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on South East Asia |
| By: | Idota, Hiroki; Ueki, Yasushi; Shigeno, Hidenori; Bunno, Teruyuki; Tsuji, Masatsugu |
| Abstract: | To achieve successful innovation, firms in ASEAN countries have to elevate their innovation capability including human resources, business structure of firms, technologies including ICT use by collaborating with outside organizations such as MNCs (Multi-national companies) and university/public research institutes. These outside organizations are termed as external linkages. Based on authors'survey data of five ASEAN economies such as Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Laos from 2014 to 2015, this paper examines how internal innovation capability such as human resource management (HRM), organizational learning and ICT use enhance product innovation. These factors are used as latent variables in analysis and consist of the following variables:(i) HRM such as recruitment, job training and rewards and 5S; (ii) organizational learning including QC and cross-functional teams;(iii) ICT use such as B2B, B2C, EDI, SCM, ERP, CAD/CAM, groupware, SNS; and (iv) external linkages. This study employs SEM (Structural equation modeling) to analyze the causal relationships not only among the above four latent variables but also between these and innovation.The six hypotheses were postulated. Estimation results demonstrate that organization learning and ICT use enhance product innovation, and particularly, human resource management enhances organization learning. |
| Keywords: | ICT use,human resource management,external linkages,cross-functional teams,QC,SEM |
| JEL: | O32 O31 O19 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itse16:148675&r=sea |
| By: | Berenger, Valerie (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to highlight the contribution of the recent methodological refinements of poverty measures based on counting approaches using ordinal variables to the understanding of the evolution of poverty in Cambodia, Indonesia and the Philippines. Using the general framework proposed by Silber and Yalonetzky (2013), this paper compares multidimensional poverty measures such as the Multidimensional Poverty Index used by the UNDP (an index based on the approach of Alkire and Foster [2011]) with others which are sensitive to the distribution of deprivation counts across individuals. To the latter family belong the poverty measures introduced by Chakravarty and D’Ambrosio (2006) and Rippin (2010) and those based on the extension of the approach of Aaberge and Peluso (2012), as suggested by Silber and Yalonetzky (2013). Poverty is estimated using Demographic and Health Surveys for three different years for Cambodia (2000, 2005, and 2010), for Indonesia (1997, 2003, and 2007), and for the Philippines (1997, 2003, and 2008) by considering the deprivations in education, health and standard of living. Our findings indicate that Cambodia shows the highest level of poverty, followed by Indonesia and the Philippines, irrespective of the poverty measures used. At the national level, all countries reduced their multidimensional poverty over time using poverty measures as the one based on the approach of Alkire and Foster (2011) and those that are sensitive to the concentration of deprivations across individuals. As in most of Asian developing countries, poverty is largely a rural phenomenon. However, when examining the evolution of poverty over time for each country, conclusions drawn from the use of various poverty measures may differ regarding trends in poverty over time by area of residence as well as by region of residence. |
| Keywords: | poverty; measure; Southeast Asia; Cambodia; Indonesia; Philippines |
| JEL: | D63 I32 |
| Date: | 2016–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0618&r=sea |
| By: | Cororaton, Caesar B. |
| Abstract: | Using a global computable general equilibrium model, the paper analyzes the potential effects of Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) on the Philippine economy. The analysis involves an 80-percent reduction in tariffs and 10 percent in nontariff barriers within RCEP member-countries over a 10-year period. The results indicate trade creation within RCEP. Exports of RCEP to nonmembers decline. Within RCEP, the improvement in exports of the six non-ASEAN members is relatively higher than the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) members. Viet Nam benefits the most among ASEAN members. Exports of the rest of ASEAN increase as well, including the Philippines. The entry of cheaper rice in the Philippines benefits lower income households. The entry of cheaper textiles benefits the garments industry. On the whole, Philippine gross domestic product improves by 3 percent and welfare by USD 2 billion. Philippine poverty declines from 24.9 percent to 23.3 percent. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, ASEAN, Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), regional trade, global CGE, poverty indicator |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-30&r=sea |
| By: | Francesco Bosello (University of Milan, FEEM and CMCC); Carlo Orecchia (FEEM and CMCC); David A. Raitzer (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | Southeast Asia is one of the most vulnerable regions of the world to the impacts of climate change. At the same time, the region is also following a trajectory that could make it a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions in the future. Understanding the economic implications of policy options for low carbon growth is essential to formulate instruments that achieve the greatest emissions reductions at lowest cost. This study focuses on five developing countries of Southeast Asia that collectively account for 90% of regional emissions in recent years—Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Viet Nam. The analyses are based on the CGE economy-energy-environment model ICES under an array of scenarios reflecting business as usual, fragmented climate policies, an approximately 2.4°C post 2020 global climate stabilization target, termed 650 parts per million (ppm) carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent (eq), and an approximately 2°C global target (termed 500 ppm CO2 eq). Averted deforestation through reducing emissions from forest degradation and deforestation (REDD) is included in some scenarios. The study shows that global and coordinated action is found to be critical to the cost effectiveness of emissions stabilization policies. A 650ppm stabilization scenario (below 3°C in 2100) has a similar cost to the region to current fragmented targets, but achieves much higher levels of emissions reductions. However, only some of the countries have short-term emissions targets that are consistent with a stabilization scenario at 650ppm: these are Indonesia, Philippines and Viet Nam. None of the countries’ mid-term targets are coherent with more ambitious stabilization scenario at 500ppm. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change Mitigation, Asian Economies, Computable General Equilibrium Models |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 C68 |
| Date: | 2016–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2016.75&r=sea |
| By: | Sovacool, Benajmin (Aarhus University) |
| Abstract: | This working paper assesses the positive cobenefits of promoting green and clean energy in Asia. It first defines what is meant by “clean” energy across the four technological systems of cooking, renewable electricity, energy efficiency, and urban transport. Then, drawn from a synthesis of peer-reviewed articles, it summarizes at least four general types of cobenefits of investing in these systems: (i) diversification and enhanced energy security, (ii) jobs and green growth, (iii) displaced pollution and associated cost savings, and (iv) enhanced resilience and adaptive capacity to things like climate change and natural disasters. It also offers some insight to possible challenges and trade-offs that must be managed when attempting to capture cobenefits. The paper then focuses on four case studies of cobenefits that have been delivered in practice: liquefied petroleum gas stoves in Indonesia, renewable electricity generation in the People’s Republic of China, energy efficiency in Japan, and mass transit in Singapore. The paper concludes with insights for energy analysts and policy makers. |
| Keywords: | climate; change |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2016–12–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0502&r=sea |
| By: | Waibel, Hermann (Asian Development Bank Institute); Hohfeld, Lena (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | We analyze the link between nutrition and poverty in two Asian countries where monetary-based poverty reduction was especially successful. Thailand and Viet Nam are two emerging market economies where poverty rates are now below 10% and are declining further. Despite this success, it is not clear to what extent it has translated into similar improvements in the nutritional situation of the people, and especially of children. We find that undernutrition continues to be a problem in Viet Nam with child underweight rates of 27% and therefore higher than headcount rates of the $1.25 poverty line. Also, Thailand, after the economic crisis, with 19% of children underweight, is still above the World Health Organization’s threshold. We investigate the factors that influence nutrition outcomes, measured as Z-scores of the weight-for-age indicator, by using Tobit regressions for four different groups of children, based on income (poor vs. non-poor) and nutrition (underweight vs. non-underweight). We find that poverty and income influence nutrition outcomes, but other factors such as mother’s height, education, migration and sanitation also affect nutrition. Coefficients of respective variables differ by poverty status. Our conclusion that non-monetary factors matter to reduce undernutrition, and, therefore, monetary poverty reduction is not a sufficient condition, is further underlined by a prediction of future undernutrition rates based on regressions. Also, we find that, even under the assumption of high growth, income growth alone will not be able to reduce undernutrition to a level of low severity until the year 2030. |
| Keywords: | Poverty; nutrition; undernutrition; income growth; poverty reduction |
| JEL: | I31 I32 O10 |
| Date: | 2016–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0623&r=sea |
| By: | Briones, Roehlano M.; Tolin, Lovely Ann C. |
| Abstract: | In the Philippines, the rice and corn sectors play an integral role in the agricultural economy in terms of production and employment. However, both sectors suffer from inefficiencies in the marketing chain (e.g., high transaction costs, weak quality assurance). Farmers also find difficulty in obtaining short-term loans from banks; hence they resort to informal loans with high interest rate. This paper explores the warehouse receipt system as platform for transforming the marketing chain in the grains market of the Philippines. Salient features of an effective warehouse receipt system are outlined based on literature review and international experience. Assessment of Philippine experience shows that while a legal framework is already in place, a warehouse receipt system in grains is currently non-operational. Likewise, standardization of rice and corn is not practiced. Key recommendations of the study include strict enforcement of grain grades and standards, pilot testing of the warehouse receipt system in a suitable area, and legislative reforms to establish a sound legal and regulatory framework for a warehouse receipt system. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, warehouse receipts financing, grains sector, marketing chain, risk management tool, grain grades and standards, rice, corn |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-45&r=sea |
| By: | Racelis, Rachel H.; Salas, J.M. Ian S.; Herrin, Alejandro N.; Abrigo, Michael R.M. |
| Abstract: | A recent Philippine study examined economic gain from age structure transition at the national level by using economic support ratios and National Transfer Accounts estimates for the years 1991, 1999, and 2011. The study showed that the Philippines has steadily been experiencing demographic change (increasing percentage of the population in the working ages) and that there was economic gain from such change, as indicated by increasing support ratios during the indicated period. But in any given year, the support ratio that is observed at the national level is actually an average across diverse groups. This paper attempts to answer the following questions: In a given year, how do support ratios vary between groups? How do the variations in support ratios between groups compare across different years? Population groups are studied to determine whether those that have higher proportions in the working ages would show higher support ratios--a pattern that was found in the study cited when the Philippines was observed at the national level over time. The population is grouped in this study on two attributes, namely, household income (terciles) and location of residence (urban or rural) for a total of six groups. These six groups are used to observe variations in population age distributions, economic lifecycle patterns, and support ratios in the years 1991, 1999, and 2011, parallel to the years covered in the national level study cited and with each year representing periods with different economic conditions. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, National Transfer Accounts, first demographic dividend, economic support ratio, urban economic lifecycle, rural economic lifecycle, population age structure transition |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-32&r=sea |
| By: | Albert, Jose Ramon G.; Raymundo, Martin Joseph M. |
| Abstract: | The Philippines has put a lot of importance to the basic education sector. The immediate past government provided more resources to the sector, in support of the Philippine Development Plan as well as to attain commitments to global goals, including the Millennium Development Goals and its successor, the Sustainable Development Goals (which include SDG4 to achieve quality education for all). In this paper, various education indicators sourced from administrative reporting systems of the Department of Education, as well as sample surveys conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority, are examined for monitoring and evaluation of the basic education sector. Further, these data sources on education statistics are scrutinized for describing persisting disparities among various groups (e.g., boys versus girls, poor and nonpoor, urban and rural population), and for probing into why some children continue to be out of school. Measurement issues and policy implications are also discussed. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, out-of-school children (OOSC), education indicators, monitoring and evaluation, Department of Education, Millennium Development Goals, Sustainable Development Goals, basic education sector |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-39&r=sea |
| By: | Israel, Danilo C.; Bunao, David Feliks M. |
