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on Risk Management |
| By: | Tobias Fissler; Johanna F. Ziegel |
| Abstract: | The predictive performance of point forecasts for a statistical functional, such as the mean, a quantile, or a certain risk measure, is commonly assessed in terms of scoring (or loss) functions. A scoring functions should be (strictly) consistent for the functional of interest, that is, the expected score should be minimised by the correctly specified functional value. A functional is elicitable if it possesses a strictly consistent scoring function. In quantitative risk management, the elicitability of a risk measure is closely related to comparative backtesting procedures. As such, it has gained considerable interest in the debate about which risk measure to choose in practice. While this discussion has mainly focused on the dichotomy between Value at Risk (VaR) - a quantile - and Expected Shortfall (ES) - a tail expectation, this paper is concerned with Range Value at Risk (RVaR). RVaR can be regarded as an interpolation of VaR and ES, which constitutes a tradeoff between the sensitivity of the latter and the robustness of the former. Recalling that RVaR is not elicitable, we show that a triplet of RVaR with two VaR components at different levels is elicitable. We characterise the class of strictly consistent scoring functions. Moreover, additional properties of these scoring functions are examined, including the diagnostic tool of Murphy diagrams. The results are illustrated with a simulation study, and we put our approach in perspective with respect to the classical approach of trimmed least squares in robust regression. |
| Date: | 2019–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1902.04489&r=all |
| By: | Simon Fecamp; Joseph Mikael; Xavier Warin |
| Abstract: | We propose some machine-learning-based algorithms to solve hedging problems in incomplete markets. Sources of incompleteness cover illiquidity, untradable risk factors, discrete hedging dates and transaction costs. The proposed algorithms resulting strategies are compared to classical stochastic control techniques on several payoffs using a variance criterion. One of the proposed algorithm is flexible enough to be used with several existing risk criteria. We furthermore propose a new moment-based risk criteria. |
| Date: | 2019–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1902.05287&r=all |
| By: | Antonio Falato; Diana A. Iercosan; Filip Zikes |
| Abstract: | This paper uses detailed high-frequency regulatory data to evaluate whether trading increases or decreases systemic risk in the U.S. banking sector. We estimate the sensitivity of weekly bank trading net profits to a variety of aggregate risk factors, which include equities, fixed-income, derivatives, foreign exchange, and commodities. We find that U.S. banks had large trading exposures to equity market risk before the introduction of the Volcker Rule in 2014 and that they curtailed these exposures afterwards. Pre-rule equity risk exposures were large across the board of the main asset classes, including fixed-income. There is also evidence of smaller exposures to credit and currency risk. We corroborate the main finding on equity risk with a quasi-natural experiment that exploits the phased-in introduction of reporting requirements to refine identification, and an optimal changepoint regression that estimates time-varying exposures to address rebalancing. A stress-test calibration indicates that the Volcker Rule was an effective financial-stability regulation, as even a 5% drop in stock market returns would have led to material aggregate trading losses for banks in the pre-Volcker period, as large as about 3% (1.5%) of sector-wide market risk weighted assets (tier 1 capital). |
| Keywords: | Bank trading ; Regulation ; Risk exposures ; Systemic risk |
| JEL: | G38 G32 G21 |
| Date: | 2019–02–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgfe:2019-05&r=all |
| By: | Ronald Heijmans; Chen Zhou |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the detection of outliers in risk indicators based on large value payment system transaction data. The ten risk indicators are daily time series measuring various risks in the large value payment system, such as operational risk, concentration risk and liquidity flows related to other financial market infrastructures. We use extreme value theory and local outlier factor methods to identify anomalous data points (outliers). In a univariate setup, the extreme value analysis quantifies the unusualness of each outlier. In a multivariate setup, the local outlier factor method identifies outliers by measuring the local deviation of a given data point with respect to its neighbours. We find that most detected outliers are at the beginning and near end of the calendar month when turnover is significantly larger than at other days. Our method can be used e.g. by overseers and financial stability experts who wish to look at many (risk) indicators in relation to each other. |
| Keywords: | risk indicator; TARGET2; financial market infrastructure; extrem value theory (EVT); local outlier factor (LOF); anomaly |
| JEL: | E42 E50 E58 E59 |
| Date: | 2019–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dnb:dnbwpp:624&r=all |
| By: | Marco Bottone; Mauro Bernardi; Lea Petrella |
