|
on South East Asia |
| By: | David Chilosi; Giovanni Federico |
| Abstract: | This paper contributes to the debate on globalization and the great divergence with a comprehensive analysis of the integration of Asia in the world market from 1800 to the eve of World War II. We examine the patterns of convergence in prices for a wide range of commodities between Europe and the main Asian countries (India, Indonesia, Japan and China) and we compare them with convergence between Europe and the East Coast of the United States, hitherto the yardstick for the 19th century. Most price convergence occurred before 1870, mainly as a consequence of the abolition of the European trading monopolies with Asia, and, to a lesser extent, the repeal of duties on Atlantic trade. After 1870, price differentials continued to decline thanks to falling freights and to better communication after the lay-out of telegraph cables. There was only little disintegration in the inter-war years. |
| Keywords: | Globalization; Market integration; International trade; Economic growth; Asia; Nineteenth century |
| JEL: | F14 F15 N74 N75 O40 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:64785&r=sea |
| By: | Chia-Lin Chang (Department of Applied Economics Department of Finance National Chung Hsing University Taichung, Taiwan.); Michael McAleer (Department of Quantitative Finance National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan and Econometric Institute, Erasmus School of Economics Erasmus University Rotterdam and Tinbergen Institute, The Netherlands and Department of Quantitative Economics Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.); Dang-Khoa Nguyen (International Master Program of Agriculture National Chung Hsing University Taichung, Taiwan.) |
| Abstract: | The paper explores the trade competitiveness of seven major shrimp exporting countries, namely Vietnam, China, Thailand, Ecuador, India, Indonesia and Mexico, to the USA. Specifically, we investigate whether the United States (US) antidumping petitions impact upon the bilateral revealed comparative advantage (RCA) indexes for each of the seven shrimp exporting countries with the USA. Monthly data from January 2003 to December 2014 and the panel data model are used to examine the determinants of the RCA for the shrimp exporting countries. The empirical results show the shrimp exporting countries have superior competitiveness against the shrimp market in the USA. Moreover, the RCA indexes are significantly negatively influenced by shrimp prices, and are positively affected by US income per capita. However, the EMS (Early Mortality Syndrome) shrimp disease, domestic US shrimp quantity, exchange rate, and US antidumping laws are found to have no significant impacts on the RCA indexes. In terms of policy implications, the USA should try to reduce production costs of shrimp in the US market instead of imposing antidumping petitions, and the shrimp exporting countries should maintain their comparative advantage and diversify into new markets. |
| Keywords: | Shrimp, Antidumping, Revealed comparative advantage, Panel data model. |
| JEL: | C23 F13 P45 Q17 |
| Date: | 2016–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ucm:doicae:1617&r=sea |
| By: | FUKUOKA Noriyoshi; OCHIAI Ryo; TADA Satoshi |
| Abstract: | This paper, based on analysis on the macroeconomy and industrial policies in Thailand, discusses the industrial structure to which Thailand should aim toward in transitioning into a high income country as well as the necessary policies for industrial upgrading, which is a critical issue in the Thai economy that is facing the risk of a "middle-income trap." The analysis on industrial structures in Thailand shows that both productivity and employment at the country-level can be improved by shifting more resources from the agriculture sector to the manufacturing and service sector. Through the analysis on the past and current industrial policies, we stress the importance of introducing industry-targeting policies which are based on the market-oriented policies generally pursued by the Thai government hitherto. More concretely, we discuss the importance of incorporating infrastructure and supporting industry development to the cluster policy adopted under the current Thai government in a more consistent manner and propose necessary measures for development of the automobile industry taking into consideration of the current Japan-Thailand economic cooperation. |
| Date: | 2016–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:rpdpjp:16013&r=sea |
| By: | de Vries, Gaaitzen (University of Groningen); Chen, Quanrun (University of International Business and Economics); Hasan, Rana (Asian Development Bank); Li, Zhigang (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the trends in skill and activity upgrading in global value chains (GVCs) and the drivers of upgrading in Asian economies. It uses the newly constructed ADB Multi-Region Input-Output Tables as well as occupation data on jobs by educational attainment and business activities, namely research and development; production; logistics, sales, and marketing; administration and back-office; and headquarter activities. Our results suggest an ongoing specialization process in high-income Asian countries and in developing member countries (DMCs) toward high-skilled knowledge-intensive activities. The pace of upgrading differs across Asian countries, being more rapid and encompassing in the People’s Republic of China in comparison to other DMCs. We use a structural decomposition method to account for the drivers of the trends observed. In particular, technological change in GVCs that is biased toward knowledge-intensive activities is important in accounting for the trends observed. |