| Abstract: | The paper looks into the current socioeconomic research on resilience to natural disasters among urban households, firms, and communities in the Philippines. It reviews the related analytical frameworks, methodologies, and empirical studies already available with the end purpose of identifying research gaps and recommending studies and actions that can be undertaken to address them. The paper explains that the Philippines and Manila, at present, are among the least resilient countries and cities in the world, respectively. It also shows that there are foreign and locally developed analytical frameworks and methodologies on urban resilience that have been used in research. Furthermore, it found that there are already a number of empirical studies covering resilience of households, firms, and communities, particularly to natural disasters, than have been conducted in specific urban areas like Metro Manila and other Philippine cities. From the review, the paper identifies some gaps in the current research on urban resilience and recommends specific researches and related activities that can be undertaken in the future. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, resilience, Metro Manila, natural disasters, urban resilience, socioeconomic studies, households, firms, communities, empirical studies |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-41&r=sea |
| By: | Ballesteros, Marife M.; Magtibay, Jasmine E.; Ramos, Tatum P. |
| Abstract: | Rent control was introduced in the Philippines in 1971 to stabilize the prices of basic commodities during periods of calamities and macroeconomic instability. It has been adopted in succeeding years despite the country’s exit from the highly inflationary environment. Rent control-related policies, however, have had adverse impacts on the rental market. Consequently, the Philippine government has made changes to the original rent control setup; there was a move from the first to the second generation rent control. This study specifically determines whether second generation rent control is indeed free of the adverse impacts of its predecessor. It uses the 2014 Annual Poverty Indicators Survey to have an estimation of the net benefit of tenants under rent control. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, second generation rent control, rental market, Annual Poverty Indicators Survey, rent control |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-40&r=sea |
| By: | Klasen, Stephan (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | Given Asia’s record of rapid economic growth and the conceptual and empirical problems of the current international income poverty line (“dollar-a-day”), this paper discusses whether there is merit to develop an Asia-specific poverty line that addresses some of the shortcomings of the dollar-a-day line and additionally considers Asia’s particular economic situation. We consider various ways of creating an Asia-specific poverty line, including an Asia-specific international income poverty line (using purchasing-power parity (PPP) adjusted dollars) that is derived from Asian national poverty lines. We argue that there can be some merit in developing an Asian poverty line and that, in the case of income poverty, it would be best to ground such an Asia-specific poverty line in a consistent method of generating national poverty lines using national currencies rather than generating a PPP-adjusted poverty line in international dollars that is specific for Asia. It is important that such a poverty line also considers relative poverty in its assessment to reflect the rising aspirations of Asian societies, in line with suggestions made by Chen and Ravallion (2013) on weakly relative poverty lines. In terms of multidimensional poverty lines, there is also some merit in developing an Asia-specific multidimensional poverty index that takes into account the specific living conditions of Asian societies. |
| Keywords: | Poverty; poverty line; poverty measurement |
| JEL: | I32 |
| Date: | 2016–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0609&r=sea |
| By: | Israel, Danilo C.; Lunod-Carinan, Milva; Paqueo, Vicente B. |
| Abstract: | The Philippines is blessed with rich marine fishing grounds that are valuable sources of food and livelihood for the population. Unfortunately, over the years, these fishing grounds have become increasingly less productive, and many are in danger of depletion. At the heart of the problem is the generally open-access nature of Philippine fisheries, which leads to the unintended consequence of overfishing. This paper reviews the basic theory of overfishing; institutions, laws, and policies related to overfishing in the Philippines; and past and current efforts to curb overfishing in the country. As case study, it looks into the sardine industry zeroing in on the Zamboanga Peninsula experience. The paper shows how choosing to act collectively in ways that effectively minimize overfishing can keep the sardine industry profitable and sustainable for its participants in the long haul. It also provides some recommendations on how to potentially improve the current situation and make the sardine industry even more effective in addressing overfishing. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, sardine industry, Zamboanga Peninsula, unintended consequence, overfishing, open access, closed season, fishery |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-44&r=sea |
| By: | Llanto, Gilberto M.; Geron, Ma. Piedad S.; Badiola, Jocelyn Alma R. |
| Abstract: | This paper looks at the existing credit programs for smallholders, including agrarian reform beneficiaries (ARBs). It also assesses the Agrarian Production Credit Program, which is a program being implemented in collaboration with the Department of Agriculture and the Land Bank of the Philippines for ARBs using agrarian reform beneficiary organizations as retailers. Moreover, the study determines specific gaps and issues related to meeting the credit needs of smallholders and identifies possible strategic interventions by both government and the private sector that can enhance smallholders' access to financial services. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, agrarian reform beneficiaries, smallholders, Department of Agriculture, landless rural workers, capacity-building financial inclusion, financial literacy, innovative lending programs, wholesalers, retailers, support services, Agrarian Production Credit Program |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-48&r=sea |
| By: | Briones, Roehlano M. |
| Abstract: | Inclusive business (IB) is a private sector approach to providing goods, services, and livelihoods on a commercially viable basis, either at scale or scalable, to people at the base of the pyramid by making them part of the value chain of companies' core business as suppliers, distributors, retailers, or customers. There is keen interest in IBs, both in the public and private spheres, as a strategy for inclusive growth. The Department of Trade and Industry is setting up an accreditation system to certify business models as IB, based on an evaluation tool, initially for three priority sectors: agribusiness, housing, and tourism. This paper analyzes the economic and development potential of IBs, and describes existing programs and policies of the government in terms of openness to IB. It then makes several recommendations for short-term IB promotion, as well as long-term measures to support IB in the Philippines. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, inclusive growth, inclusive business, micro, small, and medium enterprises, small farmers and fishers, base of the pyramid, industry promotion |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-06&r=sea |
| By: | Cabalfin, Michael R. |
| Abstract: | Indigent membership in PhilHealth has surged in recent years, driven by the nation-wide identification of the poor. However, the massive identification has led to the enrollment of more members than official poverty estimates, resulting in leakages in the government's social health insurance subsidy. The massive enrollment has been facilitated by the incremental revenues from the revised sin tax law. Subsidy for the poor now comprises over a third of the national health insurance fund, effectively subsidizing health-care services for other members, especially the informal sector. Hospitals also enroll the poor as well as the near poor in PhilHealth at point of care and may oversubscribe the poor given the higher reimbursement relative to the premium subsidy. The poor are covered by a No Balance Billing policy in which they are not liable to pay hospital fees over the case rate. Despite this, close to half of the poor still incur out-of-pocket expenses, especially for medication. Close to three-fourths of the poor are also covered by the Primary Care Benefit 2 Package, which pays for outpatient medicines for certain illnesses to prevent catastrophic conditions. Finally, close to 1 percent of the benefits for the poor is estimated to fall under the Z benefit package, which subsidizes catastrophic illnesses. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, poverty, PhilHealth, social protection, health insurance, vin, health-care services, Primary Care Benefit 2 Package, No Balance Billing, sin tax law |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-37&r=sea |
| By: | Abrigo, Michael R.M. |
| Abstract: | Commodity market fluctuations have been linked with a number of adult outcomes. Recent evidence on the lasting impact of early life conditions, however, suggests that the e ffects on children may be important as well. Using large spatio-temporal variations in rice prices in the Philippines as a natural experiment, the study estimates the eff ect of increasing food prices on parental behavior regarding an inexpensive yet time-intensive child investment: breastmilk feeding. It documents a countercyclical relationship between breastfeeding duration and rice prices, which may be a consequence of poorer health and induced labor force participation among mothers. Results highlight that even food producers may not be insulated against food price inflation. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, food prices, breastfeeding, child investments |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-28&r=sea |
| By: | Francesco Bosello (University of Milan, FEEM and CMCC); Giacomo Marangoni (FEEM and CMCC); Carlo Orecchia (FEEM and CMCC); David A. Raitzer (Asian Development Bank); Massimo Tavoni (Politecnico di Milano, FEEM and CMCC) |
| Abstract: | Southeast Asia is at a time one of the most vulnerable region to the impacts of a changing climate, with millions of its inhabitants still trapped in extreme poverty without access to energy and employed in climate-sensitive sectors, and, potentially, one of the world’s biggest contributors to global warming in the future. Fortunately, major Southeast Asian countries are also implementing policies to improve their energy and carbon efficiency and are discussing if and how to extend these further. The present study aims to assess the implications for energy consumption, energy intensity and carbon intensity in the Southeast Asia region of a set of short-term and long-term de-carbonization policies characterized by different degrees of ambition and international cooperation. The analysis applies two energy-climate-economic models. The first, the fully dynamic Integrated Assessment model WITCH, is more aggregated in the sectoral and country representation, but provides a detailed technological description of the energy sector. The second, the ICES Computable General Equilibrium model, offers a richer sectoral breakdown of the economy and of international trade patterns, but is less refined in the representation of technology. The joint application of these two complementary models allows the capture of distinct and key aspects of low- carbon development paths in Southeast Asia. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change Mitigation, Asian Economies, Computable General Equilibrium Models |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 C68 |
| Date: | 2016–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2016.76&r=sea |
| By: | Morgan, Peter (Asian Development Bank Institute); Trinh, Long Q. (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | Sustainable and inclusive growth in emerging Asian economies requires continued high levels of public sector investment in areas such as infrastructure, education, health, and social services. These responsibilities, especially with regard to infrastructure investment, need to be devolved increasingly to the regional government level. However, growth of sources of revenue and financing for local governments has not necessarily kept pace, forcing them, in some cases, to increase borrowing or cut spending below needed levels. This paper reviews alternative models of the relationship between central and local governments, and provides an overview and assessment of different financing mechanisms for local governments, including tax revenues, central government transfers, bank loans, and bond issuance, with a focus on the context of emerging Asian economies. The paper also reviews financing mechanisms for local governments and mechanisms for maintaining fiscal stability and sustainability at both the central and local government levels. Based upon the evidence on the decentralization process in Asia, it proposes some policy implications for improving central-local government relations and fiscal sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Government decentralization; government fiscal balance; intra-government transfers; expenditure assignment; revenue assignment; local government borrowing; mechanisms for fiscal stability |
| JEL: | H70 H71 H72 H74 H77 |
| Date: | 2016–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0605&r=sea |
| By: | Detros, Keith C.; Navarro, Adoracion M.; Napalang, Ma. Sheilah G.; Agatep, Pia May G. |
| Abstract: | Road funds like the Motor Vehicle User's Charge (MVUC) Fund in the Philippines are a kind of earmarked funds. Though without shortcomings, earmarking funds through the MVUC continues to be relevant as it is able to ensure a stable flow of resources for public road expenditures. The study identifies the shortcomings and areas for improvement. In assessing the different stages of the MVUC process, the study finds that transparency and efficiency in collection have to be improved through automation and accurate recording. It also finds that project identification and investment programming need to adhere to the recommended procedures in the operating manual. As there are indications of fund underutilization, the study recommends accelerating the utilization of funds through advanced project development and investment programming. After examining five MVUC-funded projects, the authors find that an impact monitoring system is present in only one case that is recently finished, and the sparse data available are not enough to quantitatively establish impacts. Nevertheless, findings from field visits and interviews with beneficiaries reveal that there are positive benefits from the MVUC mechanism. An examination of successful cases in other countries also reveals good practices that are worth looking into, such as ensuring that the road fund administrator is strictly an administrator rather than project implementer, advanced preparation of long-term vision and medium- to short-term road investment programs, and variations of the reimbursement-basis payment system that is supported by strong audit systems. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, public finance, road fund, earmarking |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-26&r=sea |
