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on Resource Economics |
| By: | Carmen Broto (BANCO DE ESPAÑA); Olivier Hubert (BANCO DE ESPAÑA) |
| Abstract: | We study whether the process of desertification in Spain has an impact on the volume of credit granted to Spanish non-financial corporations (NFCs). To this end, we use a panel data model at the municipal level from 1984 to 2019 for bank loans obtained from the Banco de España’s central credit register, where the main explanatory variable is the aridity index. Given that aridity is a long-term climatic phenomenon, we also estimate the model with local projections (Jordà, 2005) to disentangle the impact of aridity on credit to NFCs over longer horizons. Consistent with the literature, we find that higher aridity leads to lower credit to firms, at both short and long-term horizons. We also show that the effect of aridity on credit is sector-specific and depends on the climate zone. Credit to the agricultural sector is most negatively affected by this climatic hazard, while this phenomenon leads to more credit to the tourism sector in the most humid regions. |
| Keywords: | climate change, credit, aridity index, non-financial corporations, panel data model, local projections |
| JEL: | Q54 Q51 C33 E51 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:wpaper:2513 |
| By: | Fabianek, Paul (E.ON Energy Research Center, Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN)); Madlener, Reinhard (E.ON Energy Research Center, Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN)) |
| Abstract: | In this article, we propose an assessment framework for zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) in Germany using economic and customer-relevant criteria, with a focus on the mobility needs of individuals. Developing this framework required data obtained from four different sources: (1) literature, (2) semi-structured interviews, (3) a survey, and (4) market research. First, we derived the criteria relevant to assessing ZEVs from the literature and from semi-structured interviews. These interviews were conducted with individuals who have driving experience with both battery and fuel cell electric vehicles. Seven criteria were found to be particularly relevant for assessing ZEVs: greenhouse gas emissions, infrastructure availability, charging/refueling time, range, spaciousness, total costs, and driving dynamics (in descending order of importance). Second, we conducted a survey among ZEV drivers and ZEV-interested individuals in order to weight these seven criteria. This survey was based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process approach. We then used market research to assign value scores to each criterion, representing the extent to which a particular ZEV meets a given criterion. Finally, we combined the value scores with the criteria weights to create the assessment framework. This framework allows for a transparent assessment of different ZEVs from the perspective of (potential) customers, without the need to repeatedly involve the surveyed participants. In an exemplary application of this multi-criteria framework, a battery electric vehicle clearly scored higher than a fuel cell electric vehicle. Our study is primarily useful for mobility planners, policymakers, and car manufacturers to improve ZEV infrastructure and support transportation systems’ transition towards low-carbon mobility. |
| Keywords: | Zero emission vehicles; Sustainable mobility; Transportation infrastructure; Purchase criteria; Multi-criteria analysis |
| Date: | 2023–03–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:fcnwpa:2023_002 |
| By: | Hoffmann, Bridget; Sveta Milusheva |
| Abstract: | While populations in low- and middle-income countries are exposed to some of the highest levels of air pollution and its consequences, the majority of economics research on the topic is focused on high-income settings where there is greater data availability. This paper compares and evaluates the three principal sources of air pollution data (regulatory-grade monitors, satellites, and low-cost monitors) in a Sub-Saharan African context in terms of the accuracy of measurements of inhalable fine particulate matter across spatial and temporal frequencies and their performance when studying policy impacts. Satellite data is closely aligned with data from the regulatory-grade monitors at lower temporal frequencies. The low-cost monitors underestimate the amount of fine particulate matter relative to the other data sources. Calibration, especially context-specific calibration, of the low-cost monitors' data improves its alignment with other data sources. The paper uses each data source to evaluate the air pollution externality of mobility reduction policies using a difference-in-differences design and finds similar results, especially in terms of percent reduction. The paper considers policy makers' constraints to air pollution monitoring in low-income settings and demonstrates that co-locating one regulatory-grade monitor in a network of low-cost monitors can capture the spatial variation of pollution across an urban area and achieve better accuracy than either of these data sources alone. This provides a framework for policy makers to generate the data needed to evaluate environmental policies and externalities. |
| Date: | 2024–10–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10957 |
| By: | König, Christian (WZB Berlin Social Science Center); Salomo, Katja; Helbig, Marcel |
| Abstract: | Exposure to environmental burdens, such air and noise pollution or the lack of available green spaces, has been linked to a multitude of detrimental outcomes. Previous evidence indicates that poor residents and foreign minorities in European cities are disproportionately exposed to environmental burdens. However, there are substantial but ill-understood differences between European countries and between cities within countries. To address this limitation, we utilise fine-grained 1km-by-1km neighbourhood grid data on objective air and noise pollution as well as green space availability, enriched with administrative data on poverty rates and foreign minority shares from all German cities with at least 100, 000 inhabitants in 2017. We examine whether poor residents and foreign minorities are more often affected by environmental burdens, how their exposure to environmental burdens differs between cities, and what city-specific contextual factors contribute to these between-city differences. We find evidence that foreign minorities are more likely to be exposed to environmental burdens, but poor residents are predominantly not. However, there is considerable variation between cities. The strongest explanatory factor for this variation is the extent to which disadvantaged groups live in central neighbourhoods, less so residential segregation of poor and foreign residents, or the scarcity of ‘clean and healthy’ neighbourhoods in a city. Against these results, we further explore empirically how the current wave of inner-city gentrification might ease environmental inequality in German cities. |
| Date: | 2024–09–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:j4tf2_v1 |