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on South East Asia |
| By: | Girik Allo, Albertus; Sukartini, Ni Made; Widodo, Tri |
| Abstract: | Indonesia is a large country and most populous among members of ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). The purpose of this study is to perform a "mapping products" for agricultural commodity in Indonesia. This study utilizes data on export and import four-digit in the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) Revision 2 from UN-COMTRADE for the period 1984-2014. We use Reveled Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) combined with Trade Balance Index (TBI) in our analysis. The primary result shows that dynamic changes in agricultural commodities have occurred in Indonesia. Agricultural commodities that perform de-specialization are rice, meat of sheep and goats (fresh, chilled, or frozen). On the other hand, agricultural commodities that experience specialization are fishery products. |
| Keywords: | products mapping, agriculture product, international trade |
| JEL: | F14 Q17 |
| Date: | 2017–07–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:80028&r=sea |
| By: | Erdyas Bimanatya, Traheka; Widodo, Tri |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses the relationship between fossil fuel consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth for the period of 1965-2012 in Indonesia by applying Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) Granger causality. This paper also estimate the effect of energy conservation policy that has already adopted the National Energy Conservation Master Plan (RIKEN 2005) by Indonesian Government to the pattern of energy consumption in Indonesia from 2014 until 2030. Empirical results show that in the short-run there are unidirectional Granger causalities running from coal consumption to economic growth (growth hypothesis) and from economic growth to oil consumption (conservation hypothesis). However, in the long run the results suggest unidirectional Granger causality only running from oil consumption to economic growth and CO2 emissions. Thus, Indonesia should adopts different policies for each type of energies in order to maintain the economic growth while the effort of reducing fossil fuel consumption is in progress. The projection results imply that Indonesia government should revise the energy efficiency targets in RIKEN 2005 since the result of LEAP Projection based on RIKEN target shows a lower energy saving rate (17.32 percent) compared to the target (18 percent). |
| Keywords: | Fossil Fuel Consumption; CO2 Emission; Economic Growth. |
| JEL: | O44 Q43 Q56 |
| Date: | 2017–06–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:79989&r=sea |
| By: | Kusmana, Acep; Budiman, Agus; Hidayat, Arif |
| Abstract: | Efforts to increase rice production to achieve self-sufficiency in rice have been done since 1968/9, in addition to developing Bimas Gotong Royong with Panca farming efforts the government also build a large-capacity fertilizer industry. 1998 is an important year for national rice history. The flood that as a result of El-Nino causes rice production to drop to 4%. At the same time there is an economic crisis that makes many people lose their jobs and their income decreases so that the poverty rate rises sharply. Indonesia is a country where most of its people rely on the agricultural sector as a livelihood. However, Indonesian farmers are not those with high levels of welfare. They are the people who are still poor and marginalized. The condition of rice consumption in Indonesia, along with the increasing population growth from year to year, the need for rice also increased both for food consumption and as raw material for food and non food industry, seed consumption and other consumption. Based on all the potentials owned by the breadfruit plants, the breadfruit crop is feasible to be cultivated as one of the efforts to increase food sources in Indonesia. So that can be achieved food security with no pivot on one source only that is rice. This is the purpose of diversification and development of food scientifically. |
| Keywords: | Keywords: rice, diversification, scientific, food, production. |
| JEL: | Q5 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:79976&r=sea |
| By: | Subandi, muhammad |
| Abstract: | Indonesian textile industry is based on imported raw material, more than 94% cotton fiber must be imported. Ramie fiber has the same characteristic as cotton fiber and fulfills the condition for human clothes. Textile industry is developing to contribute to people economic welfare. Ramie fiber can substitute cotton fiber. Mostly Indonesian land has the agro-climatic characteristic which is unsuitable for cotton plant cultivation, but is suitable for ramie plant cultivation. Ramie is rapid growing plant, it is harvested every 60 days,so it needs more water to solve nutrition available and potential in the soil. Cultivation the natural fiber producing plant is considered very possible with some amendment in some environmental condition. |
| Keywords: | Key words : environmental, ramie, textile, potential, |
| JEL: | Q16 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:80006&r=sea |
| By: | Subandi, Muhammad |
| Abstract: | Abstract Indonesian textile industry is based on imported raw material, more than 94% cotton fiber must be imported. Ramie fiber has the same characteristic as cotton fiber and fulfills the condition for human clothes. Textile industry is developing to contribute to people economic welfare. Ramie fiber can substitute cotton fiber. Mostly Indonesian land has the agro-climatic characteristic which is unsuitable for cotton plant cultivation, but is suitable for ramie plant cultivation. Ramie is rapid growing plant, it is harvested every 60 days,so it needs more water to solve nutrition available and potential in the soil. Cultivation the natural fiber producing plant is considered very possible with some amendment in some environmental condition |
| Keywords: | environmental, ramie, textile, potential |
| JEL: | Q59 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:80003&r=sea |
| By: | Nguyen, Cuong; Lo, Duc |
| Abstract: | During 2005-2015, the poor households in Vietnam were identified by Ministry of Labor, Invalid and Social Affairs (MOLISA) using an approach that combined proxy means tests (PMT) and quick collection of income data. A set of indicators were used to identify the surely poor and surely non-poor households. Then, income data were collected using simple questionnaires for the remaining households to identify the poor households. However, measuring income using simple questionnaires can result in a large measurement error. In attempt to improve the poverty targeting, with the technical supports from the World Bank and General Statistics Office of Vietnam, MOLISA has improved the PMT method and used it to identify the poor households since 2015. Income data are no longer collected. This report documents the current poverty identification approach, and the process of movement from the income-PMT approach to the PMT approach in Vietnam. |
