|
on South East Asia |
| By: | Feng Zhu |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the evolution of the equilibrium real interest rate (ie natural or neutral interest rate) in Asia-Pacific. I take an empirical approach to estimate the rate, simple estimates suggest that except for China, and Thailand since 2005, the natural interest rate may have declined substantially in Asian-Pacific economies since the early or mid-1990s, by over 4 percentage points on average. In many economies the rate has turned negative. The tendency has become more accentuated in the 2000s, especially since the onset of the global financial crisis. Yet simple natural interest rate estimates are unreliable, which vary significantly over time and across the economies. I use frequency-domain techniques to examine the relationship between the long-run component of real interest rate and those of population characteristics, globalisation, and a range of macroeconomic and financial variables (eg credit and asset prices). I estimate spectral and cospectral densities, coherency and the frequency-specific coefficients of correlation and regression proposed by Zhu (2005). the association seems to be broad and strong between the natural interest rate and the low-frequency trend components of demographic and global factors in Asia- Pacific, but weak between the natural interest rate and trends in asset prices, creditto GDP ratio and trend growth in many economies in the region. In most cases, the natural interest rate seems to be correlated with broad measures of long-term financial sector development, and trends in saving rate and investment ratio. |
| Keywords: | asset price, credit, demography, equilibrium real interest rates, frequency-domain methods, globalisation, natural interest rates, population ageing, trend growth |
| Date: | 2016–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bis:biswps:567&r=sea |
| By: | Hera Susanti; Arie Damayanti (Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Indonesia) |
| Abstract: | We analyse the behavior of internal migration in Indonesia and estimate factors influenced the migrants’s decision to return. We adopt the international migration model to estimate the duration periods of the Indonesian internal migration. The characteristic variables are developed from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) data within period of 1993-2007, while the control variables are using various regional data fron the National Statistical Bureau of Statistics. The main conclusion indicates that the return decision was mainly influenced by the opportunity to increase migrant welfares. Hence, migrants’s characteristic and education level proved to affect the duration. The migrants’s engagement to their family and community was remain strong, and even stronger if the status of the home region was rural area. The duration also tends to be longer after the implementation of regional autonomy. |
| Keywords: | Migration Duration, Internal Migration, Return Migration, Survival Analysis, IFLS |
| JEL: | C41 J61 O15 |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lpe:wpecbs:201505&r=sea |
| By: | Quan-Hoang Vuong; Ha Nguyen |
| Abstract: | Introduction: Less developed countries, Vietnam included, face serious challenges of inefficient diagnosis, inaccessibility to healthcare facilities, and high medical expenses. Information on medical costs, technical and professional capabilities of healthcare providers and service deliveries becomes influential when it comes to patients' decision on choices of healthcare providers.Methods: The study employs a data set containing 1,459 observations collected from a survey on Vietnamese patients in late 2015. The standard categorical data analysis is performed to provide statistical results, yielding insights from the empirical data.Results: Patients' socio-economic status (SES) is found to be associated with the degree of significance of key factors (i.e. medical costs, professional capabilities and service deliveries), but medical expenses are the single most important factor that influence a decision by the poor, 2.28 times as critical as the non-poor. In contrary, the non-poor tend to value technical capabilities and services more, with odds ratios being 1.54 and 1.32, respectively.Discussion: There exists a risk for the poor in decision making based on medical expenses solely. The solution may rest with: a) improved health insurance mechanism; and, b) obtaining additional revenues from value-added services, which can help defray the poor's financial burdens. |
| Keywords: | Medical expenses; Healthcare information; Healthcare policy; Patients' socio-economic status; Sociology of patients |
| JEL: | I12 Z13 |
| Date: | 2016–06–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sol:wpaper:2013/231766&r=sea |