| By: | Tiongco, Marites M.; Vista, Arvin; Cororaton, Caesar B.; Inocencio, Arlene B.; Manalang, Anna Bella S. |
| Abstract: | To avert the continued deterioration of Philippine forests and its negative consequences on the environment, the Aquino administration executed the National Greening Program (NGP) as the reforestation initiative of the government from 2011 to 2016. This study focuses on the scoping and process evaluation of the NGP using household survey, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions data gathered from the randomly chosen sites in the provinces of Zambales, Negros Occidental, and Dinagat Islands. Key results showed that the NGP household recipients experienced some marginal increase in average real income, though it was not statistically significant. The same is true when comparing NGP household recipients versus non-NGP household recipients. Propensity score matching results revealed that the effects of NGP on the local people have evidently induced bigger household size, higher number of working household members, and positive perception on NGP activities. In summary, there is no "one-size fits all" NGP strategy that would increase the likelihood of success. Recommended modification in the next program on Natural Forest and Landscape Restoration Program can focus on adjustments in allocated budget for forest development per hectare, revisions of incentives appropriate in a given reforestation site, and increased support to forest protection of existing forests, among many other suggested actions. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, National Greening Program (NGP), reforestation, Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), forest development, impact assessment, propensity score matching |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-27&r=sea |
| By: | Cuenca, Janet S. |
| Abstract: | The study examines the role of maternal mortality rate (MMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR) in policy formulation in the Philippines, specifically the controversial legislation of Republic Act 1034, otherwise known as “The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012”. It involves taking stock and analysis of various Congressional Records and Senate Journals, particularly those relating to House Bill No. 4244 (An Act Providing for a Comprehensive Policy on Responsible Parenthood, Reproductive Health, and Population and Development, and for Other Purposes) and Senate Bill No. 2865 (An Act Providing for a National Policy Reproductive Health and Population and Development), respectively. The findings of the study show that MMR and IMR have political influence on policy formulation. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, indicators, role of indicators, policy formulation, maternal mortality rate (MMR), infant mortality rate (IMR) |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-33&r=sea |
| By: | Ballesteros, Marife M.; Ramos, Tatum; Magtibay, Jasmine E.; Gonzales, Kathrina G.; Orbeta, Aniceto Jr. C.; Daval-Santos, Gerald; Adona, Ann Jillian |
| Abstract: | The Sustainable Livelihood Program - Employment Facilitation Track (SLP-EF Track) is a scheme that facilitates the employment of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) beneficiaries. The SLP-EF track has much potential to bring the 4Ps beneficiaries closer to reaching the poverty threshold because getting employed would provide additional income to the beneficiaries on top of the incentives provided to them by the 4Ps. For this to be realized, however, the SLP-EF track would have to be effective in targeting beneficiaries and in identifying employment partners for 4Ps. There is also a need for the Department of Social Welfare and Development to reassess its role in employment facilitation and to effectively link the 4Ps to other labor employment programs of government. brazzers sex videos xxx hd asian sex |
| Keywords: | Philippines, poverty, Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), employment, livelihood program |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-13&r=sea |
| By: | Kang, Jong Woo (Asian Development Bank); Magoncia, Grendell Vie (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | The world faces growing challenges of aging populations. Asia is no exception with rapidly increasing life expectancies and falling fertility rates. To help policy makers address these issues, this paper examines three sociopolicy options: (i) extending the retirement age, (ii) augmenting labor migration within the region, and (iii) through using population accounting methodology with the goal of increasing fertility rates. When the retirement age is extended from 65 to 70, the overall dependency ratio in 2050 would decline from 56.7% to 44.7%. If the 2010 dependency ratio were to be maintained, the region would need to import significant numbers of workers aged 15‒44 even as those aged 45‒64 would be in surplus. India, Pakistan, and the Philippines will be major sources of surplus labor. Raising fertility rates to the 2.1% replacement level will increase the dependency ratio for the time being, but will eventually reduce it over several decades depending on each country’s demographic structure. |
| Keywords: | demographic shift; dependency ratio; fertility rate; migration; population accounting |
| JEL: | J11 J13 J61 |
| Date: | 2016–11–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0499&r=sea |
| By: | Briones, Roehlano M. |
| Abstract: | Inadequate application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer has been identified by the Food Staples Sufficiency Program as a major constraint in achieving rice self-sufficiency. The available literature on fertilizer application in the Philippines tends to find inadequate N application under the agronomic and economic criteria. Explanations for the gap may be grouped under the following sets of factors: external constraints, attitude toward risk, and internal constraints. Different explanations imply different policy solutions, hence, it is critical to correctly identify the most relevant explanations. A new estimation using FAO Fertibase data confirms the finding of inadequate N application by rice farmers in the Philippines. Additional study is proposed covering the following: (1) comparing actual to optimal N application using secondary data for Central Luzon (obtained from the International Rice Research Institute) and (2) identifying the reasons for inadequate N application using primary data collected from a survey of rice farmers in Nueva Ecija. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, efficiency, fertilizer, yield gap, risk aversion, prospect theory, behavioral economics |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-01&r=sea |
| By: | Artidiatun Adji (Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Gadjah Mada); James Alm (Department of Economics, Tulane University) |
| Abstract: | There are competing "views" on the economic effects of debt finance. One view argues that tax and debt finance have identical effects on various economic measures, a view sometimes termed "Ricardian Equivalence". However, this "Ricardian view" remains controversial, with other views (the "Keynesian view" and the "Neoclassical view") concluding that debt finance is likely to have significant impacts on consumption, interest rates, and the current account. Empirical tests of these competing views, conducted mainly for developed countries, have failed to generate much consensus, and there are few studies for developing countries, especially a developing country that is heavily dependent on natural resources (e.g., oil). This paper provides a battery of empirical tests on the effects of government debt finance in one developing country, Indonesia. We focus on three empirical tests: effects on consumption, on interest rates, and on the current account balance. We find, across virtually all of our time series tests, that Ricardian Equivalence does not hold; that is, the predictions of the Ricardian paradigm are consistently and strongly rejected by most of our estimation results. The only results that tend to give some support to Ricardian Equivalence are those that recognize the importance of oil in the Indonesian economy. Even so, our results generally indicate that debt finance will increase the interest rate, will increase current consumption at the expense of future consumption, and will retard exports and stimulate imports through currency appreciation. |
| Keywords: | Ricardian equivalence, cointegration, error-correction estimations. |
| JEL: | C91 E21 H31 H61 |
| Date: | 2016–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tul:wpaper:1616&r=sea |
| By: | Fujii, Tomoki (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | Scientists estimate that anthropogenic climate change leads to increased surface temperature, rising sea levels, and more frequent extreme weather and climate events, among others. We investigate how climate change can potentially change vulnerability to poverty using a panel data set in Indonesia. We focus on the effect of drought and flood, two of the commonly observed disasters there. Our simulation results indicate that vulnerability to poverty in Indonesia may increase substantially as a result of climate change. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; poverty; vulnerability; Indonesia |
| JEL: | I32 O10 |
| Date: | 2016–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0622&r=sea |
| By: | Orbeta, Aniceto Jr. C.; Esguerra, Emmanuel |
| Abstract: | The role of the National System of Technical Vocational Education and Training (NSTVET) is critical in skill upgrading and development. The rapidly changing technology highlights this need even more. This paper reviews the state of Philippine NSTVET, and identifies and discusses reform ideas. It does so by doing three things, namely, (a) provide a description of the characteristics of an improved NSTVET described in recent sectoral reviews, (b) provide a description of the characteristics and analysis of the performance of the existing Philippine NSTVET, and (c) provide recommendations to improve the system. Among the recommendations provided in the study are: (a) TESDA should focus more on regulation and information provision, (b) greater emphasis on enterprise-based training, (c) make training continuously relevant to industry needs, (d) greater performance orientation in access to public training funds, (e) improved targeting and sufficiency of financial assistance for TVET, (f) ensure quality in community-based training, (g) improve data generation and dissemination, (h) improve capacity for monitoring and evaluation, and (i) improve the image of TVET. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, technical vocational education and training, National System of Technical Vocational Education and Training (NSTVET), TESDA, employment |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-07&r=sea |
| By: | Defiesta, Gay; Mediodia, Hanny John |
| Abstract: | Rice is the most important agricultural commodity in Western Visayas, being one of the top producers of rice in the country. Rice production, however, is a highly risky venture in disaster-prone Philippines. Majority of the rice farms in the region are small farm holders who are more vulnerable to crop damages and diseases. To reduce small farmers’ vulnerability, the government provides social insurance through the Philippine Crop Insurance Corporation (PCIC). Crop insurance is viewed as a risk management tool that can stabilize farmers' income and consumption after experiencing perils, hence a promising strategy to reduce poverty. With the substantial amount of public funds that goes to PCIC, it is important to know whether its services bring positive impacts to small-scale farmers. The results of the impact evaluation showed that crop insurance had a positive impact on rice farmers during the period of observation. It increased access to credit, smoothened consumption, and increased net income from rice production. The impact on income is particularly pronounced among smaller farms. It is recommended that PCIC should expand to small farm holders to maximize the benefits of the crop insurance program. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, agriculture, impact evaluation, rice production, rice farmers, crop insurance, Western Visayas, agricultural insurance |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-43&r=sea |
| By: | Ramstetter, Eric D.; Trung Nguyen, Kien |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the role of foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) have played in Vietnam’s exports in 1995-2014. Economy-wide estimates suggest MNE share of Vietnam’s export grew from about one quarter to about two-thirds during this period. MNE shares of GDP were much smaller (6 to 18 percent); correspondingly export-production ratios were much (4.7 to 9.6 times) higher in MNEs than in the non-MNEs sector. If comparisons are limited to formal enterprises, wholly-foreign MNEs (WFs), which account for the vast majority of MNEs in Vietnam, tend to have relatively high export propensities and account for the vast majority of MNE exports. These data thus suggest that MNEs, and particularly WFs, make unusually large direct contributions to exports in Vietnam compared to other economic activities. On the other hand, these compilations cannot establish if export propensities differ significantly among ownership groups after accounting for other, related firm-level and industry-level characteristics. Most importantly, this paper highlights several substantial problems revealed by compilations of the firm-data which much be addressed before more reliable, rigorous analysis of the firm-level data will be possible. |
| Keywords: | Multinational enterprises, state-owned enterprises, ownership, exports, Multinational enterprises, state-owned enterprises, ownership, exports, F14, F23, L33, L60, L81, O53 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agi:wpaper:00000119&r=sea |
| By: | Gradin, Carlos (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | We compare the extent and the nature of the higher prevalence of poverty among disadvantaged ethnic groups in six Asian countries using demographic surveys. We first estimate a composite wealth index as a proxy for economic status, and analyze the magnitude of the ethnic gap in absolute and relative poverty levels across six countries and different ethnicities in those countries. Then, we use regression-based counterfactual analysis for explaining these ethnic differentials in poverty. We compare the actual differential in poverty with the gap that remains after disadvantaged ethnic groups are given the distribution of characteristics of the advantaged ones (by reweighting their densities using propensity scores). Our results show that there is a substantial cross-country variability in the extension, evolution, and nature of the ethnic poverty gap, which is as high as 50 percentage points or more in some specific cases in Nepal, Pakistan, or India. The gap in the latter country increased over the analyzed period, while it was reduced in the Philippines. Our analyses indicate that factors that contribute to ethnic disadvantaged groups being poorer are the strongly persistent high inequalities in education (e.g., India, Nepal, and Pakistan), in regional development (e.g., the Philippines) and the large urban-rural gap (e.g., Pakistan). |