| Keywords: | functional upgrading; global multiregional input–output model; global supply chains; structural decomposition analysis; World Input-Output Database |
| JEL: | D57 F16 F63 |
| Date: | 2016–08–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0496&r=sea |
| By: | Jérémie Gignoux (PSE - Paris-Jourdan Sciences Economiques - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC), PSE - Paris School of Economics); Marta Menéndez (PSE - Paris-Jourdan Sciences Economiques - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC), PSE - Paris School of Economics, DIAL - Développement, institutions et analyses de long terme, UP9 - Université Paris 9, Dauphine - Université Paris-Dauphine) |
| Abstract: | We examine the long-term effects on individual economic outcomes of a set of earthquakes - numerous, large, but mostly not extreme - that occurred in rural Indonesia since 1985. Using longitudinal individual-level data from large-scale household surveys, together with precise measures of local ground tremors obtained from a US Geological Survey database, we identify the effects of earthquakes, exploiting the quasi-random spatial and temporal nature of their distribution. Affected individuals experience short-term economic losses but recover in the medium-run (after two to five years), and even exhibit income and welfare gains in the long term (six to 12 years). The stocks of productive assets, notably in farms, get reconstituted and public infrastructures are reconstructed with some improvements, seemingly partly through external aid, allowing productivity to recover. These findings tend to discount the presence of poverty traps, and exhibit the potential long-term benefits from post-disaster interventions in context where disasters primarily affect physical assets. |
| Keywords: | Natural disasters,Earthquakes,Rural Indonesia,Long-term effects,Welfare,Aid and reconstruction |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01064506&r=sea |
| By: | Markus Brueckner; |
| Abstract: | This paper examines consumption patterns in Asia. The majority of Asian countries, in particular, those located in East Asia, such as China, are characterized by high GDP shares of consumption. While over the past two decades there has been a remarkable growth in consumption, and to a lesser extent of consumption per capita, the GDP share of consumption has declined by a considerable amount in Asia. The paper presents projections of the GDP consumption share. The projections are based on time series models and an econometric model that relates the GDP share of consumption to PPP GDP per capita growth. Instrumental variables estimates show that the GDP share of consumption is significantly negatively related to growth: a decrease in PPP GDP per capita growth of 1 percentage point per annum increases the GDP share of consumption by around 2 percentage points. Slower growth in Asia would thus significantly contribute to a higher GDP share of consumption in that region. |
| Date: | 2016–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:acb:cbeeco:2016-645&r=sea |
| By: | Markus Brueckner |
| Abstract: | This paper examines consumption patterns in Asia. The majority of Asian countries, in particular, those located in East Asia, such as China, are characterized by high GDP shares of consumption. While over the past two decades there has been a remarkable growth in consumption, and to a lesser extent of consumption per capita, the GDP share of consumption has declined by a considerable amount in Asia. The paper presents projections of the GDP consumption share. The projections are based on time series models and an econometric model that relates the GDP share of consumption to PPP GDP per capita growth. Instrumental variables estimates show that the GDP share of consumption is significantly negatively related to growth: a decrease in PPP GDP per capita growth of 1 percentage point per annum increases the GDP share of consumption by around 2 percentage points. Slower growth in Asia would thus significantly contribute to a higher GDP share of consumption in that region. |
| Date: | 2016–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2016-65&r=sea |
