agreement. Although these countries account for only 1.15% of the UK’s imports, the share of their exports to the UK exceeds 35% in apparel, 21% in textiles and 9% in sugar (calculations based on the UN Comtrade data for 2013-2015). Our findings show that losing these preferences together with the UK’s withdrawal from the EU may cause EBA countries’ GDPs to fall by -0.01% to -1.08%. Our simulations also indicate that the highest losses will occur in Cambodia and Malawi, where dependence on the UK market is strong. Moreover, Brexit may cause the number of those living in extreme poverty (PPP $1.90 a day) to rise by nearly 1.7 million in all EBA countries. These are conservative estimates of Brexit’s negative impacts; they do not take into account the addi¬tional implications of uncertainty, depreciation of the pound sterling, reduced aid spending, remittances and investments. The UK must act to mitigate the adverse effects on economically vulnerable countries. Such action may include replicating existing EU treaties that grant preferential access to goods from LDCs, creating a more development-friendly UK trade policy with preferential access to services imports and cumulative rules of origin, as well as offering better-targeted aid for trade initiatives. The EU could also support LDCs by implementing liberal cumulative rules of origin and applying its preferential treatment partly to goods with a low value-added content from considered countries. In addition, developing countries should diversify their export destinations and industries as well as engage in economic transformation that makes them less dependent on UK trade, aid and foreign direct investment (FDI). |
| Keywords: | Handel und Investitionen,Regionale + globale + transnationale Governance |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:22019&r=all |
| By: | Zhenqian Huang (Macroeconomic Policy and Financing for Development Division, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific) |
| Abstract: | Most Asia-Pacific economies have maintained a largely accommodative monetary policy stance in the past decade. However, lower policy rates have not been fully translated into stronger growth, but contributed to financial instability in terms of higher private debt, which harms long-term economic growth. A prudent approach to monetary policy would be needed to focus on maintaining price and financial stability. Policy makers shall accompany traditional monetary policies with macroprudential policies and regulations to strike a balance between supporting short-term growth prospects while containing the build-up of financial risks. |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:pbmpdd:pb101&r=all |
| By: | Burchi, Francesco; Malerba, Daniele; Rippin, Nicole; Montenegro, Claudio E. |
| Abstract: | The 2030 Agenda has provided new impetus to two facets of the struggle for poverty alleviation, which is a central goal of the international development community. First, poverty is no longer viewed strictly in monetary terms, but rather as a multidimensional phenomenon. Second, the need to reduce poverty for different social groups and not just at the aggregate, national level is explicitly recognised. Against this background, this paper has three objectives: (1) to analyse the trends in multidimensional poverty in low- and middle-income countries, (2) to explore rural-urban differences in poverty over time, and (3) to assess the validity of the claim that there has been a feminisation of poverty. The analysis relies on a new indicator of multidimensional poverty, the Global Correlation Sensitive Poverty Index (G-CSPI), that incorporates three key components: education, employment and health. The G-CSPI has several methodological advantages over existing measures, including that it is an individual rather than a household-level measure of poverty, which is crucial for gender-disaggregated analysis. Regarding aggregate trends, this paper shows that both income poverty and multidimensional poverty fell between 2000 and 2012. However, the decline in (extreme) income poverty in percentage terms was twice as large as the decline in multidimensional poverty. There is significant heterogeneity in the results across regions. Multidimensional poverty declined the most in Asia, converging towards the relatively low levels of Latin America and Europe, while sub-Saharan Africa’s slow progress further distanced it from other regions. These findings point to the existence of poverty traps and indicate that more efforts are needed to eradicate poverty. Regarding the urban-rural comparison, our analysis shows that poverty is predominantly a rural phenomenon: the rural G-CSPI was more than four times the urban G-CSPI. This difference remained nearly constant over time. As for the third objective, we find no gender bias in 2000 at the global level. This contrasts with the claim made in 1995 in Beijing that 70 per cent of the poor were women. However, we find that multidimensional poverty declined more among men (-18.5 per cent from 2000) than women (-15 per cent), indicating a process of feminisation of poverty. This was triggered by the decline in employment poverty, which was much slower among women. As most existing studies conclude that there was no evidence of the feminisation of poverty, this finding is new to the literature. |
| Keywords: | Armut und Ungleichheit,Gender |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:22019&r=all |