| Keywords: | Poverty; ethnicity; education; regional development; urban-rural gap; India; Nepal; Pakistan; Philippines |
| JEL: | D63 I31 I32 J15 |
| Date: | 2016–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0624&r=sea |
| By: | Dacuycuy, Connie B. |
| Abstract: | Using fixed effects estimators to remove unobserved heterogeneity and instrumental variable technique to address the endogeneity of income, this paper analyzes the effect of weather events on welfare in the Philippines. It finds that, one, treating income as an exogenous variable underestimates the effect of income on the household's resource allocation. Two, there are more expenditure shares for which income is endogenous using the tropical cyclone data than using the heat index deviation data as instruments. Three, households choose cheaper foods but just as nutritious when they are frequently hit by tropical cyclones. Four, the presence of children affects most of the food items, and it has the biggest effect on non-alcoholic beverages, such as juice and coffee, while the presence of the elderly affects only a few expenditure items, such as education and medical care. Based on the results, specific recommendations are forwarded. In broader terms, the study points to the desirability of greater forms of investment in resilience against weather events and climate change. At the household level, poverty is a binding constraint to good investment in resilience against weather events and the government has to continue its efforts toward poverty reduction. To this end, the government should ensure that the Department of Social Welfare and Development internal and external convergence strategy is successfully implemented. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, weather events, welfare, fixed effects, Department of Social Welfare and Development |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-34&r=sea |
| By: | Revilla, Ma. Laarni D. |
| Abstract: | The increasing level of competition for foreign direct investment (FDI) in the 1990s triggered many countries to offer various fiscal incentives. Specifically, many Asian countries persistently keep their tax rates competitive. To empirically investigate the relationship between the two variables, this paper examines the impact of fiscal incentives on FDI using panel data from 1996 to 2012 for five ASEAN countries. The analysis utilized five-panel data regression models, of which two are fixed-effects models and the remaining three are random-effects models. The results show that tax rate is negatively related to FDI. Another finding reveals the importance of infrastructure in increasing FDI. However, there is no significant link between governance indicators and FDI. To prevent a "race-to-the-bottom" effect on tax rates, the study recommends closer coordination between ASEAN countries in determining the optimal size and scope of these tax rates and other investment incentives. Additionally, focus on other country-specific factors affecting FDI flows, such as infrastructure, income, and population, is encouraged. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, fiscal incentives, ASEAN, foreign direct investment (FDI), tax policy, tax competition |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-17&r=sea |
| By: | Harahap, Berry (Asian Development Bank Institute); Bary, Pakasa (Asian Development Bank Institute); Panjaitan, Linda (Asian Development Bank Institute); Satyanugroho, Redianto (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of certain external shocks originating from the US and the PRC on Indonesia as a small open economy. The spillover effects of tapering off, an interest rate hike, exchange rate devaluation, and real gross domestic product (GDP) are analyzed. Two versions of the global vector autoregression model are employed, which covers 33 countries and considers both financial and trade relations among countries. Spillover assessments are conducted through impulse responses with 1,000 bootstrap replications, and compared to the responses of peer countries. The results suggest that the main risk for Indonesia’s real GDP is a shock to the PRC's real GDP, while a US interest rate hike is the greatest risk to Indonesia’s exchange rate depreciation in the short term, especially compared to the US tapering off. Moreover, the dominant transmission channel of US monetary tightening is through finance, dampening economic growth in small open economies. |
| Keywords: | Spillovers; small open economies; tapering off; interest rate hike; exchange rate devaluation; real GDP; US; PRC; Indonesia; |
| JEL: | C32 E17 F47 |
| Date: | 2016–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0616&r=sea |
| By: | Llanto, Gilberto M. |
| Abstract: | Globally, the rise of new and unexpected risks and shocks has impacted stable and poor societies alike, and some, especially the latter, have become increasingly dysfunctional. The Philippines is peculiarly challenged to build economic resilience as indicated by its high-risk exposure and vulnerability. The objective of this paper is to point to policymakers the importance of resilience thinking and the formulation of appropriate policy interventions to build economic resilience. Policymakers should be aware and conversant about risk analysis, risk management, and what policies can best respond to exogenous shocks. This is to say that such policies should be underpinned by policy analysis and research on resilience systems. There is also need for a shared vision in the communities and in the larger polity about what to do about those risks. Building economic resilience requires finding effective instruments, that is, policies and interventions to deal with different risks, shocks, for example, natural disasters, pandemics, financial crisis, and the traumatic effects of those shocks. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, resilience, structural transformation, risk, exposure, vulnerability, external shocks, natural disasters, financial crisis, pandemics, adaptability, absorptive capacity |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-09&r=sea |
| By: | Mina, Christian D.; Imai, Katsushi S. |
| Abstract: | Using the panel data for the Philippines in 2003-2009, the paper estimates a three-level random coefficient model to measure household vulnerability and to decompose it into idiosyncratic and covariate components. It corrects heterogeneity bias using Bell and Jones's (2015) "within-between" formulation. A majority of the poor and 18 percent of the nonpoor are found to be vulnerable to unobservable shocks, while both groups of households are more susceptible to idiosyncratic shocks than to covariate shocks. Adequate safety nets should be provided for vulnerable households that lack access to infrastructure, or are larger in size with more dependents and less-educated household heads. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, poverty, vulnerability, multilevel model, panel data |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-10&r=sea |
| By: | Albert, Jose Ramon G.; Serafica, Ramonette B.; Lumbera, Beverly T. |
| Abstract: | In the past one and a half decades, the world has vastly changed economic transactions, data sharing, and the entire general way of life given the dynamic and innovative landscape brought about by information and communications technologies (ICT). This paper first describes the deluge of digital data known as Big Data and its potentials for generating socioeconomic statistics given issues of veracity and privacy. It also gives a brief history of the Internet in the Philippines and discusses the increased Internet access and usage in the country. Other ICT statistics that describe a host of issues regarding the ICT sector, particularly infrastructure and the policy environment, are also examined. Finally, the paper provides some suggestions on how the country can make its digital dividends more inclusive. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, information and communications technology (ICT), Internet, digital dividends, Big Data, social media, veracity, privacy |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-16&r=sea |
| By: | Alano, Emmanuel (Asian Development Bank); Lee, Minsoo (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | Climate-related natural disaster shocks are expected to rise as the earth is getting warmer, which will adversely affect growth prospects globally. Current robust estimates of the effects of typhoons and droughts point to both short- and long-term declines in national incomes compared to predisaster trends and economic effects likely to persist up to 2 decades. Using the typhoon landfalls and damage in Asia, we analyze the wind–damage relationship and find damages to gross domestic product increase by 2.3% for an increase in maximum wind speed. The extreme projected temperature rise in Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 will result in higher damage by more than 50% in 2100. Vulnerable developing Asian economies could expect dampened growth with significant impacts on agriculture and tourism, a concern that may roll back years of development gains and exacerbate inequality. To cope with increasing disaster risks, both short-term adaptation strategies like relocation, government transfers, and other social safety nets, as well as long-term strategies like disaster insurance or similar ex ante mechanisms are needed. |
| Keywords: | Asia; climate impact; drought; natural disaster; typhoon |
| JEL: | I30 Q54 |
| Date: | 2016–12–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0503&r=sea |
| By: | Punzi, Maria Teresa (Asian Development Bank Institute); Chantapacdepong, Pornpinun (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | We assess the evolution of spillover effects of unconventional monetary policies on Asia and the Pacific region, and evaluate the impact on and implications for the macroeconomy. We develop a Panel Vector Auto Regression model for the Asia and Pacific region for a period covering data from first quarter 2000 until first quarter 2015. We split the overall sample into two subsets: the Pre-Crisis (2000q1–2006q4) and Post-Crisis (2009q1–2015q1) samples. We identify unconventional monetary policy shocks with a shadow interest rate estimated by Krippner (2013). We find that Asia and the Pacific region has responded to the advanced economies’ actions with accommodative monetary policy. Such lower interest rates were coupled with currency appreciation, asset price inflation, and strong movements in capital flows. Foreign investors have shifted their preferences for bonds in Asia and the Pacific. If prior to the Global Financial Crisis, the “global saving glut” hypothesis (i.e., Asian savings flight to the US) was one of the major effects resulting in booming US house prices, it is clear that a reversal effect has dominated the economy after the Global Financial Crisis: funds flight to Asia and the Pacific region putting pressure on asset prices, leading to financial vulnerability. |
| Keywords: | spillover effects; unconventional monetary policy (UMP); Global Financial Crisis (GFC); funds flight; global savings glut |
| JEL: | E44 E52 F41 |
| Date: | 2017–01–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0630&r=sea |
| By: | Deluna, Roperto Jr. S.; Hinlo, Jennifer E.; Ayala, Michael L. |
| Abstract: | Agricultural crop insurance is a risk management tool to counter shocks and risks in banana production. It is a mechanism for farmers to be protected from unexpected risks and a tool for them to recover from the shocks experienced. The Philippine Crop Insurance Corporation is mandated to provide insurance protection to the country’s agricultural producers, particularly the subsistence farmers, against natural disasters and other perils. This paper evaluated how agricultural insurance made an impact on banana growers in terms of managing risks and their well-being. The inputs, outputs, and outcomes relative to risk, agricultural investment, productivity, and access to credit are documented to provide options and strategies in improving the agricultural crop insurance in the country. Agricultural crop insurance at its present coverage level is not sufficient to create impact on stabilizing income of banana farmers hit by shocks. This could be attributed to low insurance coverage, which is only 55 percent of the production cost of banana. Without the subsidy of the government, and status quo on coverage and premium rate, crop insurance in the country will not be sustained in the case of banana. Agricultural insurance has not fully penetrated the whole banana industry yet because of the lack of information dissemination. Hence, educational programs to inform the farmers about the benefits of modern risk management schemes in banana should be prioritized because the major driver toward sustainable development of agriculture in the Philippines is to instill resiliency of farmers through agricultural crop insurance. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, disasters, Davao, Davao Region, impact evaluation, Philippine Crop Insurance Corporation, agricultural crop insurance, banana, resiliency |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-42&r=sea |
| By: | Lee, Minsoo (Asian Development Bank); Villaruel, Mai Lin (Asian Development Bank); Gaspar, Raymond (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | Using the Burke, Hsiang, and Miguel (2015) framework, we examine the nonlinear response effect of economic growth to historic temperature and precipitation fluctuations. We confirm that aside from the significant effect of rising temperature on agricultural production, industrial production and investment endeavors also serve as other potential channels through which temperature significantly affects overall economic productivity. We find the overall economic productivity of developing Asia to be at least 10% lower by 2100 relative to business as usual. We also empirically analyze policy measures and factors that could help countries mitigate consumption volatility driven by climate change-related events. Consistent with several microlevel findings, financial inclusiveness helps households mitigate consumption volatility amid temperature change. Likewise, government plays a critical role in moderating the negative impact of rising temperature in both output and consumption. |
| Keywords: | climate change; consumption volatility; developing Asia; global warming |
| JEL: | I30 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2016–12–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0501&r=sea |