| By: | Nora Lustig (Department of Economics, Tulane University) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the redistributive impact of fiscal policy for Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru and South Africa using comparable fiscal incidence analysis with data from around 2010. The largest redistributive effect is in South Africa and the smallest in Indonesia. Success in fiscal redistribution is driven primarily by redistributive effort (share of social spending to GDP in each country) and the extent to which transfers/subsidies are targeted to the poor and direct taxes targeted to the rich. While fiscal policy always reduces inequality, this is not the case with poverty. Fiscal policy increases poverty in Brazil and Colombia (over and above market income poverty) due to high consumption taxes on basic goods. The marginal contribution of direct taxes, direct transfers and in- kind transfers is always equalizing. The marginal effect of net indirect taxes is unequalizing in Brazil, Colombia, Indonesia and South Africa. Total spending on education is pro-poor except for Indonesia, where it is neutral in absolute terms. Health spending is pro-poor in Brazil, Chile, Colombia and South Africa, roughly neutral in absolute terms in Mexico, and not pro-poor in Indonesia and Peru. Length: 34 pages |
| Keywords: | fiscal incidence, social spending, inequality, developing countries |
| JEL: | H22 D31 I3 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tul:ceqwps:1331&r=sea |
| By: | Rajneesh Narula (Henley Business School, University of Reading) |
| Abstract: | This paper argues that the rapid growth of certain emerging economies over the last two decades is not only due to liberalised markets, MNEs and laissez-faire policies, but also to the effects of industrial development strategies that continue to share several similarities to the import-substitution industrialisation approach. The building up of capabilities in the domestic sector is crucial. At the same time, the heterogeneity in country experiences and their varying degrees of success at becoming internationally competitive indicates that understanding MNEassisted development requires us to go beyond just improving absorptive capacities. We also need to understand the role of political economy and issues of path-dependency in both policies and resources. I illustrate my arguments by contrasting the experiences of East Asian and Latin American economies. |
| Keywords: | MNEs, development, import substitution, policy, FDI, Latin America, Asia |
| Date: | 2015–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rdg:jhdxdp:jhd-dp2015-05&r=sea |
| By: | Horioka, Charles Yuji (Osaka University); Terada-Hagiwara, Akiko (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates a household saving rate equation for India and the Republic of Korea using long-term time series data for the 1975–2010 period, focusing in particular on the impact of the premarital sex ratio on the household saving rate. To summarize the main findings of the paper, it finds that the premarital sex (or gender) ratio (the ratio of males to females) has a significant impact on the household saving rate in both India and the Republic of Korea, even after controlling for the usual suspects such as the aged and youth dependency ratios and income. It has a negative impact in India, where the bride’s side has to pay substantial dowries to the groom’s side at marriage, but a positive impact in the Republic of Korea, where, as in the People’s Republic of China, the groom’s side has to bear a disproportionate share of marriage-related expenses including purchasing a house or condominium for the newlywed couple. |
| Keywords: | age structure of the population; competitive saving motive; dowries; gender ratio; household saving rate; India; life cycle hypothesis; marriage expenses; population control; premarital sex ratio; Republic of Korea; saving for education; saving for marriage; saving rate; sex ratio; son preference; wedding expenses |
| JEL: | D12 D14 D91 E21 J11 J12 O16 |
| Date: | 2016–08–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0494&r=sea |
| By: | Takatoshi Ito |
| Abstract: | The objective of this paper is three-fold. First, the monetary and exchange rate regimes of the Asian countries are described and analyzed. The degrees of flexibility in exchange rates and capital controls vary across countries. Some countries have adopted a flexible inflation targeting framework, while others have pursued exchange rate targeting. The paper presents a new result of a tradeoff between price stability and exchange rate stability in the hyperbolic relationship of Asian countries. Second, a framework that analyzes and quantifies the degree of currency internationalization is proposed and applied to the RMB. In every indicator, the RMB’s weight in private-sector international finance has grown in the last several years, both in the private and public sectors. In the settlement role of currency, the RMB is ranked 8th in the BIS survey and 7th in SWIFT usage. This paper exploits data of a recent period when the RMB became de-pegged from the USD and show some of the emerging Asian currencies co-moving with the RMB, more so than the USD. In the official sector, RMB is also increasing its weight. The Chinese central bank has extended the currency-swap agreements with 30-some countries, so that the RMB can be used for trade finance and liquidity assistance. The RMB is adopted as a composition currency of the Special Drawing Rights (SDR), effective in October 2016, with 10.92 percent, ranking number 3, surpassing the JPY and GBP. Finally, potential impending changes in the Asian monetary and exchange rate regimes in Asia are discussed. Projecting the growth of the Chinese economy into the future, the weight of the RMB in the financial markets will increase globally as well as in Asia. |