| Abstract: | Conditional Autoregressive Value-at-Risk and Conditional Autoregressive Expectile have become two popular approaches for direct measurement of market risk. Since their introduction several improvements both in the Bayesian and in the classical framework have been proposed to better account for asymmetry and local non-linearity. Here we propose a unified Bayesian Conditional Autoregressive Risk Measures approach by using the Skew Exponential Power distribution. Further, we extend the proposed models using a semiparametric P-spline approximation answering for a flexible way to consider the presence of non-linearity. To make the statistical inference we adapt the MCMC algorithm proposed in Bernardi et al. (2018) to our case. The effectiveness of the whole approach is demonstrated using real data on daily return of five stock market indices. |
| Date: | 2019–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1902.03982&r=all |
| By: | Oliver Kley; Claudia Kl\"uppelberg; Sandra Paterlini |
| Abstract: | We introduce a statistical model for operational losses based on heavy-tailed distributions and bipartite graphs, which captures the event type and business line structure of operational risk data. The model explicitly takes into account the Pareto tails of losses and the heterogeneous dependence structures between them. We then derive estimators for individual as well as aggregated tail risk, measured in terms of Value-at-Risk and Conditional-Tail-Expectation for very high confidence levels, and provide also an asymptotically full capital allocation method. Estimation methods for such tail risk measures and capital allocations are also proposed and tested on simulated data. Finally, by having access to real-world operational risk losses from the Italian banking system, we show that even with a small number of observations, the proposed estimation methods produce reliable estimates, and that quantifying dependence by means of the empirical network has a big impact on estimates at both individual and aggregate level, as well as for capital allocations. |
| Date: | 2019–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1902.03041&r=all |
| By: | David Barrera (CMAP - Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées - Ecole Polytechnique - X - École polytechnique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Stéphane Crépey (LaMME - Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Modélisation d'Evry - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UEVE - Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne - ENSIIE - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Babacar Diallo (LaMME - Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Modélisation d'Evry - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UEVE - Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne - ENSIIE - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Gersende Fort (IMT - Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse UMR5219 - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - UT2J - Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - UPS - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - PRES Université de Toulouse - INSA Toulouse - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse - INSA - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Emmanuel Gobet (CMAP - Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées - Ecole Polytechnique - X - École polytechnique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Uladzislau Stazhynski (CMAP - Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées - Ecole Polytechnique - X - École polytechnique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | We consider the problem of the numerical computation of its economic capital by an insurance or a bank, in the form of a value-at-risk or expected shortfall of its loss over a given time horizon. This loss includes the appreciation of the mark-to-model of the liabilities of the firm, which we account for by nested Monte Carlo à la Gordy and Juneja (2010) or by regression à la Broadie, Du, and Moallemi (2015). Using a stochastic approximation point of view on value-at-risk and expected shortfall, we establish the convergence of the resulting economic capital simulation schemes, under mild assumptions that only bear on the theoretical limiting problem at hand, as opposed to assumptions on the approximating problems in Gordy-Juneja (2010) and Broadie-Du-Moallemi (2015). Our economic capital estimates can then be made conditional in a Markov framework and integrated in an outer Monte Carlo simulation to yield the risk margin of the firm, corresponding to a market value margin (MVM) in insurance or to a capital valuation adjustment (KVA) in banking par- lance. This is illustrated numerically by a KVA case study implemented on GPUs. |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01710394&r=all |
| By: | Masato Hisakado; Shintaro Mori |
| Abstract: | The probability of default (PD) estimation is an important process for financial institutions. The difficulty of the estimation depends on the correlations between borrowers. In this paper, we introduce a hierarchical Bayesian estimation method using the beta binomial distribution, and consider a multi-year case with a temporal correlation. A phase transition occurs when the temporal correlation decays by power decay. When the power index is less than one, the PD estimator does not converge. It is difficult to estimate the PD with the limited historical data. Conversely, when the power index is greater than one, the convergence is the same as that of the binomial distribution. We provide a condition for the estimation of the PD and discuss the universality class of the phase transition. We investigate the empirical default data history of rating agencies, and their Fourier transformations to confirm the correlation decay equation. The power spectrum of the decay history seems to be 1/f of the fluctuations that correspond to long memory. But the estimated power index is much greater than one. If we collect adequate historical data, the parameters can be estimated correctly. |