| By: | Guglielmo Maria Caporale; Abdurrahman Nazif Catik; Mohamad Husam Helmi; Faek Menla Ali; Coskun Akdeniz |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the Taylor rule in five emerging economies, namely Indonesia, Israel, South Korea, Thailand, and Turkey. In particular, it investigates whether monetary policy in these countries can be more accurately described by (i) an augmented rule including the exchange rate, as well as (ii) a nonlinear threshold specification (estimated using GMM), instead of a baseline linear rule. The results suggest that the reaction of monetary authorities to deviations from target of either the inflation or the output gap varies in terms of magnitude and/or statistical significance across the high and low inflation regimes in all countries. In particular, the exchange rate has an impact in the former but not in the latter regime. Overall, an augmented nonlinear Taylor rule appears to capture more accurately the behaviour of monetary authorities in these countries. |
| Keywords: | Taylor rule, nonlinearities, emerging countries |
| JEL: | C13 C51 C52 E52 E58 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1588&r=sea |
| By: | Nick Hanley (Department of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St. Andrews); Oleg Sheremet (Department of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St. Andrews); Martina Bozzola (International Trade Centre, Geneva); Alexander Kasterine (International Trade Centre, Geneva); Douglas C. MacMillan (DICE, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent) |
| Abstract: | The international demand for endangered animal and plant species as traditional medicine, luxury foods and curios is strong and rising, especially in eastern Asia. The illegal poaching of wildlife to supply this market represents an immediate and growing threat to the survival of many endangered species. To counter the illegal international wildlife trade, the global community remains committed to supply-side trade restrictions and enforcement of poaching laws. However, despite these actions recovery in the populations of many species is being threatened by rising poaching rates over the last 10 years. In this paper, we use a choice experiment undertaken with over 800 residents of Vietnam, in order to investigate how the demand for rhino horn varies according to its source attributes. The survey sample includes 130 respondents who reported having either purchased or used rhino horn medicinal products in the past 5 years and a further 345 who expressed some interest in purchasing rhino horn medicinal products in the future. In particular, we estimate willingness to pay for horn that differs according to source (farmed, semi-wild, farmed) harvesting method (lethal and non-lethal), rarity of the rhino species and price. We also compare preferences elicited in the context of illegal trade in rhino horn, compared to legalised trade, and how consumer preferences vary according to socio-economic variables such as income. We find that preferences are significantly influenced by source and harvesting method and income level, with non-lethal harvesting and wild sourced horn generally preferred especially by the richest consumers, who are also the consumers most likely to have previously bought horn products. Under a legal trade demand would fall for all horn types and consumer groups. |
| Keywords: | : choice experiment, willingness to pay, demand for endangered species, international trade, rhino horn products |
| JEL: | Q27 Q51 Q57 |
| Date: | 2016–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sss:wpaper:2016-10&r=sea |
| By: | Kim Do; Ariel Dinar |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to contribute to understanding the existing knowledge gaps in the linkages of energy, water, and land use in Southeast Asia and explores the political economy of energy transition in the Mekong region (MR). Investigating the struggle over hydropower development and decision-making on water and land across the region, this study shows that countries that are the winners or losers in the hydropower development schemes are not the only ones managing the Mekong; rather, it is part of the region-wide strategy of nations to sustain the MR.The analysis also explores the key issues involved in each nation, as the rush to acquire sources of alternative energy and other benefits to meet rapid growth demand has led to circumstances of risk within the MR. The relationship between MR cooperation programmes and China is a main concern, and the paper discusses the roles of issue linkages as a mechanism for achieving sustainable development. |
| Keywords: | Natural resources, Power resources, Water |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp2016-062&r=sea |
| By: | Uddin, Md Akther; Masih, Mansur |
| Abstract: | Since the end of World War II, Muslim countries have been plagued by sixteen major wars, many coups, political, religious and ethnic insurgency, and revolutions. While many developing countries in southeast Asia have emerged as developed economy in this time period, in spite of having sufficient natural resources, most of the Muslim countries are still fighting with higher inflation, unemployment, poverty, inequality, poor healthcare, illiteracy, and rampant corruption. This paper studies how political stability affects growth in OIC countries by using relatively advanced dynamic GMM and simultaneous quantile regression. It is found that political stability has significant positive effect on growth. The impact of political stability on economic growth is more important for lower income countries than higher income countries. Most of the low to mid income oil dependent OIC countries suffer from chronic misery, higher inflation and persistent unemployment, which has significant negative effect on growth. Oil revenue plays a major role in economic growth for both OIC and Non-OIC oil dependent developing countries. The importance of political stability, economic diversification and macroeconomic stability has been restated with policy recommendations for oil dependent developing countries in general and OIC countries in particular. |