| By: | Ramstetter, Eric D. |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the effects of foreign worker shares and MNE ownership on wages paid to males and female in five occupation groups in Malaysian manufacturing plants during 1994-1996, an important period coinciding with the end of the decade-long economic boom that preceded the Asian financial crisis. Random effects estimates of Mincer-type equations by occupation group and sex in large samples of all industries and in seven industry-level samples both suggest that use of foreign workers generally had insignificant effects on plant wages for most occupation-sex-(and industry) combinations. When significant, these estimates suggested that plants with relatively large shares of same sex-same occupation foreign worker shares tended to pay relatively high wages to relatively high wages to high-wage workers but relatively low wages to low-wage workers. The few significant effects of foreign workers of the different sex and same occupation and in different occupations were less systematic. Conditional MNE-local wage differentials were almost always positive when significant. Results from large samples of all industries combined indicate a strong tendency for MNEs to pay relatively high wages. However, allowing all slope coefficients to vary among seven industry groups suggests that MNE-local differentials were almost always insignificant in three industries and consistently significant in only one. |
| Keywords: | foreign workers, multinational enterprise, wages, manufacturing, Malaysia, foreign workers, multinational enterprise, wages, manufacturing, Malaysia, F22, F23, F66, J61, L60, O24, O53 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agi:wpaper:00000120&r=sea |
| By: | Huang, Xianguo (Asian Development Bank Institute); Yoshino, Naoyuki (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the impact of tax-financed universal health coverage schemes on macroeconomic aspects of labor supply, asset holding, inequality, and welfare, while taking into account features common to developing economies, such as informal employment and tax avoidance, by constructing a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with heterogeneous agents. Agents have different education levels, employment statuses, and idiosyncratic shocks. Given three tax financing options, calibration results based on the Thai economy suggest that the financing options matter for outcomes both at the aggregate and disaggregate levels. Universal health coverage, financed by labor income tax revenue, could reduce inequality due to its large redistributive role. Social welfare cannot be improved when labor decisions are endogenous and distortions are higher than the redistributive gains for all tax financing options. In the absence of labor supply choice, mild welfare gains are found. In a broader sense, the paper aims to provide a frame for policy evaluation of socioeconomic policies from both macro and micro perspectives, taking different social groups into consideration. |
| Keywords: | universal health insurance; dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model; tax finance; social welfare; labor supply |
| JEL: | E24 E26 E62 H23 H51 J11 |
| Date: | 2016–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0617&r=sea |
| By: | Balangue, Tonie O. |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the National Greening Program (NGP) process as implemented in the field and the environmental impacts. The municipalities of Sta. Cruz in Zambales, Basilisa in Dinagat Island, and Hinobaan in Negros Occidental were randomly selected from all the NGP sites. The methodology employed consisted of key informant interviews and focus group discussions for the survey, mapping, and planning (SMP); assessment of capability building, plantation quality assurance, seedling production, planting, and protection and maintenance; and actual impact measurements on the ground through sampling. Results showed that the required NGP processes were not fully complied with. However, the required survival rates of 85 percent were satisfied through replanting. The environmental impacts were gaining positive momentum through reduced temperature, soil build-up, soil fertility, soil moisture, wildlife, stumpage build-up, and carbon sequestration. Impacts on disaster risk reduction and climate change fell short due to lack of a suitable design. Recommendations to further improve NGP implementation include, among others, conduct of a full-blown SMP and feasibility study, compliance to required processes and standards, inclusion of a reforestation access road, linking reforestation to a business plan, and capability building of reforestation partners. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, National Greening Program (NGP), reforestation, survival rates, disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation/mitigation |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-11&r=sea |
| By: | Cuenca, Janet S. |
| Abstract: | The paper seeks to take stock of some of the key APEC documents/reports relevant to social protection and safety net programs, and also of the experience of APEC member-economies, with special focus on the Philippines, in implementing social protection measures. In particular, it attempts to identify and analyze social protection issues and challenges within the APEC context. In addition, it aims to provide insights, policy guidelines, and recommendations to improve social protection. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, APEC, social assistance, social protection, social security, labor market policies, pension, social insurance programs, social safety nets |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-03&r=sea |
| By: | Silfverberg, Denise Valerie; Orbeta, Aniceto Jr. C. |
| Abstract: | Making higher education more accessible for the poor serves the equity objective. Until today, the main policy tool to achieve this objective is funding public higher institutions. This has been shown to have no significant correlation on the enrollment of the poor by earlier studies. This paper assesses a new initiative of the Philippine government called the Students Grants-in-Aid Program for Poverty Alleviation (SGP-PA) implemented starting 2012. While there are other grants-in-aid programs, SGP-PA has two important unique features, namely, (a) it is well-targeted to identified Pantawid Pamilya households and (b) it provides a grant amount that is sufficient to cover all normal education expenses including living allowance. The assessment is done by comparing the academic performance of grantees to that of their peers. The results show that their poorer socioeconomic background appears to be reflected only in their poorer grades in the first year. By their second year, they are already performing at par in Math and even better than their peers in Science and English. The study also highlights the importance of entrance exam scores in the academic performance of both grantees and their peers. Finally, the study also documents the challenges that the program is facing and provides recommendations on how to address these challenges. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, higher education, grants-in-aid (GIAs), affirmative action |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-19&r=sea |
| By: | Tabunda, Ana Maria L.; Albert, Jose Ramon G.; Angeles-Agdeppa, Imelda |
| Abstract: | The link between malnutrition and poor health among elementary school children and absenteeism, early dropout and poor classroom performance as well as the effectiveness of school-based nutrition and health interventions in improving school performance are well-established in the literature. Thus, the Department of Education has been conducting conditional food transfer programs since 1997. Its current program, the School-Based Feeding Program, as implemented in school year (SY) 2013-2014, fed 40,361 severely wasted pupils enrolled in Kindergarten to Grade Six in 814 public elementary schools in the country. This paper presents the findings from the impact evaluation of the SY 2013-2014 implementation of the program. This is a follow-up on the process evaluation conducted by the PIDS. The study employed mixed methods research, undertaking qualitative surveys while undertaking focus group discussions. The findings indicate that, except for inaccurate measurement of nutrition status variables and improper documentation of the program in all its three phases (prefeeding, feeding, and postfeeding), the program was generally implemented well by the beneficiary schools, and welcomed not only by program beneficiaries and their parents but also by many of the school heads and teachers of the beneficiary pupils. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, impact evaluation, health and nutrition, school children, school-based feeding program, food for education program |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-05&r=sea |
| By: | Picazo, Oscar F.; Dela Cruz, Nina Ashley O.; Ortiz, Danica Aisa P.; Pantig, Ida Marie T.; Aldeon, Melanie P.; Tanghal, Juan Alfonso O. |
| Abstract: | This impact evaluation of the Health Facilities Enhancement Program (HFEP) of the Department of Health provides a preliminary analysis on its effects, particularly on the utilization of local health services, due to the improvement in capital stock. Furthermore, the evaluation attempts to present certain problems and issues encountered in the implementation of the program. The first part of this paper provides a general overview of what an impact evaluation is and gives the sampling frame of the study. Site visits were conducted in 107 hospitals/infirmaries and 159 rural health units/city health offices. These include HFEP-recipient and a few non-HFEP recipient facilities. An overview of facilities that received HFEP grants is then provided, as well as the completion and functionality of HFEP infrastructure projects in visited facilities. In the conduct of the impact evaluation, health service utilization through number of birth deliveries, outpatient consultations, and inpatients was compared in both HFEP and non-HFEP facilities. The aim is to identify trends and patterns in utilization, if there is an increase. Subsequently, bottlenecks in the evaluation were also revealed, particularly in comparing the volume of services before, during, and after HFEP. In connection to this, some analytical challenges concerning confounding factors and some proposed analytical approaches in undertaking an impact evaluation of capital investments are also given. The final part of this paper provides a conclusion on the impact of HFEP in health utilization, and some proposed areas for further study and research. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, Health Facilities Enhancement Program (HFEP), impact evaluation, health facilities, health infrastructure, medical equipment, health utilization |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-14&r=sea |
| By: | Inocencio, Arlene B.; Ureta, Carl; Baulita, Alex; Baulita, Arman; Clemente, Roberto S.; Luyun, Roger Jr. A.; Elazegui, Dulce D. |
| Abstract: | This discussion paper presents an analysis of the performance of national (NIS) and communal irrigation systems (CIS) by region, complemented by technical and institutional assessments of 30 sample NIS and 66 sample CIS in Luzon. It shows that there is value in looking at subnational trends. Using secondary data from the central and regional offices of the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) and the systems, complemented by key informant interviews and ocular inspections, this study establishes key institutional and technical constraints to improving the performance of NIS and CIS systems. In addition to the selected key performance indicators, some ratios are used to characterize the capacities of the systems in terms of manpower, level of functionality, financial structure, and productivity of the systems. This study examines the NIS cases by province, size (large, medium, small), technology (gravity type vs pump type), location (upstream, midstream, downstream), vintage (pre-NIA, 1965-1980, 1981-2013), and by some measures of "success", and presents a number of instructive results. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, irrigation performance, management and development of irrigation systems, irrigators’ association, Luzon, national irrigation system, communal irrigation system |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-12&r=sea |
| By: | Pastrana, Cleofe S.; Lagarto, Marites B. |
| Abstract: | Bottom-up budgeting (BUB) is a mechanism implemented to institutionalize and incentivize grassroots participation, as represented by civil society organizations, in the planning and budgeting of their respective cities or municipalities. This paper assesses how the various participatory steps were conducted and how the selected subprojects from the previous budgeting round was being implemented. Specifically, this paper focuses on three local government units in Camarines Sur, with various levels of development and participation in government programs. The assessment was conducted by observing the BUB activities of the study sites, conducting interviews and focus group discussions, and validating findings against secondary data. Findings on the general usefulness of the BUB, its current guidelines, and interaction with corollary government programs were highlighted, along with recommendations. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, poverty reduction, local governance, grassroots, bottom-up budgeting (BUB), Camarines Sur, participatory budgeting, civil society organizations (CSOs) |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-25&r=sea |
| By: | Luna, Maria Paz G. |
| Abstract: | The National Greening Program (NGP) comes after a dip in the country's forest cover and a decade after a large reforestation program was judged to be unsustainable. Large-scale reforestation globally has met with limited success but as a jump-start mechanism that carpet bombed large denuded areas with reforestation effort, the NGP seems to have succeeded in at least two of its measured metrics. As a bonus, the uniformity and strict monitoring of the program, both in survival rates and financial flows, can be used to clean up the Department of Environment and Natural Resources bureaucracy if complaints can be acted on swiftly, and results are communicated to complainants. To ensure efficiency and sustainability, a succeeding program would need to diversify methods based on scale, existing forest cover, and implementer's motivations; use strategic policy interventions and targeted protection measures; and be implemented by an organization with a clear reforestation and forest production mandate and with skills for dispute resolution, organizing, and efficient technology transfer. Digital media would also have to be taken advantage of for mapping, public buy-in, crowd-sourced strategies, and methods and transparency. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, National Greening Program (NGP), reforestation, forestry law enforcement, tree planting, geotagging trees, forestry agency |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-29&r=sea |
| By: | Manasan, Rosario G. |