| JEL: | E52 F31 F33 F38 |
| Date: | 2016–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:22755&r=sea |
| By: | Lee, Hyun-Hoon (Kangwon National University.); Park, Donghyun (Asian Development Bank); Shin, Kwanho (Korea University.) |
| Abstract: | The Chinese economy is slowing down and, at the same time, it is in the midst of a structural transformation from an export- and investment-led economy to a domestic demand- and consumption-led growth paradigm. While there are widespread concerns in the People’s Republic of China’s (PRC) trading partners about the effect of the PRC’s growth slowdown on their exports, the PRC’s structural change is also likely to have a significant impact—e.g. the PRC will import fewer machines and more cosmetics. The central objective of our paper is to empirically examine the effect of the PRC’s structural transformation on the exports of East and Southeast Asian economies, which have close trade linkages with the PRC. We find that economies which failed to increase the share of consumption goods in their exports to the PRC suffered larger declines in their exports to the PRC. In addition, economies that suffered losses in their shares of the PRC’s parts and components imports suffered losses in their shares of the PRC’s total imports. |
| Keywords: | People’s Republic of China; East Asia; export; global value chain; structural change |
| JEL: | F14 F41 |
| Date: | 2016–07–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0492&r=sea |
| By: | Hong Nam Nguyen (CleanED - Clean Energy and Sustainable Development Lab - USTH - Université des Sciences et des Technologies de Hanoi); Minh Ha-Duong (CleanED - Clean Energy and Sustainable Development Lab - USTH - Université des Sciences et des Technologies de Hanoi, CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Rice husks are the indigestible coatings of grains of rice. They are produced in large quantities by the rice milling industry, more than 1 million ton per year in Cambodia. In recent years, Cambodian enterprises have installed gasifiers, which burn rice husks to generate electricity. This is a two stage process: the biomass is first fed into a gasifier which produces syngas and ashes, then the syngas is cleaned and burned into an engine where it saves diesel fuel. Many of these enterprises have been in local communities currently without electricity or in fuel poverty. To learn more about the benefits and drawbacks of using rice-husk gasifiers, and to study about the sustainability challenges for deploying these technologies, the Clean energy and sustainable development lab (CleanED lab) of the University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), and the SNV Netherlands Development Organisation (SNV) have conducted a visit of several rice mills and rural electricity enterprises from 18 th to 22nd December 2014. Five rice mills and a rural electricity enterprise in Battambang, Siem Reap and Kampong Thom provinces were selected for the field survey. In addition with desk research, semi-structured interviews with gasifier users, with the representatives of Canadia Bank PLC and the Federation of Cambodian Rice Millers Association (FCRMA) during the field surveys were also conducted. This report present and justifies the main conclusions of the visit. |
| Keywords: | gasification,bioenergy,rice husk,cambodia |
| Date: | 2014–12–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01107615&r=sea |
| By: | Adrien Bouguen (PSE - Paris-Jourdan Sciences Economiques - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC), PSE - Paris School of Economics); Deon Filmer (Banque Mondiale - Centre de recherche de la Banque Mondiale - Banque Mondiale); Karen Macours (PSE - Paris-Jourdan Sciences Economiques - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC), PSE - Paris School of Economics); Sophie Naudeau (Banque Mondiale - Centre de recherche de la Banque Mondiale - Banque Mondiale) |
| Abstract: | Interventions targeting early childhood development hold promise for increasing human capital and reducing the intergenerational transmission of poverty. This paper presents results from a randomized evaluation of a preschool construction program in Cambodia, and suggests caution. The overall impact of the program on early childhood outcomes was small and statistically insignificant. For the cohort with highest program exposure, the impact on cognitive indicators was negative; with the largest negative effects among children of poorer and less educated parents. The results are consistent with frequent underage enrollment in primary school in the absence of preschools, stricter enforcement of the minimum age for primary school entry after the intervention, substitution between primary and preschool following intervention, and difference in demand responses to the new preschools between more and less educated parents. The results show that contextual and program specifics, and behavioral responses, can potentially lead to perverse effects of programs. |
