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on South East Asia |
| By: | Angel Versetti (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)); Adam Heal (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)) |
| Abstract: | This policy brief, issued as part of the Trade Insights series, examines the evolving economic partnership between Japan and the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and reviews prospects for the future in light of the establishment of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) in 2015. |
| Keywords: | Economic partnership, ASEAN, merchandise trade, service trade, FDI |
| JEL: | F1 |
| Date: | 2015–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:esctis:tis5&r=sea |
| By: | Mia Mikic (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)); Da In Lee (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)) |
| Abstract: | This policy brief, issued as part of the Trade Insights series, reviews the role of safeguards in the Asia-Pacific region and discusses whether such measures promote or hinder liberalization. It finds that the use of safeguard measures by developing Asia-Pacific economies has been on the rise. The majority of Asia-Pacific countries implement their safeguard measures through an increase of specific tariffs on sectors associated with chemicals and base metals. |
| Keywords: | Safeguard meaasures, liberalization, Asia-Pacific countries, preferential |
| JEL: | F1 |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:esctis:tis2&r=sea |
| By: | Sarah Huelser (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)); Adam Heal (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)) |
| Abstract: | This policy brief reviews the level of labour market integration in ASEAN and assesses labour market reforms being undertaken as part of the establishment of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) |
| Keywords: | ASEAN Economic Community, Mutual Recognition Agreements, migration, labour |
| JEL: | F1 |
| Date: | 2014–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:arpobr:apb40&r=sea |
| By: | Duong Tran (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)); Adam Heal (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)) |
| Abstract: | The November 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) leaders’ meeting in Beijing has generated momentum behind the proposed Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP). This note reviews the prospects for the FTAAP which are strongly linked to progress in two other large regional trade agreements currently under discussion: the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). |
| Keywords: | Free trade area, noodle bowl, tariff, trade |
| JEL: | F1 |
| Date: | 2014–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:esctis:tis4&r=sea |
| By: | Yann Duval (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)); Pamela Bayona (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)) |
| Abstract: | This issue of the Trade Insights series provides analysis of notifications submitted as part of the preparation for the implementation under the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement. Fifteen economies in the Asia-Pacific region have already submitted Category A notifications, i.e., the list of substantive provisions they have either already implemented or are committed to implement by the time the Agreement enters into force. |
| Keywords: | Trade Facilitation Agreement, Asia-Pacific economies,freedom of transit, paperless trade |
| JEL: | F1 |
| Date: | 2015–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:esctis:tis7&r=sea |
| By: | SHIMAMOTO Daichi; TODO Yasuyuki |
| Abstract: | Using firm-level dataset from the manufacturing sector in Indonesia, we examine how firms' ties with the government in receiving rents and with other firms and their managers' trust toward foreigners and views of globalization are correlated with each other. We find that firms' strong political ties are associated positively with the level of managers' trust toward domestic citizens and the number of domestic buyers and suppliers and negatively with their level of trust toward foreign nationals. In turn, managers' trust toward foreign nationals and firms' transactions with foreign firms are positively correlated with each other, and trust and business networks within the country also show a positive correlation. When managers are more trusting of domestic citizens or when firms transact more with domestic firms, managers are more likely to have a negative view of globalization, incorporating such factors as the foreign ownership of firms and free trade. The results suggest a vicious cycle between the political ties of local firms and protectionist views and policies against globalization, which leads to economic stagnation due to a lack of diffusion of knowledge from abroad. This mechanism may explain why middle-income countries experience economic stagnation and cannot escape the "middle-income trap." |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:15084&r=sea |
| By: | Hübler, Michael; Hartje, Rebecca |
| Abstract: | Besides enabling communication, mobile phones and smartphones support information flows and financial transactions, especially in developing countries, where the coverage of landline networks is limited. Drawing upon new data from rural households in Southeast Asia, this paper shows that mobile phone or smartphone ownership supports local employment and commuting while it reduces incentives for migration of workers. |
| Keywords: | smartphones; mobile phones; labor markets; labor mobility; economic development; Southeast Asia |
| JEL: | J61 O33 O53 R11 |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:han:dpaper:dp-559&r=sea |
| By: | Angélica Guerra-Barón; Álvaro Méndez |