| Abstract: | Bottom-up budgeting (BUB) is a government program that is envisioned to institutionalize and incentivize grassroots participation in local planning and budgeting in all cities and municipalities. This study aims (i) to examine how the key steps in the planning and prioritization of projects that will be funded under the BUB for the fiscal year (FY) 2016 planning cycle are implemented in terms of extent of participation of civil society organizations (CSO), local government unit (LGU)-CSO engagement, and the integration of BUB processes in the mainstream local planning processes; and (ii) to report on the pace of implementation of FY 2013 and FY 2014 BUB subprojects and to identify the bottlenecks affecting the same. Based on the BUB experience in the 12 case study sites, this study argues that CSO participation in the BUB may be characterized on the basis of how the LGUs actually operationalized the key features of the BUB. The study then juxtaposed the extent of CSO participation in the BUB in the 12 study sites. It measured the share of CSO-identified or proposed projects in the total project cost of all BUB subprojects against the actual conduct of the CSO assembly and Local Poverty Reduction Action Plan (LPRAP) workshop in these LGUs to gain a better understanding of the relative importance of the various aspects that comprise CSO participation in the BUB. On the other hand, the evaluation of the pace of implementation of the subprojects prioritized and included in the LPRAPs of the 12 study sites for FY 2013 and FY 2014 shows mixed results. While the implementation of FY 2014 BUB subprojects is faster than the implementation of FY 2013 BUB subprojects in terms of project completion, procurement, and provision of national government agency feedback to LGUs, some deterioration in the downloading of project funds is evident between these two years. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, bottom-up budgeting (BUB), participatory budgeting, civil society organizations (CSOs), accountability, LGU-CSO engagement, local governance, basic sector organizations |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-23&r=sea |
| By: | Medalla, Erlinda M.; del Prado, Fatima; Mantaring, Melalyn C.; Maddawin, Angelica B. |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses one of the pillars of the "Big Push" for micro, small, and medium enterprise (MSME) development of the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI): the shared service facility (SSF). Implemented in 2013, SSF seeks to address the gaps and bottlenecks in the value chain of priority industry clusters through the provision of processing and/or manufacturing machinery, equipment, tools, and related accessories for the common use of MSMEs. The assessment used case studies of selected three project sites where focus group discussions (FGDs) were held and preliminary data on output, performance, and costs could be obtained. Overall data from DTI on SSF were also utilized. The results appear promising, although still not robust enough because of insufficient data, and the program being still in early stage (2nd year) of implementation. The project costs very little, but it has had notable and substantial impact on jobs and productivity. This is indicated by the low estimates of the implicit subsidy per worker and generally favorable measure of the benefit-cost ratio of projects undertaken under the program. In addition, the FGDs, on the whole, brought out encouraging feedback from all concerned. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), SME development, shared service facility |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-18&r=sea |
| By: | Orbeta, Aniceto Jr. C.; Gonzales, Kathrina G.; Cortes, Sol Francesca S. |
| Abstract: | Higher education is a key driver of the economic growth of countries. Any country hopes that its universities, including state colleges and universities (SUCs) and private higher education institutions (PHEIs), produce the manpower needed to propel the country into high, sustained, and equitable development. This can be achieved if its universities respond well to changes in the labor market. This study seeks to review and assess how well the SUCs and PHEIs respond to regional market demands through wage premium analysis and their experience in introducing new program offerings, changing curriculums, and closing programs. To achieve this, it analyzes the developments in labor market outcomes such as wage premiums at the discipline level derived using data from the Labor Force Survey. It also uses focus group discussions with both SUCs and PHEIs to document and understand the relative ease of introducing changes into their academic programs in response to labor market changes. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, higher education, curriculum, programs, labor market, wage differentials |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-08&r=sea |
| By: | Herrin, Alejandro N. |
| Abstract: | In 2015, based on the latest survey of the Food Nutrition Research Institute, childhood stunting affected one-third (33%) of children under five years. This is equivalent to 3.78 million children in 2015. Moreover, there has been little progress in reducing stunting prevalence in the last 20 years. The strategic importance of stunting prevention cannot be overemphasized in view of its short- and long-term consequences on health, learning, and economic productivity, and the short period of time that it can be effectively prevented (the first 1000 days from conception to age 2 years). Moreover, cost-effective interventions to address the situation are known and regularly updated. Assessments of specific nutrition projects have uncovered various implementation issues of targeting, coordination, management structures, logistics, and sustainability. On the other hand, recent sector-level assessment has uncovered a number of structural issues of governance--local mobilization to implement nutrition program; limited resources for nutrition; and organizational--effective coordination by the National Nutrition Council National Secretariat in a devolved set-up. Responding to these structural issues requires a new approach to address them. An approach suggested in the paper is to take advantage of existing opportunities offered, first, by the increasing global interest in child stunting, and second, by the existing platforms for identifying the poor and for delivering and financing health services. The paper outlines an approach for consideration and discussion. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, health service delivery, childhood stunting, maternal and child care, micronutrients |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-21&r=sea |
| By: | Albert, Jose Ramon G.; Yasay, Donald B.; Gaspar, Raymond E. |
| Abstract: | Research and development (R&D) activities have long been recognized as one of the critical components to improve a country's productivity and competitiveness as well as people's well-being. Notable advancements in agriculture (to develop new variety of crops), health (to improve nutrition and combat various diseases), industry (to develop new products and services), as well as in climate change adaptation and mitigation are products of R&D. The Department of Science and Technology (DOST), chiefly through sectoral councils and R&D performers, has been successfully undertaking or supporting a considerable share of R&D activities in the country while noting limited resources available. However, there is a need to improve the thrust for R&D, which may require the conduct of an R&D summit to finalize the scope of the government's R&D medium- and long-term agenda. The DOST also needs to reexamine the distribution of grant-in-aid funds to R&D institutes and identify breakdowns of R&D funding for basic research, applied research, and development. The DOST may need to pilot test scientific methods, such as Analytic Hierarchy Processes, for selection of R&D proposals for funding by its sectoral councils. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, impact evaluation, research and development (R&D), Department of Science and Technology (DOST), R&D institutes, grant-in-aid (GIA) fund, R&D activities |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-04&r=sea |
| By: | Serafica, Ramonette B. |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the evidence on service innovation using the 2012 Census of Philippine Business and Industry and the 2009 Pilot Survey of Innovation Activities. It reveals the wide variation in R&D intensities and differences in innovation behavior between the manufacturing and services sectors, for example, with respect to information sources and innovation activities. Many similarities were also detected in terms of service product innovation, the popularity of organizational innovation, and the preference for training activities, among others. Looking at structural factors, the probit regression analyses indicate that the size of the firm is a good determinant for all types of innovation. Ownership and age were also significant for certain innovation outputs, which could help inform policies on foreign direct investment and entrepreneurship. The results of this paper reveal the importance of service innovation not only for the services sector but also for the manufacturing sector consistent with servicification. In general, different types of innovation are undertaken by industries for various reasons, and the technological and nontechnological forms of innovation complement each other. If the government aims to promote economy-wide upgrading, support for innovation should not favor only one type of innovation output or activity. Further research on innovation behavior to cover more industries will be useful in developing a comprehensive and more nuanced approach to innovation policy. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, services, research and development (R&D), innovation, manufacturing, servicification |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-20&r=sea |
| By: | Navarro, Adoracion M.; Detros, Keith C.; dela Cruz, Kirsten J. |
| Abstract: | This study evaluates the achievement of the desired outcomes of the competition policies contained in the Electric Power Industry Restructuring Act of 2001 (EPIRA). It traces the evolution of the electric power industry before EPIRA and post-EPIRA. It looks at impacts on the consumers in terms of price affordability and supply reliability, and impact on production efficiency in terms of system loss reduction. In pre-EPIRA, electricity price in the Philippines was already high relative to other countries. Trends show that, in real terms, there was a price uptrend during the transition (2001-2005) toward the start of competition in the generation sector. There was a slight downtrend in the real price of electricity after the introduction of spot electricity trading, but the price of electricity remains high and it has not declined to pre-EPIRA levels. There is a danger that the findings on price trends could provide ammunition to those advocating the repeal of the EPIRA and renationalization of the industry. It must be emphasized, however, that the country has a long history of private sector-led electric power industry. Moreover, the nationalization years were marked by inefficiencies and fiscal problems that were not borne by electricity consumers alone but by the whole country. Thus, calls to repeal EPIRA are ill-advised. What needs to be done is to find ways of improving its implementation. The electricity spot market has to be governed by an independent market operator, regulatory capacity has to be strengthened, and the energy department needs to beef up its planning function. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, competition, EPIRA, electric power industry, restructuring, electricity price |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-15&r=sea |
| By: | Parel, Danileen Kristel C.; Detros, Keith C.; De Guzman, Reinier T. |
| Abstract: | Bottom-up budgeting (BUB) is a mechanism implemented to institutionalize and incentivize grassroots participation, as represented by civil society organizations, in the planning and budgeting of their respective cities or municipalities. This paper assesses how the various participatory steps were conducted and how the selected subprojects from the previous budgeting round was being implemented. Specifically, this paper focuses on three local government units in Zamboanga del Norte, with various levels of development and participation in government programs. The assessment was conducted by observing the BUB activities of the study sites, conducting interviews and focus group discussions, and validating findings against secondary data. Findings on the general usefulness of the BUB, its current guidelines, and interaction with corollary government programs were highlighted, along with recommendations. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, poverty reduction, local governance, grassroots, bottom-up budgeting (BUB), participatory budgeting, civil society organizations (CSOs), Zamboanga del Norte |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-24&r=sea |
| By: | Arief Yusuf; Martin Daniel Siyaranamual; Aisyah Amatul Ghina; Megananda Suryana |
| Abstract: | Despite the increasing number of studies on self-reported happiness, due to data availability, only a few studies from developing countries exist. Moreover, eventhough climate is among the most important input to human activities, only a handfull of studies explicitly associate it with self-reported wellbeing. This paper combines a survey of 17,000 individuals representing 85% of Indonesian population and GIS data on local climate to establish a causation between climate variables (temperature and rainfalls) on individual subjective well-being. We found that happiness is not associated with temperature, as expected because tropical country like Indonesia does not have much temperature variation. However, rainfall is found to significantly associated with self-reported happiness. We found that the relationship is not linear, where higher rainfall is associated with more happiness but it reduces it after some point. Policy implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | climate; subjective-well-being; happiness; Indonesia |
| JEL: | R19 Q29 |
| Date: | 2016–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa16p165&r=sea |
| By: | Darvas, Zsolt (Asian Development Bank Institute); Schoenmaker, Dirk (Asian Development Bank Institute); Véron, Nicolas (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | European Union (EU) countries offer a unique experience of financial regulatory and supervisory integration, complementing various other European integration efforts following the Second World War. Financial regulatory and supervisory integration was a very slow process before 2008, despite significant cross-border integration, especially of wholesale financial markets. However, the policy framework proved inadequate in the context of the major financial crisis in the EU starting in 2007, and especially in the euro area after 2010. That crisis triggered major changes to European financial regulation and to the financial supervisory architecture, most prominently with the creation of three new European supervisory authorities in 2011 and the gradual establishment of European banking union starting in 2012. The banking union is a major structural institutional change for the EU, arguably the most significant since the introduction of the euro. Even in its current highly incomplete form, and with no prospects for rapid completion, the banking union has improved financial supervision in the euro area and increased the euro area’s resilience. Asian financial integration lags well behind Europe, and there is no comparable political and legal integration. Nevertheless, Asia can draw useful lessons from European experiences in multiple areas that include the harmonization of the microprudential framework, proper macroprudential structures, and participation in global financial authorities. |