| By: | Hong, Shengjie (School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University); Su, Liangjun (School of Economics, Singapore Management University); Wang, Yaqi (School of Finance, Central University of Finance and Economics) |
| Abstract: | This paper develops methods for statistical inferences in a partially identified nonparametric panel data model with endogeneity and interactive fixed effects. We consider the case where the number of cross-sectional units (N) is large and the number of time series periods (T).as well as the number of unobserved common factors (R) are fixed. Under some normalization rules, wecan concentrateout thelarge dimen-sional parameter vector of factor loadings and specify a set of conditional moment restriction that are involved with only the finite dimensional factor parameters along with the infinite dimensional nonpara-metric component. For a conjectured restriction on the parameter, we consider testing the null hypothesis that the restriction is satisfied by at least one element in the identified set and propose a test statistic based on a novel martingale difference divergence (MDD) measure for the distance between a conditional expectation object and zero. We derive the limiting distribution of the resultant test statistic under the null and show that it is divergent at rate-N under the global alternative based on the U-process theory. To obtain the critical values for our test, we propose a version of multiplier bootstrap and establish its asymptotic validity. Simulations demonstrate the finite sample properties of our inference procedure. We apply our method to study Engel curves for major nondurable expenditures in China by using a panel dataset from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). |
| Keywords: | Endogeneity; Gaussian chaos process; martingale difference divergence; multiplier bootstrap; nonparametric IV; partial identification; U-processes |
| JEL: | C12 C14 C23 C26 |
| Date: | 2019–03–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:smuesw:2019_014&r=all |
| By: | Matias, Denise Margaret; Fernández, Raúl; Hutfils, Marie-Lena; Winges, Maik |
| Abstract: | Angesichts der zunehmenden Wetterextreme, wie Fluten oder Dürren, wird die Frage nach dem Umgang mit Klimarisiken immer dringlicher, vor allem für die am stärksten gefährdeten Länder und Gemeinschaften. Um ihre Verletzlichkeit zu verringern, sind Klimarisikoversicherungen (KRV) zunehmend in den Mittelpunkt klimapolitischer Debatten gerückt. Eine gut konzipierte KRV kann durch finanzielle Unterstützung nach Wetterextremen als eine Art Sicherheitsnetz gegen die Folgen des Klimawandels dienen. Grob zwei Arten von Versicherungsleistungen können unterschieden werden: (traditionelle) Schadenversicherungen und Versicherungen, deren Auszahlung von vorgegebenen Parametern abhängt (bspw. der Niederschlagsmenge), sogenannte indexbasierte Versicherungen. Sowohl Einzelpersonen als auch Gruppen oder Regierungen können Zugang zu Versicherungen haben. Sie nehmen die Versicherungsleistung entweder direkt (vom Versicherer an den Begünstigten) oder indirekt (vom Versicherer über einen Aggregator an den Begünstigten) in Anspruch. Direkte Versicherungslösungen adressieren meist Einzelpersonen auf Mikroebene, indirekte Versicherungen werden entweder auf Meso-Ebene – in Form von Gruppenverträgen durch Risikoaggregatoren – abgewickelt oder auf Makroebene durch den Staat. Eine Herausforderung ist bislang die Inklusion aller Bevölkerungsgruppen. Insbesondere Arme und verletzliche Gruppen können sich die Versicherungsprämien oft nicht leisten. Dass Arme und besonders verletzliche Gruppen – die zumeist minimal zum menschengemachten Klimawandel beitragen – die Finanzlast durch Versicherungsprämien tragen sollen, ist im Sinne der Klimagerechtigkeit in höchstem Maße ungerecht. Ein menschenrechtsbasierter KRV-Ansatz würde hingegen die Abfederung der Klimafolgen für Arme und gefährdete Gruppen ins Zentrum stellen. Indigene Völker gehören zu den am stärksten vom Klimawandel betroffenen Gruppen. Meist sind sie marginalisiert und ohne Zugang zu sozialer Absicherung. Ihr oftmals starker gemeinschaftlicher Zusammenhalt fördert jedoch ihre Beteiligung in gemeinschaftsbasierten Organisationen (Community-Based Organisations, CBOs). CBOs wiederum können ein geeignetes Instrument für Versicherungen auf der Meso-Ebene sein. Versicherungsnehmer ist dabei die Gruppe – das Risiko wird also aggregiert. Dies ermöglichst Dienste, zu denen Einzelpersonen sonst keinen Zugang hätten. Die Ergebnisse dieses Thesenpapiers stützen sich auf die Analyse von Meso-Versicherungen und einer Feldforschung bei den indigenen Palawan im März 2018 auf den Philippinen. KRVs sollten auf die unterschiedlichen Schwächen und Kapazitäten der Begünstigten angepasst sein und niemanden ausschließen. Unter Berücksichtigung eines menschenrechts- und armutsorientierten Ansatzes können Versicherungen auf Meso-Ebene vielversprechend sein. Dazu zählen: Identifizierung und Beteiligung von potenziellen Begünstigten und Pflichtenträgern anhand von armutsorientierten und Menschenrechtsprinzipien. Umsetzung von Maßnahmen zur verbesserten Finanzkompetenz der Begünstigten (Zielgruppen). Bottom-Up-Konzeption der Versicherungsmodelle. |
| Keywords: | Armut und Ungleichheit,Klimawandel |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:dieaus:122018&r=all |