| Abstract: | Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey, and South Africa (CIVETS) have shaped their foreign economic policies in line with the Washington Consensus and have implemented strategies to attract foreign investment as a possible way out of the current financial crisis. Once multilateral trade rules were agreed under the WTO, these countries revised their domestic trade policies in order to cope with both the organisational principles and the international investment standards promoted by international financial institutions. Despite the fact that transnational economic groups have been focussing their attention on these ‘new investment miracles’ since the coining of the term CIVETS in 2009, the CIVETS governments have shown no interest in coordinating their foreign economic policies on investment issues. In this paper we argue that the emerging economies of CIVETS exemplify a case of unintended foreign economic policy convergence, facilitated by systemic causes. These include their common need to overcome historic processes of adverse economic transition while getting inserted successfully into world trade; as well as domestic variables like the similar ideas of CIVETS policy makers. |
| Keywords: | foreign economic policies; CIVETS; convergence; emerging economies; foreign direct investment (FDI); negotiating strategies; free trade agreements (FTAs); bilateral investment treaties (BITs) |
| JEL: | J1 R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:62636&r=sea |
| By: | Petar Vujanovic |
| Abstract: | Indonesia has a very good record of poverty reduction, having halved its incidence over the past two decades. Nevertheless, almost 30 million people still live below the national poverty line, mostly in rural areas and in certain provinces. In order to make further progress in lifting these people out of poverty and economic vulnerability, policy needs to focus on generating strong, inclusive and sustainable growth. Pro-poor growth can assist in the process of economic convergence by facilitating the migration of workers out of the low-productivity agricultural sector into the industry and services sectors. By putting in place the right fundamentals, such as a well-designed and inclusive education system, efficient infrastructure and a stable macroeconomic environment, Indonesia will have decades of strong growth ahead by virtue of economic convergence with frontier countries. This has the potential to lift millions more out of poverty without exacerbating income inequality. Moreover, it will set Indonesia up for the next phase of innovation-driven growth that will propel it into the ranks of high income countries. While existing poverty reduction programmes have become increasingly effective, more resources are required, and efficiency could be further enhanced, especially through better targeting. The distribution of income has become markedly more unequal over the past decade and needs to be kept in mind when formulating growth policies. This Working Paper relates to the 2015 OECD Economic Survey of Indonesia (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-indonesia.htm)<P>Des politiques en faveur d'une croissance inclusive et durable en Indonésie<BR>L’Indonésie a obtenu de très bons résultats en matière de réduction de la pauvreté, dont l’incidence a été divisée par deux au cours des vingt dernières années. Néanmoins, presque 30 millions d’Indonésiens vivent toujours en dessous du seuil national de pauvreté, dont la majorité dans des zones rurales et dans certaines provinces. Pour qu’il soit possible de continuer à aider ces populations à sortir de la pauvreté et de la vulnérabilité économique, l’action publique doit viser en priorité à susciter une croissance forte, inclusive et durable. L’instauration d’une croissance favorable aux pauvres peut rendre plus aisé le processus de convergence économique en facilitant le redéploiement des travailleurs du secteur agricole, à faible productivité, vers l’industrie et les services. Pour autant qu’elle mette en place les fondamentaux adéquats, comme un système éducatif bien conçu et inclusif, des infrastructures efficientes et un environnement macroéconomique stable, l’Indonésie aura devant elle des décennies de forte croissance en vertu de la convergence économique avec les pays frontières. Une telle évolution a le potentiel d’aider des millions de personnes à sortir de la pauvreté sans accentuer les inégalités de revenus. De plus, l’Indonésie sera ainsi bien placée pour aborder la phase suivante, celle de la croissance tirée par l’innovation, lui permettant ainsi de se hisser aux rangs des pays à haut revenu. Par ailleurs, les programmes existants de réduction de la pauvreté sont devenus de plus en plus efficaces, mais des ressources supplémentaires sont nécessaires, et l’efficacité pourrait être encore améliorée, notamment grâce à un meilleur ciblage. La distribution des revenus est devenue sensiblement plus inégale au cours de la dernière décennie et il conviendra de ne pas perdre cet élément de vue lors de la formulation des politiques en faveur de la croissance. |
| Keywords: | productivity, education, convergence, sustainable growth, middle-income trap, income distribution, inclusive growth, inequality |
| JEL: | A20 D63 E25 H53 H54 H55 I20 I31 I38 |
| Date: | 2015–07–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1246-en&r=sea |
| By: | Aman Saggu (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)); Witada Anukoonwattaka (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)) |
| Abstract: | This issue of the Trade Insights series identifies Asia-Pacific LDCs and LLDCs with export-portfolios and economies which are at greatest risk from the recent collapse in global commodity prices. Asia-Pacific LDCs and LLDCs account for less than 2% of global commodity exports and just 7% of Asia-Pacific commodity exports; however many these economies have export-portfolios which are highly concentrated in one or two major commodities: mainly crude oil, natural, gas, aluminum, iron ore/steel, cotton and copper. |