| Keywords: | Financial regulation; banking union; european union; banking crisis |
| JEL: | F36 F65 G21 G22 G28 |
| Date: | 2016–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0615&r=sea |
| By: | Dacuycuy, Connie B. |
| Abstract: | This paper is one of the few studies that systematically analyze housework in the Philippines. It seeks to understand how wage and attitudes to work and family life affect the time devoted to housework. Based on different specifications and estimators, our findings indicate that the respondent’s own wage is not a significant predictor of his or her housework hours, but it is a significant predictor of the spouse’s time devoted to nonmarket production. We find that the husband’s housework hours are positively affected by the female respondent’s wage while the wife’s housework hours are negatively affected by the male respondent’s wage. We turn to the Philippine context to explain these results and find the combination of egalitarian society and gender inequality in the labor market as plausible explanations. Results also show that both wage and attitudes have direct effects on the wife’s housework time but that some of the effects of wage are mediated by the respondent’s attitudes toward gender roles. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, housework, wage, specialization, instrumental variable technique |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-36&r=sea |
| By: | Xu, Ying (Asian Development Bank Institute); La, Hai Anh (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the spillover effects of the United States’ unconventional monetary policy (i.e., quantitative easing programs adopted during 2008–2014) on the Asian credit market. With a focus on cross-border bank lending, we employed firm-level loan data with regard to the syndicated loan market and measured the international bank lending channel through changes in United States dollar-denominated loans extended to Asian borrowers. We found that the growth of dollar credit in Asia increased substantially in response to quantitative easing in the United States financial market. The results of this study confirm the existence of the bank lending channel in Asia and emphasize the role of credit flows in transmitting financial conditions. The paper also provides new evidence of cross-border liquidity spillover in the syndicated loan market. We found that the overall spillover effect was large but differed significantly in Asia by types of borrowing firms, financing purposes, and loan terms at different stages of the quantitative easing programs. The paper concludes with a discussion of relevant policy implications for the region. |
| Keywords: | Spillovers; unconventional monetary policy; UMP; United States; Asian credit market; credit flows; spillover effects; cross-border liquidity; bank lending channel |
| JEL: | F21 F36 G01 G21 G28 |
| Date: | 2016–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0619&r=sea |
| By: | Porciuncula, Alma D.; Erfe, Doreen Carla E.; Navarro, Adoracion M. |
| Abstract: | Past and present administrations have implemented water supply and sanitation (WSS) programs to increase the number of households with access to safe drinking water and sanitary toilet facilities. This study examines the President's Priority Program for Water and the Sagana at Ligtas na Tubig Para sa Lahat Program. It finds underachievement of targets, which was a result of institutional framework weaknesses, capacity and governance constraints, and fundamental gaps in program implementation. Given the remaining unmet needs in WSS, the study recommends that an improved successor program that also has a nationwide scope be designed. It also provides recommendations on how to improve the overall implementation of the successor program, the grant allocation and prioritization, the stakeholder participation, and funds management and disbursement. In addition, it presents a possible framework for a monitoring and evaluation plan of future WSS programs and a database that can be used in the future for ranking and prioritization, monitoring, and estimation of investment requirements. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, impact evaluation, water supply, sanitation, process evaluation, water supply and sanitation (WSS), Salintubig, LGU-CSO engagement |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-22&r=sea |
| By: | Chakravarty, Satya R. (Asian Development Bank Institute); Chattopadhyay, Nachiketa (Asian Development Bank Institute); Silber, Jacques (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates the number of poor in various countries in Asia by applying an “amalgam poverty line”, which is a weighted average of an absolute poverty line (such as $1.25 per day or $1.45 per day) and a reference income (such as the mean or the median income). The number of poor is computed under various values of the weight applied to the absolute poverty line, namely 100%, 90%, 66%, and 50%. The paper provides estimates of the headcount ratio and poverty gap ratio under the various scenarios for 25 different countries or regions examined. |
| Keywords: | Poverty; poverty line; poverty measurement; poverty headcount ratio; poverty gap ratio |
| JEL: | D31 D63 I32 O53 |
| Date: | 2016–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0610&r=sea |
| By: | Fujii, Tomoki (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | The body of literature on vulnerability is growing. We classify studies on the concepts and measurements of vulnerability to poverty into welfarist, expected poverty, and axiomatic approaches. Empirical studies on vulnerability to poverty in Asia and elsewhere show that poverty and vulnerability are related but different, and that key determinants of vulnerability often include education and location. We also briefly review other areas of vulnerability analysis such as vulnerability to climate change and recommend policies. |
| Keywords: | poverty; vulnerability |
| JEL: | I32 O10 |
| Date: | 2016–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0611&r=sea |
| By: | Ross, Peter K. |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how Filipino-based business process outsourcing centers have been developing services, including offshore "staff leasing" and "co-managed services" arrangements, that are helping to overcome traditional small and medium enterprise (SME) resource constraints. These "micro-offshoring" models greatly reduce transaction costs for Australian SMEs seeking to outsource/offshore former in-house work and appear to be supporting a rapid increase in the number of Australian-based SMEs offshoring professional services to the Philippines. Micro-offshoring further provides job opportunities for Filipino tertiary graduates and entrepreneurial opportunities for local Filipino SMEs looking to enter and tap this market. This research also suggests that it may encourage Australian SMEs to shift to more long-term offshoring models over time, such as local incorporation, and therefore foster foreign direct investment. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, micro-offshoring, outsourcing, BPO, Australian SMEs, staff leasing, co-managed services |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-35&r=sea |
| By: | Anzano, Corazon G.; Alvarez, Julian Thomas B. |
| Abstract: | This study evaluates the impact of the agricultural insurance program on agricultural producers in Central Visayas (Region VII) on the premise that agricultural crop insurance is a potential risk-mitigating tool. Agricultural insurance, through the Philippine Crop Insurance Corporation (PCIC), is seen as a mechanism that can be used by farmers to manage risks and improve their well-being. The Cebu provincial government allocated PHP 8 million in 2015 and PHP 10 million in 2016 for agricultural insurance. The corn farmers need only to comply with the administrative requirements to enjoy the benefits of agricultural insurance. Data were gathered through on-site observation and a survey instrument designed by PIDS in collaboration with the regional partner universities. For Central Visayas, 510 corn farmers listed in either the PCIC client list or the RSBSA were randomly chosen from the municipalities in the region. They were categorized into three types corresponding to the treatment and control groups of the study. Findings showed that agricultural insurance has a positive and significant impact on incomes of corn farmers, particularly those with corn farms greater than 0.5 hectare. Six variables were found to have significant impacts to availment of agricultural insurance by corn farmers. These were membership in farmers’ organization, size of farmlands, educational attainment of the farmer, location of the farmer’s household relative to the PCIC office, status of land tenure, and access to community-level facilities. Given the importance of the agricultural sector and its positive impact to corn farmers in Central Visayas, what is important is to address how corn farmers can be motivated to avail themselves of agricultural insurance and enjoy its benefits. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, impact evaluation, Philippine Crop Insurance Corporation, agricultural crop insurance, corn, Central Visayas |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-47&r=sea |
| By: | Htoo, Kyan; Zu, A Myint |
| Abstract: | Labor migration is a pervasive feature of life in contemporary Myanmar, but has been the subject of only limited research. Most of this work has focused on international migrants, leaving internal migration comparatively understudied. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, |
| Date: | 2016–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:midamp:251852&r=sea |
| By: | Morgan, Peter (Asian Development Bank Institute); Long, Trinh Q. (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | Since 1975, Viet Nam has gradually decentralized more fiscal responsibilities to local authorities. This study has two objectives: (i) to take stock of the current institutional framework for intergovernmental fiscal relations in Viet Nam, and (ii) to empirically assess the debt sustainability of local governments in Viet Nam. The empirical analysis uses two estimation methods: (i) fully modified ordinary least squares (OLS) to estimate the long-term correlations between co-integration equations, including vectors of co-integration variables, and stochastic regressor innovations; and (ii) fiscal reaction equations at the provincial level, based upon the Bohn (2008) model. The empirical results suggest that deficit levels are generally sustainable at the local level. |
| Keywords: | Government decentralization; government fiscal balance; intra-government transfers; expenditure assignment; revenue assignment; local government borrowing; Viet Nam |
| JEL: | H70 H71 H72 H74 H77 |
| Date: | 2016–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0613&r=sea |
| By: | Win, Myat Thida; Thinzar, Aye Mya; Zu, A Myint |
| Abstract: | Recent evidence suggests that the mechanization of agriculture is proceeding rapidly in areas of Myanmar close to the country’s major city, Yangon, as farmers - driven by the need to remain profitable in the face of labor shortages and rising wage rates - adopt a variety of labor saving technologies |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance, Farm Management, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, |
| Date: | 2016–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:midamp:251851&r=sea |
| By: | Briones, Roehlano M. |
| Abstract: | This study implements an updated set of projections for Philippine agriculture, which addresses the following key issues: (1) the proper modeling of land allocation to better analyze the implications of land scarcity under climate change; (2) the impact of climate change, agricultural productivity growth, and trade liberalization on agriculture; (3) the indirect impacts of climate change and agricultural productivity growth on the rest of the economy; and (4) the impact of productivity growth in manufacturing and services on agriculture, including on agricultural wages. To address the first and second issues, the study provides a new approach toward modeling land allocation, and updated projections for agriculture to 2030 using the extended Agricultural Model for Policy Evaluation (AMPLE). The study will address the third and fourth issues by extending AMPLE into a computable general equilibrium (CGE) version, called AMPLE – CGE, which is still being developed. This report documents the compilation of the AMPLE – CGE data set, namely, the 2013 Social Accounting Matrix. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, area allocation, quasi-fixed factor, partial equilibrium model, constant elasticity of transformation, Agricultural Model for Policy Evaluation (AMPLE), computable general equilibrium (CGE), Philippine agriculture, Social Accounting Matrix, agricultural productivity |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-38&r=sea |
| By: | Aizawa, Toshiaki (Asian Development Bank Institute); Helble, Matthias (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | Despite Japan’s highly developed housing market, little is known about the determinants of renter-to-homeowner tenure transition. Exploiting the Japanese longitudinal household data of the Keio Household Panel Survey (2004–2013), this paper aims to close this gap. Our results show that income level and increase in family size are the strongest determinants for homeownership in Japan. We find that although both rural and urban households with higher incomes are more likely to transition to homeownership, access in rural areas is more equally distributed over various income groups. Since most of the previous empirical studies on tenure choice pay little attention to wealth as a measure of purchasing power, possibly due to data limitation, we draw attention to it and its relative levels. We find that household wealth levels matter, particularly in urban areas, whereas in rural areas homeownership is more equally distributed. Nonetheless, given the relatively low levels of household wealth among renters, our results suggest that income is a more important determinant of successful tenure transition. |
| Keywords: | homeownership; housing tenure; tenure choice in Japan; Japanese homeowner |
| JEL: | R21 R30 |
| Date: | 2016–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0625&r=sea |
| By: | Popoola, Oluwatoyin Muse Johnson; Ratnawati, Vince; Hamid, Mohamad Ali Abdul |