| Date: | 2019–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1902.03797&r=all |
| By: | Aknouche, Abdelhakim; Dimitrakopoulos, Stefanos; Touche, Nassim |
| Abstract: | We propose a novel class of count time series models, the mixed Poisson integer-valued stochastic volatility models. The proposed specification, which can be considered as an integer-valued analogue of the discrete-time stochastic volatility model, encompasses a wide range of conditional distributions of counts. We study its probabilistic structure and develop an easily adaptable Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm, based on the Griddy-Gibbs approach that can accommodate any conditional distribution that belongs to that class. We demonstrate that by considering the cases of Poisson and negative binomial distributions. The methodology is applied to simulated and real data. |
| Keywords: | Griddy-Gibbs, Markov chain Monte Carlo, mixed Poisson parameter-driven models, stochastic volatility, Integer-valued GARCH. |
| JEL: | C13 C15 C32 C35 C58 |
| Date: | 2019–02–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:91962&r=all |
| By: | Svetlana Boyarchenko; Sergei Levendorskii |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we argue that, once the costs of maintaining the hedging portfolio are properly taken into account, semi-static portfolios should more properly be thought of as separate classes of derivatives, with non-trivial, model-dependent payoff structures. We derive new integral representations for payoffs of exotic European options in terms of payoffs of vanillas, different from Carr-Madan representation, and suggest approximations of the idealized static hedging/replicating portfolio using vanillas available in the market. We study the dependence of the hedging error on a model used for pricing and show that the variance of the hedging errors of static hedging portfolios can be sizably larger than the errors of variance-minimizing portfolios. We explain why the exact semi-static hedging of barrier options is impossible for processes with jumps, and derive general formulas for variance-minimizing semi-static portfolio. We show that hedging using vanillas only leads to larger errors than hedging using vanillas and first touch digitals. In all cases, efficient calculations of the weights of the hedging portfolios are in the dual space using new efficient numerical methods for calculation of the Wiener-Hopf factors and Laplace-Fourier inversion. |
| Date: | 2019–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1902.02854&r=all |
| By: | Fabrizio Ferriani (Bank of Italy); Wanda Cornacchia (Bank of Italy); Paolo Farroni (Bank of Italy); Eliana Ferrara (Bank of Italy); Francesco Guarino (Bank of Italy); Francesco Pisanti (Bank of Italy JEL Classification: G21, G28) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a statistical early warning system for less significant institutions (LSIs) under the direct supervision of the Bank of Italy. The model is calibrated on the basis of a wider definition of possible distress events, using the universe of Italian LSIs active in the period 2008-2016 as a reference. We selected an extensive list of variables that might give early warnings of a crisis in relation both to the overall banking system and Italy’s macro-financial situation, and to individual banks’ performances. A logit model is used to calculate the probability of default (PD) for each bank, with time horizon estimates set at four and six quarters. The empirical specifications proposed are tested using several statistical indices; the ex-post analysis of the estimated PDs shows a percentage of correct bank classification in the range of 80-90 per cent, with better results the nearer the moment of prediction is to when a crisis situation actually occurs. |
| Keywords: | early warning system, default, less significant institutions, CAMELS, banking supervision |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:opques:qef_480_19&r=all |
| By: | Jamal Bouoiyour (CATT - Centre d'Analyse Théorique et de Traitement des données économiques - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, IRMAPE - Institut de Recherche en Management et Pays Emergents - ESC Pau); Refk Selmi (CATT - Centre d'Analyse Théorique et de Traitement des données économiques - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, IRMAPE - Institut de Recherche en Management et Pays Emergents - ESC Pau); Mark Wohar (University of Nebraska Omaha, Loughborough University) |
| Abstract: | This study seeks to address whether Bitcoin ever match or even replace gold as a safe haven. To this end, we use a dynamic Markov-switching copula model to test the complementarity and substitutability among Bitcoin and gold within two risk scenarios (i.e., low-and high-risk regimes). Our results reveal a positive and strong correlation between gold and Bitcoin returns coinciding with specific economic and political events. Gold and Bitcoin benefit from the same economic conditions. This suggests that gold and Bitcoin are likely to be complementary, rather than in competition with each other. Gold could act as a diversifier for investors in digital assets. But the Bitcoin have a lot to teach gold in terms of the efficient transfer of value. |