| Keywords: | political stability, economic growth, misery index, oil rent, OIC countries, dynamic GMM, Quantile regression 1Md |
| JEL: | C58 O11 |
| Date: | 2016–05–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:71678&r=sea |
| By: | Bullard, James B. (Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis) |
| Abstract: | In Singapore, St. Louis Fed President James Bullard discussed two views of future policy rate increases in the United States: the FOMC’s scenario and the market-based scenario. The former suggests a gradual pace of rate increases over the next several years, while the latter suggests a much shallower path—only a few increases over the forecast horizon. He cited evidence to back both views. For the FOMC scenario, he cited strong labor markets, waning international headwinds and inflation measurements moving closer to the 2 percent target. For the market-based scenario, the evidence included slow real GDP growth and low inflation expectations. Bullard spoke at the Official Monetary and Financial Institutions Forum’s City Lecture. |
| Date: | 2016–05–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedlps:269&r=sea |
| By: | Hasnul, Al Gifari; Masih, Mansur |
| Abstract: | Capital flight resulting from hot money has been a popular issue recently. The effect of capital flight is unquestionably bad to the domestic economic condition. The current global economic slowdown exposes a bigger risk of capital flight to developing countries. Likewise, the causal relationship of capital flight and political stability as well as exchange rate stability is not clearly observed yet in the literature. This paper aims to analyse this issue and fill the research gap. Our paper extends previous studies by using another measure of political risk index, and also exchange rate stability has not been really examined by previous studies in the case of capital flight. A more focused study on one country may give a direct policy implication to the policymakers of the country, rather than a panel data study. We employed time-series data of Indonesia for 35 years from 1980 to 2015 and use ARDL procedure, which is really suitable for our research objectives and sample used, to analyse the data. We find that political risk plays a significant role in affecting the magnitude of capital flight. Furthermore, the results show that both capital flight and exchange rate stability are endogenous variables, and movement in one variable will affect the movement of another variable. Our main suggestion for the policy makers to prevent capital flight is to maintain political and exchange rate stability in the country. In short, preventing capital flight is all about maintaining domestic stability, either political stability or economic stability. |
| Keywords: | Capital Flight; Political Stability; Exchange Rate Stability; ARDL bounds tests |
| JEL: | C22 C58 G15 |
| Date: | 2016–06–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:72086&r=sea |
| By: | Rifin, Amzul; Herawati |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, |
| Date: | 2016–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare16:235509&r=sea |
| By: | Warr, Peter |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Security and Poverty, |
| Date: | 2016–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare16:235784&r=sea |
| By: | Fan, Jingting; Kalemli-Ozcan, Sebnem |
| Abstract: | One of the explanations for global imbalances is the self-financing behavior of credit-constrained firms in rapidly growing emerging markets. We use an extensive firm-level data set from several Asian countries during 2002-2011, and test the micro foundation of this theory by estimating the effect of an exogenous change in credit constraints, resulting from financial reforms, on firms' saving behavior. As predicted, after financial reforms, firms who were credit-constrained previously decreased their savings more (or increased their savings less) relative to unconstrained firms. However, this firm-level effect did not lead to a decrease in aggregate corporate savings as conjectured by the theory. Our sector level regressions show that corporate savings increased after financial reforms, and more so for sectors more dependent on external finance. The current account surpluses also did not register a significant deterioration after financial reforms, consistent with our findings on sectoral and aggregate corporate savings. |
| JEL: | D24 E22 F41 O16 O47 |
| Date: | 2016–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:11314&r=sea |
| By: | Kuznetsova, A.E. (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA)); Flegontova, Tatiana (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA)); Ptashkina, M.G. (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA)); Stapran, Natalia (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA)) |