| Keywords: | Commodity price, revenue, export, economies |
| JEL: | F1 |
| Date: | 2015–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:esctis:tis6&r=sea |
| By: | Witada Anukoonwattaka (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)); Marco Scagliusi (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)); Mia Mikic (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)) |
| Abstract: | "Servicification" is most simply defined as an increased use of services in manufacturing processes. The impact of servicification on the competitiveness of the industrial sector has not been adequately addressed, especially in policy discussions, because of limited data availability. However, the OECD-WTO TiVA database now fills this gap for a selected number of economies. This issue of Trade Insights considers how developments in the service sector have encouraged and promoted industrial exports from Asia-Pacific economies. |
| Keywords: | servicification, global value chains, TiVA, Asia-Pacific economies |
| JEL: | F1 |
| Date: | 2015–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:esctis:tis10&r=sea |
| By: | Manasan, Rosario G.; Parel, Danileen Kristel C. |
| Abstract: | The state universities and colleges (SUCs) in the Philippines have always been a major issue mainly because of the poor quality of education that most of them offer, the undeveloped management and financial systems, and the inequality of access. And yet the government has been providing them considerable funding support (e.g., the budget allocation for FY 2012 amounts to PHP 26 billion) primarily due to the importance of tertiary education in promoting human development and improving the economy's competitiveness. A review of the mandates of the various SUCs in the selected regions covered by this study indicates that the mandates are fairly broad, to start with. But beyond this, the charters of most SUCs allow them to offer programs outside of their core mandates. Given the broad mandates of SUCs, there is, therefore, a substantial duplication in their program offerings. The high rates of program duplication appeared to be associated with an increase in the number of programs offered by SUCs during the period. Although SUCs perform better than private higher education institutions (PHEIs) in over 84 percent of professional board examinations (PBEs), SUCs have been able to improve their advantage further relative to PHEIs in the last seven years in 31 percent of the PBEs. Perhaps what is more worrisome than the persistently low overall average passing rate in PBEs is the preponderance of SUCs/PHEIs with zero passing rates in many PBEs during 2004–2011. The study offers some recommendations; among others, the Commission on Higher Education needs to enforce more vigorously its policy of closing existing programs of SUCs and PHEIs that perform under par year after year; and more effective measures to improve the quality of instruction should include faculty development and facilities upgrading. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, state universities and colleges (SUCs), private higher education institutions (PHEIs), program offerings, passing rates, board exam |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:rpseri:rps_2015-02&r=sea |
| By: | Lauren Schmitz; Dalton Conley |
| Abstract: | Research is needed to understand the extent to which environmental factors mediate links between genetic risk and the development of smoking behaviors. The Vietnam-era draft lottery offers a unique opportunity to investigate whether genetic susceptibility to smoking is influenced by risky environments in young adulthood. Access to free or reduced-price cigarettes coupled with the stress of military life meant conscripts were exposed to a large, exogenous shock to smoking behavior at a young age. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we interact a genetic risk score for smoking initiation with instrumented veteran status in an instrumental variables (IV) framework to test for genetic moderation (i.e. heterogeneous treatment effects) of veteran status on smoking behavior and smoking-related morbidities. We find evidence that veterans with a high genetic predisposition for smoking were more likely to become regular smokers, smoke heavily, and are at a higher risk of being diagnosed with cancer or hypertension at older ages. Smoking behavior was significantly attenuated for high-risk veterans who attended college after the war, indicating post-service schooling gains from veterans’ use of the GI Bill may have reduced tobacco consumption in adulthood. |
| JEL: | I1 I12 I14 |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:21348&r=sea |
| By: | Kieran, Caitlin; Sproule, Kathryn; Doss, Cheryl; Quisumbing, Agnes R.; Kim, Sung Mi |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews the available data on men’s and women’s land rights, identifies what can and cannot be measured by these data, and uses these measures to assess the gaps in the land rights of women and men. Building on the conceptual framework developed in 2014 by Doss et al., we utilize nationally representative individual- and plot-level data from Bangladesh, Tajikistan, Vietnam, and Timor-Leste to calculate five indicators: incidence of ownership by sex; distribution of ownership by sex; and distribution of plots, mean plot size, and distribution of land area, all by sex of owner. The results show large gender gaps in landownership across countries. However, critical data gaps cloud our understanding of land rights and why women fare better or worse in certain countries. In particular, the limited information on joint and individual ownership indicates that this is an important area for future data collection and analysis. |
| Keywords: | Gender, Women, Land ownership, assets, Property rights, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:1429&r=sea |