| Abstract: | Prior studies examine the influence of institutional ownership and managerial ownership on earnings management with conflicting results. This research investigates the inconsistent results with a developed framework through the interaction effect of institutional ownership and firm size on the relationship between managerial ownership and earnings management. The study carries out a test using a sample of 115 manufacturing companies listed on Indonesian Stock Exchange from 2008 to 2012. The least square regression analysis serves as statistical analysis tool of the study. The study shows that managerial ownership affects earnings management practices. Institutional ownership and firm size moderate the relationship between managerial ownership and earnings management. The presence of institutional ownership possesses the likelihood of a reduction in the practice of earnings management. |
| Keywords: | Managerial Ownership, Institutional Ownership, Firm Size, Earnings Management, Listed Manufacturing Companies, Developing Country |
| JEL: | M0 M1 M4 |
| Date: | 2016–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:75943&r=sea |
| By: | Elif C Arbatli; Csaba Feher; Jack J Ree; Ikuo Saito; Mauricio Soto |
| Abstract: | Automatic adjustment mechanisms (AAMs)—rules ensuring that certain characteristics of a pension system respond to demographic, macroeconomic and financial developments, in a predetermined fashion and without the need for additional intervention—have been introduced in many OECD countries to tackle public pension schemes’ deteriorating financial sustainability. Incorporating AAMs—in particular linking retirement age to life expectancy—can be an important part of pension reforms in Asia. If implemented early, AAMs could help prevent the need for sharp adjustments in the future, increase the predictability and inter-generational equity of pension systems and enhance confidence. |
| Keywords: | Pensions;Japan;Korea, Republic of;China;Asia;Retirement;Pension reforms;Pension System Reform, Automatic Adjustment Mechanisms |
| Date: | 2016–12–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:16/242&r=sea |
| By: | Ibhagui, Oyakhilome |
| Abstract: | The global economy has, in recent times, continued to face large and unprecedented external imbalances. Despite reductions recorded in aggregate current account (saving less investment) to global output ratio, the imbalances still remain. The main contributors to the imbalances have been the world’s developed economies. These developed economies have experienced fluctuating current account balances over the years and the fluctuation has contributed to a slow correction of the imbalances. This paper identifies 5 developed economies with the highest fluctuations in current account balances and analyses the sources of these fluctuations. The countries are Singapore, Latvia, Iceland, Norway and Estonia. Results obtained suggest that 1) temporary shocks account for most current account fluctuations, and the excess response to temporary shocks is as stable and pronounced as in previous studies; 2) permanent shocks drive current account fluctuations in Iceland and Latvia but not in Norway, Estonia, and Singapore; 3) Singapore demonstrates the most support for the two-good intertemporal model, since external supply and demand shocks account for its current account fluctuations |
| Keywords: | Current account fluctuations, two-good intertemporal model, VAR and impulse response, V5 Economies |
| JEL: | C1 F3 F4 F41 |
| Date: | 2015–10–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:75881&r=sea |
| By: | Chakravarty, Satya R. (Asian Development Bank Institute); Chattopadhyay, Nachiketa (Asian Development Bank Institute); Silber, Jacques (Asian Development Bank Institute); Wan, Guanghua (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | Given a poverty line, a person who is non-poor (poor) currently may not be treated as non-poor (poor) in a vulnerable situation. The poverty line is adjusted in the presence of vulnerability such that the utility of a person at the current poverty line and that at the adjusted poverty line become identical. Using an additive model of vulnerability, it is shown that if the utility function obeys constant Arrow-Pratt absolute risk aversion, then the harmonized poverty line is a simple absolute augmentation of the current poverty line. On the other hand, under a multiplicative model of vulnerability with constant Arrow-Pratt relative risk aversion, the revised poverty line is a simple relative augmentation of the current poverty line. Empirical illustrations assume that constant relative risk aversion applies to Asia and the Pacific. Upward adjustment of the poverty line under increased vulnerability, as captured through the value of the risk aversion parameter, is also observed. |
| Keywords: | Poverty; vulnerability; poverty line; Arrow-Pratt risk aversion |
| JEL: | D84 I32 |
| Date: | 2016–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0612&r=sea |
| By: | Le, Thai-Ha (RMIT University); Chang, Youngho (Nanyang Technological University); Park, Donghyun (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | We examine the role of governance and vulnerability to climate change in green growth using a global panel data set of 122 countries in 2000‒2012. We find that, as expected, governance has a positive effect on environmental performance and vulnerability to climate change has a negative effect. This suggests that promoting good governance and reducing climate change vulnerability can contribute to a cleaner environment. We find qualitatively similar results for the subsample of high-income countries, but governance does not have a significant effect for the subsamples of upper-middleincome, lower-middle-income, and low-income countries. One possible interpretation is that high-income countries have environmental policies which are strong enough to protect the environment, whereas other countries have relatively weak environmental policies which need to be strengthened. |
| Keywords: | air quality; governance; green growth; PM2.5; vulnerability to climate change |
| JEL: | Q56 |
| Date: | 2016–11–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0500&r=sea |
| By: | Olarreaga, Marcelo (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | This paper surveys the literature on trade and development, especially on complementarities associated with trade infrastructure. The empirical literature shows that, on average, trade causes growth, but the relationship is far from homogeneous across countries since initial conditions matter. Although the empirical literature shows that investment in soft and hard infrastructure has an unambiguously positive impact on trade flows, the theoretical literature argues that priority should be given to investments in national rather than international infrastructure in countries with relatively poor national infrastructure. This paper finds that data support this prediction. |
| Keywords: | trade; trade infrastructure; investments; development |
| JEL: | F10 O19 O47 |
| Date: | 2016–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0626&r=sea |
| By: | Zhang, Li (Asian Development Bank Institute); Xu, Xianxiang (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | We explore the relationship between land policies and urbanization in the PRC. We analyze the land policies associated with urbanization and summarize findings related to central and local government involvement in the process of urbanization. In particular, we explore the relationship between urbanization and land leasing. We find that the urbanization rate and the land leasing revenue are positively related. Land leasing provides financial support for PRC urbanization, but damages the interest of landless peasants. Especially in the west, population urbanization lags behind land urbanization, resulting in much higher land and house prices in the east than those in inland PRC. Current land and household registration policies hinder the mobility of production factors, including construction land and the labor force, and distort the process of urbanization and industrialization. Land policy should be revised such that the market determines the allocation of land resources, which will create a unified, competitive urban–rural land market. |
| Keywords: | Urbanization; land policy; land leasing; land prices; hukou system |
| JEL: | H71 P26 R52 |
| Date: | 2016–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0614&r=sea |
| By: | Fukuda, Shin-ichi (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the spillover effects of Japan’s quantitative and qualitative easing (QQE) on East Asian economies. Under the new monetary policy regime, the Japanese yen depreciated substantially, raising concerns that it would have a regional beggar-thy-neighbor effect. It is thus important to see what effects the QQE had on neighboring economies. Our empirical investigation of East Asian stock markets finds that they first reacted to the yen’s depreciation negatively, yet came to respond positively as the QQE progressed, implying that the QQE had a much smaller beggar-thy-neighbor effect than was originally feared. We show that the QQE benefited East Asian economies because the positive spillover effect of Japan’s stock market recovery dominated the beggar-thy-neighbor effect in the region. |
| Keywords: | spillovers; quantitative and qualitative easing; qqe; beggar-thy-neighbor effect; East Asia; yen depreciation; stock market |
| JEL: | E52 F10 F32 |
| Date: | 2017–01–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0631&r=sea |
| By: | Racelis, Rachel H.; Abrigo, Michael Ralph M.; Salas, J.M. Ian S.; Herrin, Alejandro N. |
| Abstract: | Selected components of the NTA flow accounts were estimated for the Philippines for the years 1991, 1999, and 2011 by urban-rural residence and by income group. Three income groups are defined, referred to as income terciles, and thus estimates were produced for a total of six groups - three income groups for the urban areas and three income groups for the rural areas. This paper compares age profiles of consumption, labor income, and lifecycle deficit across the six groups for each of the reference years. The age profiles were generally found to have the expected shapes but they also showed interesting variations between groups. Some findings that had generally been consistent in the three reference years include, among others, the following: (1) progressively lower per capita consumption and labor income at each age as one moves from the top, middle and to the bottom tercile in both urban and rural areas; (2) within terciles, urban area per capita labor income and consumption are higher at all ages than those in the rural areas; (3) in the rural bottom tercile, the young incur lifecycle deficit longest and the elderly incur lifecycle deficit earliest; (4) the spans of the surplus ages are shorter for the bottom and middle terciles compared to that for the top tercile in both urban and rural areas; (5) the elderly deficit age group accounts for increasing shares of aggregate lifecycle deficit moving from the bottom, middle and to the top income tercile in both urban and rural areas; and (6) the ratio of the aggregate surplus generated by the working age group to the aggregate lifecycle deficits of the young and elderly dependent populations is higher in urban compared to rural areas and lowest for the bottom terciles in both the urban and rural areas. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, National Transfer Accounts, lifecycle deficit, consumption age profile, labor income age profile, consumption by income group/urban-rural, lifecycle deficit by income group/urban-rural |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-31&r=sea |
| By: | Serafica, Ramonette B. |
| Abstract: | Services are critical inputs in manufacturing production, and this is likely to intensify with the advent of new technologies. Based on the trade in value-added data of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the share of services embodied in Philippine manufacturing exports is among the lowest in the region. Moreover, value added from "ICT services" and "Other business services" seem inadequate compared to patterns observed in other countries, while the share of "Wholesale and retail services" is significantly high. To sustain manufacturing resurgence, reliable, good quality, and affordable services are essential. Thus, the government should vigorously undertake structural reforms particularly in services needed by producers and exporters. Improving the regulatory regime for services trade is especially crucial to enable manufacturing firms to participate and move up global value chains. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, services, global value chains, manufacturing, trade, value added, wholesale, retail |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2016-46&r=sea |
| By: | Areendam Chanda; Dachao Ruan |
| Abstract: | We explore the extent to which present day economic development at the sub-national level captured by GDP per capita, urbanization, and night-time light density is correlated to regional economic development in 1850. Drawing on historical city data, we construct a measure of urban population density and other features of urbanization in 1850 for 2,055 sub-national regions covering 135 countries. We find strong evidence of persistence in regional development. In our baseline estimates, a one standard deviation increase in urban density in 1850 raises 2005 GDP per capita by almost 10%. Further, the presence of the largest national city in 1850 confers significant advantages to the region even 150 years later. While, our findings are robust to a large range of geographic and spatial controls, proximity to the coast and rivers continues to have a significant effect. We also find that while persistence is generally true there is also considerable heterogeneity across subsets of nations with it being strongest in Asia and West Europe. Finally, early urbanization is also associated with human capital and infrastructure differences across regions. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lsu:lsuwpp:2017-01&r=sea |
| By: | Sokvibol, Kea |
| Abstract: | Dissertation for Master of Economics and Management of Agriculture Northwest A&F University. Advisor: Professor Li Hua |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Production Economics, |
| Date: | 2016–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:thesms:251836&r=sea |
| By: | Naohisa Hirakata (Bank of Japan); Yosuke Kido (Bank of Japan); Jie Liang Thum (Monetary Authority of Singapore) |
| Abstract: | We examine a sample of Japanese regional banks and explore whether exposure to market risk factors affects systemic risk through a banks' portfolio composition or revenue source, using Adrian and Brunnermeier's (2016) CoVaR to proxy for systemic risk. We find evidence of "systemic as a herd" behavior among Japanese regional banks, as portfolio and revenue components associated with market activities exert positive and significant impacts on systemic risk by generating higher comovement among banks, even though they reduce standalone bank risk through portfolio diversification. Further, the marginal effect of an increase in a given banks' market-related components on systemic risk is larger when the share of the corresponding components is already high among other banks. Our results have important implications from the macro-prudential perspective. |
| Keywords: | Systemic risk; Herd behavior; Market risk factors; CoVaR |
| JEL: | D21 G28 G32 G38 |
| Date: | 2017–01–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boj:bojwps:wp17e01&r=sea |