| Abstract: | With a view to prepare the Comprehensive action plan of Russia’s participation in APEC in 2016-2018, this paper presents proposals on the future Russian contibution to APEC agenda and ways to increase efficiency of current Russian initiatives. It also analizes projects and initiatives, developed by other APEC member economies and highlights the most promising areas of cooperation as well as formats to better promote Russian interests in Asia-Pacific. Finally, the paper contains a list of recommendations which include internal measures, possible projects and initiatives to integrate the key goals and priorities of Russia’s economy into APEC’s agenda. |
| Keywords: | Russia, APEC |
| Date: | 2016–04–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:2541&r=sea |
| By: | Midori Matsushima (Faculty of Business Administration, Osaka University of Commerce); Hiroyuki Yamada (Faculty of Economics, Keio University); Yasuharu Shimamura (Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University) |
| Abstract: | Vietnam is one of the leading countries moving towards universal health coverage (UHC) among developing and emerging countries. This paper examines how utilisation and the supply side have responded to the expansion of health insurance coverage. In the analysis, we use provincial panel data of 2006 to 2012 for every two years, which is constructed from several data sources. The results show that the utilisation has only slightly responded to the expansion of health insurance coverage, and nearly no positive supply-side response has been observed during the expansion. Also, the results of detailed analysis of health workers imply that there has been an unbalanced allocation of health workers between provincial hospitals and commune health stations despite the importance of commune health stations in providing primary healthcare. Our further analysis also reveals that the out-of-pocket (OOP) burden has not decreased and the affordability of healthcare services has not changed in response to health insurance coverage. Based on our findings, we argue that supply-side factors might have constrained utilisation, and that health insurance has hardly eased liquidity constraints. |
| Keywords: | universal health coverage, Vietnam, utilisation, supply |
| JEL: | I13 I18 |
| Date: | 2016–05–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:keo:dpaper:2016-013&r=sea |
| By: | Yves Jégourel |
| Abstract: | The gradual withdrawal of western banks from the commodity sector is a significant opportunity for the historically large traders, whose economic role should be strengthened. These traders however are facing new constraints: reduced margins, competition from other industry players operating in vertical integration strategies and the rise of Asian traders. International trade is now at a historic turning point. |
| Keywords: | international trade, raw material, commodity markets, regulations, Basel III. |
| Date: | 2015–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:ppaper:pb15/05&r=sea |
| By: | Permani, Risti; Umberger, Wendy |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, |
| Date: | 2016–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare16:235500&r=sea |
| By: | Jingting Fan; Sebnem Kalemli-Ozcan |
| Abstract: | One of the explanations for global imbalances is the self-financing behavior of credit-constrained firms in rapidly growing emerging markets. We use an extensive firm-level data set from several Asian countries during 2002–2011, and test the micro foundation of this theory by estimating the effect of an exogenous change in credit constraints, resulting from financial reforms, on firms’ saving behavior. As predicted, after financial reforms, firms who were credit-constrained previously decreased their savings more (or increased their savings less) relative to unconstrained firms. However, this firm-level effect did not lead to a decrease in aggregate corporate savings as conjectured by the theory. Our sector level regressions show that corporate savings increased after financial reforms, and more so for sectors more dependent on external finance. The current account surpluses also did not register a significant deterioration after financial reforms, consistent with our findings on sectoral and aggregate corporate savings |
| JEL: | E0 F0 |
| Date: | 2016–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:22334&r=sea |
| By: | Buehler, Dorothee C.; Hartje, Rebecca C.; Grote, Ulrike |
| Abstract: | Despite encouraging developments in overall undernourishment figures our analysis of rural Cambodian households reveals very high malnutrition in children. In this paper we use a novel panel data set from Stung Treng in Cambodia which allows to compare different household food security indicators with each other and individual level anthropometric data of children under five. While the large majority of households appear to be food secure according to the Food Consumption Score (FCS) and the Household Hunger Scale (HHS), the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) and the Coping Strategies Index (CSI) classify less than four percent of the households in Stung Treng as food secure. Stunting and underweight measures for children show that between 38 to 45 percent of children under five are classified as undernourished. Analyzing the influence of household characteristics on these different measures for food security we find that the FCS is largely driven by household characteristics and livelihood strategy choices whereas the anthropometrics show little or zero correlation. Household wealth, inequality, and the prevalence of shocks however, has a strong influence on both measures. Individual and mother specific characteristics are vital to explain child malnutrition. |