| By: | Peters, Jörg; Sievert, Maximiliane |
| Abstract: | This final report is part of an evaluation commissioned by the Policy and Operations Evaluation Department (IOB) of the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It belongs to a series of impact evaluations of renewable energy and development programmes supported by the Netherlands, with a focus on the medium and long-term effects of these programmes on end-users or final beneficiaries. The Indonesian government has proclaimed rural access to electricity as one major objective and has set the target for the electrification rate at 95 percent for the year 2025 (DESDM 2005). At the same time, the promotion of renewable energies is high on the government's agenda and in particular the remote areas lend itself to decentralized electrification using solar or hydro power. Against this background, the Micro Hydro Power pilot programme (MHP pilot in the following) strives to promote the development of micro hydro power fed minigrids in remote areas. It is the major purpose of this evaluation to assess the impacts of micro-hydro power electrification has on the local population's welfare measured by various indicators including lighting usage, energy expenditures, activity patterns, and security aspects. |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwimat:88&r=sea |
| By: | Hong Nam Nguyen (CleanED - Clean Energy and Sustainable Development Lab - Université des Sciences et des Technologies de Hanoi - USTH (VIETNAM) - Université des Sciences et des Technologies de Hanoi - USTH (VIETNAM)); Minh Ha-Duong (CleanED - Clean Energy and Sustainable Development Lab - Université des Sciences et des Technologies de Hanoi - USTH (VIETNAM) - Université des Sciences et des Technologies de Hanoi - USTH (VIETNAM), CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - CIRAD - Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - CNRS) |
| Abstract: | Rice husks are the indigestible coatings of grains of rice. They are produced in large quantities by the rice milling industry, more than 1 million ton per year in Cambodia. In recent years, Cambodian enterprises have installed gasifiers, which burn rice husks to generate electricity. This is a two stage process: the biomass is first fed into a gasifier which produces syngas and ashes, then the syngas is cleaned and burned into an engine where it saves diesel fuel. Many of these enterprises have been in local communities currently without electricity or in fuel poverty. To learn more about the benefits and drawbacks of using rice-husk gasifiers, and to study about the sustainability challenges for deploying these technologies, the Clean energy and sustainable development lab (CleanED lab) of the University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), and the SNV Netherlands Development Organisation (SNV) have conducted a visit of several rice mills and rural electricity enterprises from 18 th to 22nd December 2014. Five rice mills and a rural electricity enterprise in Battambang, Siem Reap and Kampong Thom provinces were selected for the field survey. In addition with desk research, semi-structured interviews with gasifier users, with the representatives of Canadia Bank PLC and the Federation of Cambodian Rice Millers Association (FCRMA) during the field surveys were also conducted. This report present and justifies the main conclusions of the visit. |
| Date: | 2014–12–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:hal-01107615&r=sea |
| By: | Adam Heal (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)); Giovanni Palmioli (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)) |
| Abstract: | To integrate further least developed countries (LDCs) into the global and regional economies, a number of countries have introduced Duty-Free Quota-Free (DFQF) schemes for LDCs, allowing their imports to enter without paying tariffs. This note reviews those schemes and finds that Asia-Pacific LDCs are increasing their share of global exports, but while improved market access through DFQF schemes is useful, the developmental benefits will be limited unless the schemes are made relevant and usable. |
| Keywords: | least developed countries, Duty-Free Quota-Free, major markets, exports |
| JEL: | F1 |
| Date: | 2015–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:esctis:tis9&r=sea |
| By: | ITO Tadashi; IWAHASHI Roki; ISHIKAWA Yoshifumi; NAKAMURA Ryohei |
| Abstract: | Using economic tools, this paper analyzes how the recently launched cargo hub at Naha Airport can contribute to an expansion of Japan's trade with Asian countries and also to sustainable development of Okinawa prefecture. As to the first issue of trade with Asia, we conducted a simulation analysis on an increase of exports by estimating both the transport cost and transport time elasticities of demand using the most disaggregated export customs data of Japan. The simulation result shows that the export value will increase by 11% in the case of a 30% reduction in transport time and no change in transport cost. As to the second issue of sustainable development, we computed the ripple effects of Naha Airport's cargo hub using an input-output table for Okinawa prefecture which we constructed, finding that the sum of the ripple effect and an increase in exports of made-in-Okinawa goods reaches a mere 0.3% of the prefecture's gross domestic product (GDP). |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:rdpsjp:15036&r=sea |
| By: | Pedro J. Martinez Edo (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)); Adam Heal (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)) |