| Keywords: | Poverty and inequality,Parental involvement,Preschool and kindergarten,cognitive development |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01090361&r=sea |
| By: | Dang Thi Thu Hoai; Finn Tarp; Dirk van Seventer; Ho Cong Hoa. |
| Abstract: | We study structural transformation and change in the Vietnamese economy using two Social Accounting Matrices (SAMs), one for the year 2000 and a recently compiled SAM for the year 2012. This period is of particular interest as it features an important shift in terms of more economic integration with the global economy. Several analytical approaches are taken, including comparisons and decomposition of multipliers and a decomposition of structural change. We observe significant changes in economic structure, and the results suggest that the Vietnamese economy has become internally more integrated over the period 2000–12, while moving from primary production (agriculture) towards more value adding manufacturing activities. This transformation has been broad-based and in large measure driven by external demand. We conclude that it will be challenging to sustain growth without bold moves in technological upgrading and measures geared towards even stronger internal economic integration. |
| Keywords: | SAM multipliers, structural change decomposition, structural transformation, Viet Nam |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp2016-108&r=sea |
| By: | Park, Cyn-Young (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | Local currency bond markets in emerging Asian economies have expanded dramatically since governments took steps to end the currency and maturity mismatches that savaged borrowers in the region’s financial crisis nearly 20 years ago. Encouraged in part by regional cooperation programs such as the Asian Bond Markets Initiative, the value of local currency government and corporate bond sales has grown fourfold in the past decade, helping to fund much-needed infrastructure development and protect businesses from global financial shocks. However, much more needs to be done to strengthen market infrastructure and institutions, address inconsistent policies and regulations, and enhance corporate governance. This paper presents evidence that better macroeconomic performance and stronger institutions help develop larger local currency bond markets and also create conditions for the growth in local currency sales of corporate debt and bonds with longer maturities. Regional integration can be stepped up to support the key determinants for developing efficient local currency bond markets in emerging Asia. |
| Keywords: | bond market; financial integration; local currency bonds |
| JEL: | G10 G11 G18 |
| Date: | 2016–08–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0495&r=sea |
| By: | Robertson, Raymond (Texas A&M University); Di, Hongyang (Texas A&M University); Brown, Drusilla (Tufts University); Dehejia, Rajeev (New York University) |
| Abstract: | Developing country labor practices and the working conditions that result from them are both generally poor and increasingly drawing attention from governments, corporations, and the popular media. This review provides an introduction to some of the leading academic literature and ideas that are important for understanding the persistence of poor labor practices and possible policies to address these conditions. The literature is reviewed with the goal of moving from the root causes of poor conditions to innovative solutions. Several such solutions, such as the Better Work program, are discussed. |
| Keywords: | apparel; personnel economics; working conditions |
| JEL: | F66 J80 |
| Date: | 2016–09–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0497&r=sea |
| By: | Kang, Jong Woo (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | Tepid trade growth since the 2008/2009 global financial crisis (GFC) has been partly attributed to sluggish demand from developed countries. However, data reveals that developing countries play a bigger role in holding back trade growth, while developed countries show quite robust import growth. Post-GFC, the exchange rate volatility has grown significantly. As decomposition of country groups by changes in currency valuation shows, however, local currency depreciation is not contributing to export growth as much as conventional wisdom dictates. On the other hand, countries with appreciating currencies show rising import intensity and significant export growth. This implies that the more countries undergo currency devaluation—the deeper the degree of devaluation and even competitive devaluations—the more likely international trade will grow slower. |
| Keywords: | gravity model; real effective exchange rate; trade volume |
| JEL: | C23 F10 F31 |
| Date: | 2016–10–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0498&r=sea |
| By: | Antonia Grohmann; Olaf Hübler; Roy Kouwenberg; Lukas Menkhoff |
