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on South East Asia |
| By: | Chirathivat, Suthiphand (Asian Development Bank Institute); Srisangnam, Piti (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates and analyzes the present status, potential, and prospects of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) free trade agreements (FTAs). The move towards the ASEAN Economic Community by 2015 and the attempts to broaden FTAs in East Asia present major challenges to ASEAN. Ultimately, it is desirable for ASEAN to draw a clear picture of how the architecture of ASEAN FTAs in 2030 can be given shape. |
| Keywords: | nafta; trade; free trade agreements; fta; regional integration; asean; asean economic community; aec |
| JEL: | F13 F14 F15 |
| Date: | 2013–04–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0419&r=sea |
| By: | Haspels, Nelien; de Meyer, Tim; Paavilainen, Marja |
| Abstract: | Facilitates interactive training delivery on equality and non- discrimination at work. |
| Keywords: | equal rights, equal employment opportunity, gender equality, discrimination, role of ILO, ILO Convention, East Asia, South East Asia, droits égaux, égalité des chances dans l'emploi, égalité des genres, discrimination, rôle de l'OIT, convention de l'OIT, Asie orientale, Asie du Sud-est, igualdad de derechos, igualdad de oportunidades en el empleo, igualdad de géneros, discriminación, papel de la OIT, Convenio de la OIT, Asia Oriental, Asia Sudoriental |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:479742&r=sea |
| By: | Jayant Menon |
| Abstract: | Free trade agreements (FTAs) have been proliferating in Asia for more than a decade. International fragmentation of production and the resultant cross-border production networks have been growing for a much longer period. Although FTAs are not necessary for the formation of production networks, can they support their further growth or spread? Empirical studies have produced mixed results, presumably because the causality can run either way. Therefore, this paper employs a qualitative approach that carefully examines the characteristics of both product fragmentation trade and FTAs in Asia to ascertain possible linkages. We find the relationship to be tenuous for a number of reasons. First, most product fragmentation trade already takes place at zero or low tariffs because of the International Technology Agreement, various duty-drawback schemes, and the location of most multinationals in duty-exempt export processing zones. Second, much of fragmentation trade is unlikely to benefit from FTA tariff concessions given the inability to satisfy rules of origin because of limited value-addition. Third, almost all FTAs involving Asian countries are relatively shallow, and there are still some non-tariff barriers that affect this trade. For these reasons, national liberalization actions that deal with incumbency issues would be the best way forward. |
| Keywords: | production networks, product fragmentation, free trade areas, trade facilitation, Asia |
| JEL: | F14 F15 F23 |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pas:papers:2013-06&r=sea |
| By: | Manh Hai, Nguyen; Talbot, Theodore |
| Abstract: | Rice is a key agricultural commodity in Vietnam, and the agriculture, forestry, and fisheries sector remains a major source of employment and value addition. This paper uses episodes of rice price volatility to understand how the interplay of market force |
| Keywords: | Vietnam, political economy, rice, crisis, agriculture |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp2013-035&r=sea |
| By: | Sinha, Pankaj; Singhal, Anushree |
| Abstract: | Allowing FDI in multi brand retailing has recently generated tremendous euphoria for some and fear for others. It is based on the notion that it will open floodgates for foreign retailers to invest and will change the retail landscape forever in India. The factors that attracted investment in India are stable economic policies, availability of cheap and quality human resources, and opportunities of new unexplored markets. Besides these factors, there are a number of macroeconomic factors that are expected to affect FDI in retail in India. Using the experiences of four other emerging economies- China, Indonesia, Brazil and Thailand, this research paper examines the relationship between FDI in retail and seven macroeconomic factors - Exchange rate (yoy%), Inflation (CPI), GDP growth, Index of Industrial Production, Trade Openness, Unemployment rate and Tax as a percentage of nominal GDP using quarterly data for the period starting from January 2000 to December 2012. The research has shown that the year 2009 was a more appropriate time in India to have policies in place to invite FDI in retail. It is observed that there has been no such case of domination of foreign retailers in past years of globalization wherever markets for global retailers have opened up. Only limited numbers of retailer had entered into these markets with lot of caution as they had soon realised that retail thrives on local knowledge rather than imitating and transplanting global retail strategy, concepts and formats. In major emerging countries, fewer foreign retailers had been successful while several failed due to their inability to gather customer insights, comprehend local nuances and fight local competition. In fact, in many countries the local retailers have better market shares, sizes and performances. The research findings also indicate that with the introduction of FDI in retail in India, there will be an initial displacement of middlemen from the supply chain. However, the organized retailing will induce an increase in the food processing sector and these middlemen will be absorbed by it. It is also expected that the government will take innovative measures to mitigate the adverse effects on small retailers and traders involved in the supply chain. Direct accessibility to the market will be provided to the farmers and hence, a better remuneration. With respect to consumers, they will benefit from assured weights and cash memos, enhanced competition due to the presence of bigger retailers and better quality of produce. The government revenues are also expected to rise due to elimination of intermediaries, enhanced operational efficiency, and control on post harvest wastage, however competition in the retail market would gradually be advantageous for end customer. |
| Keywords: | FDI, retail, FDI in retail, multi-brand retail |
| JEL: | M2 O2 O24 O5 |
| Date: | 2013–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:46833&r=sea |
| By: | Fosu, Augustin Kwasi |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a synthesis of successful strategies and implied lessons for development success, employing at least six themes on in-depth case studies of a large number of developing countries around the world. The coverage includes East Asia and th |
| Keywords: | development success, strategies and lessons, developing world |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp2013-027&r=sea |
| By: | Donatella Baiardi (Department of Economics and Management, University of Pavia); Carluccio Bianchi (Department of Economics and Management, University of Pavia); Eleonora Lorenzini (Department of Economics and Management, University of Pavia) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the clothing export performance of twelve top exporting countries (China, Honk Kong, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Turkey, UK and USA) in the period between 1992 and 2011. Price and income elasticities are estimated for each country, after controlling for nonstationarity, cointegration and Granger causality. Price elasticities estimates are used, together with market shares and unit values dynamics, to assess the export performance and prospects of the various countries. A multifarious picture emerges from the analysis, whereby China plays the role of uncontested leader, but not all the advanced European countries, which are supposed to be more severely hit by the competition of the low-labour costs countries, definitely lose competitiveness, since different outcomes are possible according to the specific price and quality strategies adopted. |
| Keywords: | Clothing, Price elasticity, Income elasticity, Export Performance, Product Quality, Panel Granger causality |
| JEL: | F10 F14 O10 |
| Date: | 2013–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pav:demwpp:040&r=sea |
| By: | Trewin, Ray; Erwidodo |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare93:147893&r=sea |
| By: | John Gibson (University of Waikato); Bonggeun Kim (Seoul National University) |
| Abstract: | If relative prices of goods within a commodity group are constant, Hicksian separability lets the price of a single good represent the group price level. This is relied on by price questionnaires used in household surveys. Methods of estimating demand systems from household survey data also rely on Hicksian separability. Yet this restriction, and its weaker stochastic form under the Generalized Composite Commodity Theorem, remains untested in cross-sections. We use unique data from Vietnam with multiple specifications from within the same food groups to test if within-group relative prices are constant over space. The data firmly reject these restrictions. |
| Keywords: | composite commodity theorem; demand; prices; separability |
| Date: | 2013–05–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wai:econwp:13/07&r=sea |