| Abstract: | Trade is an important component of many Least Developed Countries’ (LDCs) development strategies. The ability of LDCs to expand export earnings depends on growing world trade, market access and the ability to diversify export products. LDCs, already facing internal supply constraints, need to be able to export without undue barriers; market access is therefore a crucial factor in countries ability to participate in global and regional trade. Recognizing this, a number of particular initiatives within the multilateral trading system have been introduced to improve market access for developing countries and for LDCs in particular, for example under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP). |
| Keywords: | Duty-Free, Quota-free, least developed countries, trade |
| JEL: | F1 |
| Date: | 2013–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:arpobr:apb36&r=sea |
| By: | S. Nazrul Islam |
| Abstract: | China has departed from the East Asian model of development by letting inequality to rise to a high level, which is contributing to China’s current problems of macroeconomic imbalance, declining efficiency of capital, and rising social tensions. If inequality persists, China may get caught in the “inequality-trap,” which may then lead it to the “middle income trap (MIT).” Fortunately, China still has the levers to pull to reduce inequality and avoid MIT. Measures along both the “wage route” and the “redistributive route” can be adopted for this purpose. In addition, China may pursue the “cooperative route” to more equitable distribution. |
| Keywords: | China; Middle Income Trap; Inequality Trap; Inequality; Redistribution; Cooperatives |
| JEL: | O1 O4 O5 |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:une:wpaper:142&r=sea |
| By: | Teemu Alexander Puutio (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)) |
| Abstract: | Despite widespread fears, traditional forms of protectionism – such as import tariffs - have not substantially increased since the onset of the 2008 economic crisis. However, as a response to domestic economic pressures, countries like the United States have resorted to less-transparent potentially discriminatory trade policies, of which the Unfair Competition Acts issued in Washington State and several other states are recent examples. These acts allow the United States government and private entities operating where these acts apply to take action against foreign competing producers who are found to use illegal IT software in their production processes. The passing of these acts augment the existing federal legislation by making allowing focused legal action on the basis of misappropriation of software. |
| Keywords: | Protectionism, piracy , import bans, Unfair Competition acts |
| JEL: | F1 |
| Date: | 2014–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:arpobr:apb38&r=sea |
| By: | Alin Horj (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)); Mariya Pekarskaya (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)); Adam Heal (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)) |
| Abstract: | This policy brief, issued as part of the Trade Insights series, reviews the recent usage of non-tariff measures (NTMs) in the automotive sector in the Republic of Korea, with a specific focus on technical barriers to trade (TBTs). It finds that, despite provisions to reduce TBTs in recent trade agreements with the US and EU, TBTs and other non-tariff barriers remain a substantial barrier to entry in the Korean automotive market. The Trade Insights series summarizes current trade related issues; offers examples of good practice in trade policymaking; and helps disseminate key research findings of relevance to policy. The series is intended to inform both trade and development practitioners and the general public. |
| Keywords: | Trade, technical barrier, tariff, automotive, financial crisis |
| JEL: | F1 |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:esctis:tis1&r=sea |
| By: | Giovanni Palmioli (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)); Adam Heal (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)) |
| Abstract: | This note reviews the emerging imbalances in the Chinese economy and the attendant need for structural reforms, including financial sector and services liberalization. The role that the recently launched Shanghai Free Trade Zone could play in accelerating these reforms is then considered, alongside an assessment of progress to date. |
| Keywords: | Economic growth, Shanghai Free Trade Zone, economic reform, foreign investment |
| JEL: | F1 |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:esctis:tis3&r=sea |
| By: | Andrei Hagiu (Harvard Business School, Strategy Unit); Julian Wright (National University of Singapore) |
| Abstract: | This online appendix contains the derivation of the closed form solutions for the examples used in the main working paper No. 16-002: http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/pages/downloa d.aspx?name=16-002.pdf |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hbs:wpaper:16-004&r=sea |
| By: | Andrei Hagiu (Harvard Business School, Strategy Unit); Julian Wright (National University of Singapore) |
| Abstract: | In an increasing number of industries, firms choose how much control to give professionals over the provision of their services to clients. We study the tradeoffs that arise in choosing between a traditional mode (where the firm takes control of service provision) and a platform mode (where professionals retain control over service provision). The choice of mode is determined by the need to balance two-sided moral hazard problems arising from investments that only professionals can make and investments that only the firm can make, while at the same time minimizing distortions in decisions that either party could make (e.g. promotion and marketing of professionals' services, price setting, choice of service offering, etc.). |
| Keywords: | platforms, theory of the firm, vertical integration, control rights, moral hazard |
| JEL: | D4 L1 L5 |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hbs:wpaper:16-002&r=sea |