| Keywords: | Malnutrition, Undernutrition, Food Security, Anthropometrics, Cambodia, Income Inequality, Shocks, Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty, Health and Economic Development I15, Economic Development O15, |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc16:236333&r=sea |
| By: | Barakatou Atte-Oudeyi; Bruno Kestemont; Jean Luc De Meulemeester |
| Abstract: | In this article, we investigate the relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions per capita due to road transport in order to test the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. We test an EKC model on a sample of six emerging countries (Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa so-called BRIICS) using yearly data from 2000 to 2010. Empirical results reveal an inverted U-shaped EKC curve relating CO2 emissions per capita due to road transport to the level of economic development (level of GDP percapita). In all models tested, the turning point exceeds the current GDP per capita of the richest country of the group, which means that it would happen virtually in a far future or after a strong growth episode. Results show that the turning point of this EKC for road transport depends on population density and the integration of government effectiveness into the BRIICS’s economic development policy. However, when Russia is omitted from the group, the EKC hypothesis does not hold anymore and CO2 emissions per capita are uniformly increasing with per capita GDP. The main policy implication from our results is that policy makers should not base their policy on the EKC hypothesis: increasing the per capita GDP level alone cannot reduce CO2 emissions per capita from road transport and without a significant change in policy, economic growth will exacerbate CO2 emissions. |
| Keywords: | BRIICS; Road Transport; Economic Growth; CO2 Emissions; Environmental Kuznets Curve; Panel Data; Pooled OLS Regression Model; Fixed- Effects and Random-Effects Regression Models |
| JEL: | Q53 Q56 Q58 R42 |
| Date: | 2016–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sol:wpaper:2013/230810&r=sea |
| By: | Sheheryar Banuri (University of East Anglia); Philip Keefer (Inter-American Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | Recent research suggests that prosocial organizations are likely to have more prosocial employees, and that this match plays a significant role in organization contracting practices and productivity -- for example, in government. Evidence suggests that selection plays a role: prosocial employees are more likely to join prosocial organizations. In this paper, we ask whether prosocial behavior increases with tenure in prosocial organizations. Using a unique sample of nearly 300 mid-career Indonesian public officials, we find that subjects with longer tenure in the public sector exhibit greater prosocial behavior. |
| Date: | 2016–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uea:ueaeco:2016_04&r=sea |
| By: | International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) |
| Abstract: | En la actualidad, pocos son los obstáculos a los que se enfrenta la comunidad mundial que puedan compararse en magnitud con el de la malnutrición, una condición que afecta directamente a una de cada tres personas. La malnutrición se manifiesta de muy distintas maneras: retraso en el crecimiento y el desarrollo de los niños; personas esqueléticas o propensas a las infecciones; personas con exceso de peso o con alto contenido de azúcar, sal, grasa o colesterol en la sangre; e incluso personas con carencias de vitaminas o minerales de importancia. La malnutrición y la alimentación constituyen claramente los mayores factores de riesgo para la carga mundial de morbilidad (CMM): cada país se enfrenta a un serio problema de salud pública debido a la malnutrición. Cada año, las consecuencias económicas implican pérdidas del 11% del PIB en África y Asia, mientras que la prevención de la malnutrición representa 16 dólares estadounidenses de rentabilidad de la inversión por cada dólar gastado. En todo el mundo, los países han acordado metas en materia de nutrición, pero, a pesar de ciertos avances observados en los últimos años, el mundo está lejos de poder alcanzarlas. Este tercer informe sobre el estado de la nutrición mundial propone formas de invertir la tendencia y acabar con todas las formas de malnutrición en 2030. |
| Keywords: | nutrition; malnutrition; nutrition policies; anemia; stunting; obesity; overweight; wasting disease; diabetes; children; micronutrients; health; climate change; private sector; agricultural development; agricultural policies; economic development; food systems; sustainability; poverty; breast feeding; indicators; HIV/AIDS; capacity building; public expenditure; children; sustainable development goals; wasting; burden of disease; undernourishment; undernutrition; noncommunicable diseases (NCD); child growth; Latin America; Africa south of Sahara; Oceania; South East Asia; South Asia; South America; Middle East; North Africa; Africa; Asia |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:synops:9780896299962&r=sea |