| Keywords: | Bitcoin,Gold,Testing for complementarity and substitution,Markov-switching copula model |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01994187&r=all |
| By: | Mohammad Ali Elminejad (Institute of Economic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Smetanovo nabrezi 6, 111 01 Prague 1, Czech Republic) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates systemic risk and contagion processes in the inter-bank network using network science methods. The inter-bank network consisting 10 banks, similar to the real world inter-bank networks, is studied to understand the contagion process in the network regarding changes in the network structure, as well as changes in the characteristics of components. Simulations support the claim that heterogeneous networks are more resilient to contagious shocks, while systemic shocks are more problematic in homogeneous networks. The study also shows that more interconnections among banks could accelerate or block contagion proces depending on the structure of the network and seniority of debts in the inter-bank network as well. |
| Keywords: | Complex Networks, Systemic Risk, Contagion, Default Risk, Epidemic Modeling |
| JEL: | G01 G21 |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fau:wpaper:wp2018_39&r=all |
| By: | Cormac O'Dea (Institute for Fiscal Studies); David Sturrock (Institute for Fiscal Studies and Institute for Fiscal Studies) |
| Abstract: | The "annuity puzzle" refers to the fact that annuities are rarely purchased despite the longevity insurance they provide. Most explanations for this puzzle assume that individuals have accurate expectations about their future survival. We provide evidence that individuals mis-perceive their mortality risk, and study the demand for annuities in a setting where annuities are priced by insurers on the basis of objectively-measured survival probabilities but in which individuals make purchasing decisions based on their own subjective survival probabilities. Subjective expectations have the capacity to explain signi cant rates of non-annuitization, yielding a quantitatively important explanation for the annuities puzzle. |
| Keywords: | Annuity Puzzle, Subjective Expectations, Survival Probabilities |
| Date: | 2019–01–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ifs:ifsewp:19/02&r=all |
| By: | Kanamura, Takashi |
| Abstract: | This paper studies volumetric risk hedging strategies for solar power under incomplete market settings with a twofold proposal of temperature-based and solar power generation-based models for solar power derivatives and discusses the basis risk arising from solar power volumetric risk hedge with temperature. Based on an indirect modeling of solar power generation using temperature and a direct modeling of solar power generation, we design two types of call options written on the accumulated non cooling degree days (ANCDDs) and the accumulated low solar power generation days (ALSPGDs), respectively, which can hedge cool summer volumetric risk more appropriately than those on well-known accumulated cooling degree days. We offer the pricing formulas of the two options under the good-deal bounds (GDBs) framework, which can consider incompleteness of solar power derivative markets. To calculate the option prices numerically, we derive the partial differential equations for the two options using the GDBs. Empirical studies using Czech solar power generation and Prague temperature estimate the parameters of temperature-based and solar power generation-based models, respectively. We numerically calculate the call option prices on ANCDDs and ALSPGDs, respectively, as the upper and lower price boundaries using the finite difference method. Results show that the call option prices based on a solar power generation process are bigger than the call option prices based on a temperature process. This is consistent with the fact that the solar power generation approach takes into account more comprehensive risk than the temperature approach, resulting in the bigger prices for the solar power generation approach. We finally show that the basis risk premiums, i.e., solar power generation-based call option prices minus temperature-based call option prices, decrease in line with initial temperature greater than around 25 ◦C. This may be because the uncertainty in solar power generation by temperature decreases due to the cancellation between the increase in solar power generation due to the increase in solar radiation and the decrease in solar power generation due to the decrease in solar panel efficiency. |
| Keywords: | Solar power, weather risk, temperature model, basis risk, good-deal bounds |
| JEL: | G13 L94 Q42 |
| Date: | 2019–01–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:92009&r=all |
| By: | Edouard Debonneuil (SAF - Laboratoire de Sciences Actuarielle et Financière - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon); Anne Eyraud-Loisel (SAF - Laboratoire de Sciences Actuarielle et Financière - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon); Frédéric Planchet (SAF - Laboratoire de Sciences Actuarielle et Financière - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon) |
| Abstract: | Pension funds that handle retirement risk need to invest assets in a diversified manner, on long durations and if possible while facing interest rate and longevity risk. In the recent years, a new class of investment called a longevity megafund was described, that invests in clinical trials for solutions against age-related diseases. Using simple models, we here study the financial interest for pension funds of investing in a longevity megafund. |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01571937&r=all |