| Abstract: | This research studies the stylized fact of a “gender gap” in that women tend to have lower financial literacy than men. Our data which samples middle-class people from Bangkok does not show a gender gap. This result is not explained by men’s low financial literacy, nor by women’s high income and good education. Rather, it seems influenced by country characteristics on general gender equality and finance-related equality, such as little gender gaps regarding pupils’ mathematics abilities or secondary school enrollment, and women’s strong role in financial affairs. This may indicate ways to reduce the gender gap in financial literacy elsewhere. |
| Keywords: | financial literacy, financial behavior, gender gap, individual characteristics, societal norms, Thailand |
| JEL: | D14 J16 D91 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1615&r=sea |
| By: | Ghoshray, Atanu (Newcastle University Business School, Newcastle-upon-Tyne); Pundit, Madhavi (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | The recent slowdown of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) has led to question to what extent the PRC demand of commodities can have an impact on commodity prices. We take into account the fact that commodity prices are characterized by structural breaks, and to this end we make use of novel econometric procedures incorporating the Flexible Fourier Form when testing for causal relations between the PRC slowdown and commodity prices. We find varying degrees of response of the PRC slowdown on different commodity prices. Further, this study determines whether the economic growth in selected developing and emerging Asian countries that are heavily dependent on commodities respond in an asymmetric manner to positive commodity price shocks as opposed to negative price shocks. Adopting a structural dynamic regression and censoring positive and negative shocks, we find limited evidence of any asymmetric response of economic activity to positive and negative commodity price shocks. |
| Keywords: | commodity prices; economic growth; Flexible Fourier Form; impulse response analysis; PRC slowdown |
| JEL: | C22 C32 F43 O47 Q31 |
| Date: | 2016–07–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0493&r=sea |
| By: | Robert H. Wade |
| Abstract: | This is the second part of the essay on the circumstances that led the World Bank to embrace norms and operational policies for environmental and indigenous people's protection in the late 1980s, as traced through the turbulent history of the Polonoroeste road project in the Brazilian Amazon. Polonoroeste became the spearhead with which environmental NGOs made their first attack on the Bank for participating in large-scale environmental and indigenous peoples' destruction. |
| Keywords: | policy norms; rainforests; indigenous peoples; World Bank; environmental NGOs; government of Brazil; US Congress; Indonesian Transmigration Project |
| JEL: | I3 O13 Q5 |
| Date: | 2016–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:68108&r=sea |
| By: | Amarasinghe, Upali A.; Muthuwatta, Lal; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Surinaidu, Lagudu; Natarajan, R.; Chinnasamy, Pennan; Kakumanu, Krishna Reddy; Prathapar, Sanmugam A.; Jain, S. K.; Ghosh, N. C.; Singh, S.; Sharma, A.; Jain, S. K.; Kumar, S.; Goel, M. K. |
| Abstract: | Although the Ganges River Basin (GRB) has abundant water resources, the seasonal monsoon causes a mismatch in water supply and demand, which creates severe water-related challenges for the people living in the basin, the rapidly growing economy and the environment. Addressing these increasing challenges will depend on how people manage the basin’s groundwater resources, on which the reliance will increase further due to limited prospects for additional surface storage development. This report assesses the potential of the Ganges Water Machine (GWM), a concept proposed 40 years ago, to meet the increasing water demand through groundwater, and mitigate the impacts of floods and droughts. The GWM provides additional subsurface storage (SSS) through the accelerated use of groundwater prior to the onset of the monsoon season, and subsequent recharging of this SSS through monsoon surface runoff. It was identified that there is potential to enhance SSS through managed aquifer recharge during the monsoon season, and to use solar energy for groundwater pumping, which is financially more viable than using diesel as practiced in many areas at present. The report further explores the limitations associated with water quality issues for pumping and recharge in the GRB, and discusses other related challenges, including availability of land for recharge structures and people’s willingness to increase the cropping intensity beyond the present level. |
| Keywords: | Water demand, Water resources, Water supply, Water use, Water storage, Water quality, Water accounting, River basin management, Groundwater irrigation, Groundwater depletion, Groundwater recharge, Domestic water, Irrigation water, Surface water, Runoff water, Industrial uses, Climate change, Monsoon climate, Flooding, Drought, Cost benefit analysis, Aquifers, Solar energy, Renewable energy, Pumping, Cropping systems, South East Asia, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Tibet, Ganges River Basin, Agribusiness, Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis, Industrial Organization, International Development, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iwmirp:246417&r=sea |