| By: | Fanzo, Jessica; Hawkes, Corinna; Rosettie, Katherine |
| Abstract: | O Relatório sobre a Nutrição Mundial, um mecanismo independente de responsabilização voltado para o progresso e a ação em prol da nutrição, convoca todas as partes interessadas a assumir compromissos SMART de ação em prol da nutrição — isto é, compromissos específicos, mensuráveis, realizáveis, relevantes e com prazo definido. Mais especificamente, convocamos os governos a assumirem compromissos SMART de ação para cumprir as metas nacionais de nutrição e colocar sistemas de monitoramento em funcionamento para permitir aos próprios governos ou a outras partes interessadas avaliar o progresso. Também apelamos a todas as partes envolvidas — governos, agências internacionais ou bilaterais, entidades da sociedade civil, e empresas — para que revisem ou ampliem os compromissos, tanto os SMART quanto os ambiciosos, como parte do processo da Cúpula N4G Rio 2016. As partes interessadas de outros setores também devem especificar, de maneira alinhada com a abordagem SMART, como os compromissos em seus próprios setores podem ajudar no avanço da nutrição. |
| Keywords: | nutrition; malnutrition; nutrition policies; anemia; stunting; obesity; overweight; wasting disease; diabetes; children; micronutrients; health; climate change; private sector; agricultural development; agricultural policies; economic development; food systems; sustainability; poverty; breast feeding; indicators; HIV/AIDS; capacity building; public expenditure; children; sustainable development goals; wasting; burden of disease; undernourishment; undernutrition; noncommunicable diseases (NCD); child growth; Latin America; Africa south of Sahara; Oceania; South East Asia; South Asia; South America; Middle East; North Africa; Africa; Asia |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:supple:9780896292208&r=sea |
| By: | International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) |
| Abstract: | 栄 養不良の問題は、3人に1人が直接的に影響を受け ており、今日国際社会が直面している問題でこれ ほど規模の大きなものはほとんどありません。栄養不良は、子どもの成長や発育不全だけではなく、極度の消耗状態に ある個人が病気にかかりやすくなったり、肥満状態にある 個人の血液に糖分、塩分またはコレステロールが過剰に含 まれていたり、あるいは重要なビタミンやミネラルが欠乏 していたりするなど、さまざまな形で現れます。栄養不良や 不適切な食事は病気を引き起こす世界最大の危険因子で す。栄養不良による深刻な公衆保健問題に直面していな い国はありません。栄養改善における1ドルの投資に対し 16ドルの経済効果が証明されているにもかかわらず、アフ リカとアジアでは毎年国内総生産（GDP）の11%を栄養不 良により損失しています。各国は栄養改善に向けて目標値 を定め、これに合意していますが、近年若干の進展が見ら れたとはいえ、目標達成は難しくなっています。世界の栄養 状況に関する第3回目となる本報告では、この進展の遅い状況を変え、2030年までにあらゆる栄養不良を根絶するた めのさまざまな方法を紹介しています。 |
| Keywords: | nutrition; malnutrition; nutrition policies; anemia; stunting; obesity; overweight; wasting disease; diabetes; children; micronutrients; health; climate change; private sector; agricultural development; agricultural policies; economic development; food systems; sustainability; poverty; breast feeding; indicators; HIV/AIDS; capacity building; public expenditure; children; sustainable development goals; wasting; burden of disease; undernourishment; undernutrition; noncommunicable diseases (NCD); child growth; Latin America; Africa south of Sahara; Oceania; South East Asia; South Asia; South America; Middle East; North Africa; Africa; Asia |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:synops:9780896292239&r=sea |
| By: | Herrin, Alejandro N. |
| Abstract: | In 2015, based on the latest survey of the Food Nutrition Research Institute, childhood stunting affected one-third (33%) of children under five years. This is equivalent to 3.78 million children in 2015. Moreover, there has been little progress in reducing stunting prevalence in the last 20 years. The strategic importance of stunting prevention cannot be overemphasized in view of its short- and long-term consequences on health, learning, and economic productivity, and the short period of time that it can be effectively prevented (the first 1000 days from conception to age 2 years). Moreover, cost-effective interventions to address the situation are known and regularly updated. Assessments of specific nutrition projects have uncovered various implementation issues of targeting, coordination, management structures, logistics, and sustainability. On the other hand, recent sector-level assessment has uncovered a number of structural issues of governance--local mobilization to implement nutrition program; limited resources for nutrition; and organizational--effective coordination by the National Nutrition Council National Secretariat in a devolved set-up. Responding to these structural issues requires a new approach to address them. An approach suggested in the paper is to take advantage of existing opportunities offered, first, by the increasing global interest in child stunting, and second, by the existing platforms for identifying the poor and for delivering and financing health services. The paper outlines an approach for consideration and discussion. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, health service delivery, childhood stunting, maternal and child care, micronutrients |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:rpseri:dp_2016-21&r=sea |