| By: | Wataru Hirata (Bank of Japan); Mayumi Ojima (Bank of Japan) |
| Abstract: | Bank competition and financial stability is a recurrent research issue, and researchers have begun to shed light on the competition effect on systemic-risk. Japan is an interesting case in this venue since its regional banking system has confronted intensified competition and there is growing evidence that the competition has led the portfolio of Japan's regional banks to be more overlapped, an indication of increased systemic risk. In this paper, we first examine the empirical relationship between competition and systemic-risk for Japan's regional banks. We find that the bank mark-up is negatively associated with the level of systemic risk, indicating that competition undermines the system-wide financial stability in Japan. However, this result is at odds with existing studies. To this end, we perform a theoretical analysis focusing on bank's portfolio diversification. We demonstrate that Japan's regional banks tend to diversify toward alternative lending when the profitability of the core business declines. This diversification results in the build-up of systemic risk through higher common exposure, a form of indirect interconnectedness. |
| Keywords: | Competition; Mark-up; Systemic-risk; Indirect interconnectedness |
| JEL: | G11 G21 L51 |
| Date: | 2019–01–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boj:bojwps:wp19e01&r=all |
| By: | Matteo Barigozzi; Marc Hallin; Stefano Soccorsi |
| Abstract: | Ripple effects in financial markets associated with crashes, systemic risk and contagion are characterized by non-trivial lead-lag dynamics which is crucial for understanding how crises spread and, therefore, central in risk management. In the spirit of Diebold and Yilmaz (2014), we investigate connectedness among financial firms via an analysis of impulse response functions of adjusted intraday log-ranges to market shocks involving network theory methods. Motivated by overwhelming evidence that the interdependence structure of financial markets is varying over time, we are basing that analysis on the so-called time-varying General Dynamic Factor Model proposed by Eichler et al. (2011), which extends to the locally stationary context the framework developed by Forni et al. (2000) under stationarity assumptions. The estimation methods in Eichler et al. (2011), however, present the major drawback of involving two-sided filters which make it impossible to recover impulse response functions. We therefore introduce a novel approach extending to the time-varying context the one-sided method of Forni et al. (2017). The resulting estimators of time-varying impulse response functions are shown to be consistent, hence can be used in the analysis of (time-varying) connectedness. Our empirical analysis on a large and strongly comoving panel of intraday price ranges of US stocks indicates that large increases in mid to long-run connectedness are associated with the main financial turmoils. |
| Keywords: | Dynamic factor models, volatility, financial crises, contagion, financial connectedness, high-dimensional time series, panel data, time-varying models, local stationarity. |
| Date: | 2019–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eca:wpaper:2013/283963&r=all |
| By: | John Leventides; Kalliopi Loukaki; Vassilios G. Papavassiliou |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is to assess the resilience of financial systems to exogenous shocks using techniques drawn from the theory of complex networks. We investigate by means of Monte Carlo simulations the fragility of several network topologies using a simple default model of contagion applied on interbank networks of varying sizes. We trigger a series of banking crises by exogenously failing each bank in the system and observe the propagation mechanisms that take effect within the system under different scenarios. Finally, we add to the existing literature by analyzing the interplay of several crucial drivers of interbank contagion, such as network topology, leverage, interconnectedness, heterogeneity and homogeneity across bank sizes and interbank exposures. |
| Keywords: | Interbank congtagion; Random networks; Financial stability; Interconectedness; Systemic risk |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rru:oapubs:10197/9601&r=all |
| By: | Federico Bassetti (Politecnico of Milan, Italy); Roberto Casarin (University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Italy); Francesco Ravazzolo (Free University of Bolzano‐Bozen Faculty of Economics, Italy and BI Norwegian Business School) |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews different methods to construct density forecasts and to aggregate forecasts from many sources. Density evaluation tools to measure the accuracy of density forecasts are reviewed and calibration methods for improving the accuracy of forecasts are presented. The manuscript provides some numerical simulation tools to approximate predictive densities with a focus on parallel computing on graphical process units. Some simple examples are proposed to illustrate the methods. |
| Keywords: | Density forecasting, density combinations, density evaluation, boot-strapping, Bayesian inference, Monte Carlo simulations, GPU computing |
| JEL: | C10 C11 C15 C53 C63 |
| Date: | 2019–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bzn:wpaper:bemps59&r=all |