| Keywords: | Poverty, proxy mean tests, household survey, Vietnam. |
| JEL: | I31 I32 |
| Date: | 2016–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:80002&r=sea |
| By: | Abel Brodeur; Warn N. Lekfuangfu; Yanos Zylberberg |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the determinants behind the spatial distribution of the sex industry in Thailand. We relate the development of the sex industry to an early temporary demand shock, i.e., U.S. military presence during the Vietnam War. Comparing the surroundings of Thai military bases used by the U.S. army to districts close to unused Thai bases, we find that there are currently 5 times more commercial sex workers in districts near former U.S. bases. The development of the sex industry is also explained by a high price elasticity of supply due to female migration from regions affected by an agricultural crisis. We then quantify the contribution of the sex industry's geographic distribution on the HIV outbreak. We show that the clustering of sex workers, because of non-linearities in HIV propagation, induces high transmission rates and thus more infections. Last, we conclude by documenting benefits to concentration, e.g., when designing infection control. |
| Keywords: | persistence, industry location, sex industry, HIV/AIDS |
| JEL: | O17 O18 N15 J46 J47 I28 |
| Date: | 2017–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cch:wpaper:170007&r=sea |
| By: | Widodo, Tri |
| Abstract: | This research aims to analyze the ASEAN countries’ comparative advantage of energy products. Trade Balance Index (TBI) is applied. This research uses data import value and price of energy products under SITC 3 digits. This research concludes that Coal, lignite and peat (SITC 333) and gas, natural, and manufactured (SITC 341) are the upfront energy commodity line that share positive index, meanwhile briquettes; coke and semi-coke; lignite or peat; retort carbon (SITC 332) is the least competitive basket in energy market. |
| Keywords: | energy products, energy market integration |
| JEL: | F1 I3 Q4 |
| Date: | 2016–08–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:79964&r=sea |
| By: | Sarah Xue Dong |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses whether the Asian financial crisis affected men and women differently in Indonesia by estimating the effect of district consumption shock during the crisis on changes in men’s and women’s working status and assets. I found that in rural areas there seems to be no effect of district consumption shock. In urban areas the fall in district consumption increases women’s employment and decreases men’s non-business assets. The effect is both cases is large. I also found that intra-household bargaining may be related to the effect of crises on men and women. Specifically, women who have sole decision-making power on employment prior to the crisis do not need to increase employment as much as a response to the fall in district consumption compared with women without sole decision-making power on employment prior to the crisis. |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp2017-134&r=sea |
| By: | Lee, King Fuei |
| Abstract: | Digitalization is expected to radically change the prospects of the types of occupations that will be needed in the future. This research note examines the susceptibility of jobs to computerization and automation in Singapore by drawing on the methodology and initial data in Frey and Osborne (2013). We find that about one-quarter of Singaporean employment is at high risk of computerization. This places the country as having one of the lowest proportions of jobs under high risk internationally. Within this high-risk category of workers, a significant number of them have non-tertiary educational qualifications and tend to be older adults, making them less likely to be re-employed if they lose their jobs. |
| Keywords: | Singapore, automation, computerization, industry employment, technological unemployment |
| JEL: | E24 J24 J62 J64 O33 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:79961&r=sea |
| By: | Jorge, Velilla |
| Abstract: | Certain analyses have studied gender differences in entrepreneurial activity, but, in general, the lack of specific controls may have led to biased results. In this paper, we analyze whether male or female individuals have a higher probability of becoming entrepreneurs in developing regions (Eastern Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, South-East Asia, and Africa). Using GEM data from 2009 to 2014, we avoid the potential confounding problems arising from the definition of entrepreneurship. We find that the descriptive statistics show constant gender gaps in entrepreneurial activity in favor of males, for all the regions. However, when individual and environmental entrepreneurial characteristics are taken into account, these gaps diminish significantly in Eastern Europe, disappear in Asia and Africa, and are reversed in Latin America. |
| Keywords: | Gender; Feminist; Entrepreneurship; Developing countries; GEM Data |
| JEL: | L26 |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:79997&r=sea |
| By: | Dukpa Kim (Korea University); Tatsushi Oka (National University of Singapore); Francisco Estrada (Universidad Nacional AutÛnoma de MÈxico and VU University Amsterdam); Pierre Perron (Boston University) |
| Abstract: | What transpires from recent research is that temperatures and forcings seem to be characterized by a linear trend with two changes in the rate of growth. The first occurs in the early 60s and indicates a very large increase in the rate of growth of both temperatures and radiative forcings. This was termed as the "onset of sustained global warming". The second is related to the more recent so-called hiatus period, which suggests that temperatures and total radiative forcings have increased less rapidly since the mid-90s compared to the larger rate of increase from 1960 to 1990. There are two issues that remain unresolved. The Örst is whether the breaks in the slope of the trend functions of temperatures and radiative forcings are common. This is important because common breaks coupled with the basic science of climate change would strongly suggest a causal effect from anthropogenic factors to temperatures. The second issue relates to establishing formally via a proper testing procedure that takes into account the noise in the series, whether there was indeed a 'hiatus period' for temperatures since the mid 90s. This is important because such a test would counter the widely held view that the hiatus is the product of natural internal variability. Our paper provides tests related to both issues. The results show that the breaks in temperatures and forcings are common and that the hiatus is characterized by a significant decrease in the rate of growth of temperatures and forcings. The statistical results are of independent interest and applicable more generally. |
| Keywords: | ultiple Breaks, Common Breaks, Multivariate Regressions, Joined Segmented Trend. |
| JEL: | C32 |
| Date: | 2017–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bos:wpaper:wp2017-003&r=sea |