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on Regulation |
| By: | Chakraborty, Debapriya; Buch, Koral; Tal, Gil |
| Abstract: | Total cost of ownership (TCO) studies are generally used as a tool to understand how and when plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) technology will reach cost parity with conventional fuel vehicles. Post cost-parity, the PEV market should be able to sustain without government intervention. The researchers present here a detailed analysis of vehicle manufacturing costs and market-level TCO accounting for technology uncertainties, behavioral heterogeneity, and key decision parameters of automakers. Using the estimates of the vehicle manufacturing costs, they estimate the cost of electrification of California’s LDV fleet to achieve the state’s net-zero emission goal by 2045. The results suggest that PEVs may not be cost competitive even in 2030 without stronger policy support and automakers initiative. Moreover, TCO is not a single number, and the cost of electrification will vary across the population based on the cost of vehicles available in the market, their charging capabilities at home and public, and energy costs. The TCO estimates and the cost of fleet electrification analysis not only has important implications for policymakers but can also offer a foundation for understanding the effect of market dynamics on the cost-competitiveness of the PEV technology. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Total cost of ownership, zero emission vehicles, teardown analysis, market segments |
| Date: | 2021–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt48c2z787&r= |
| By: | Curtis, John; Grilli, Gianluca; Brazil, William; Harold, Jason |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:rb202023&r= |
| By: | Gunnar S. Eskeland (Norwegian School of Economics); Shiyu Yan (Aarhus University) |
| Abstract: | In addition to a longstanding CO2 component in fuel taxes, Norway has used two main policy instruments to decarbonise its car fleet. A CO2-differentiated registration tax gives strong and continuous incentives to buy cars with lower registered CO2 intensity (or higher fuel efficiency). Moreover, generous tax incentives, including registration tax and VAT exemptions, are applied to zero-emission cars, and have given Norway the highest electric vehicle sales in the world. This paper analyses effects of the two instruments (the vehicle registration tax and tax exemption) using an excellent and detailed data set. |
| Keywords: | co-benefits, Cost-benefit analysis, Distributional effects, environmental externality, Greenhouse gas emission reduction, low-emission vehicles, policy instruments, vehicule registration tax |
| JEL: | L62 Q54 Q41 H23 Q51 |
| Date: | 2021–06–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:178-en&r= |
| By: | Tong Koecklin, Manuel; Longoria, Genaro; Fitiwi, Desta; DeCarolis, Joseph; Curtis, John |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:rb202105&r= |
| By: | Börjesson, Maria (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)); Asplund, Disa (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)); Hamilton, Carl (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)) |
| Abstract: | We simulate the external costs from road transport in a 2040 scenario where all gasoline vehicles are replaced by EV’s, and we do this for the densest regions of Sweden with a similar degree of urbanization to many other European countries, including cities, suburbs, towns and rural areas. We analyse the optimal kilometre tax based on three motives for taxing use and ownership of EVs: internalizing external cost, cost recovery of the public spending on the road sector, and fiscal taxation for raising revenue over and above what is justified by the two previous principles. We conclude that the optimal Pigouvian tax will be too low to justify the cost of a nationwide GPS-based kilometre tax for many years ahead, for which enforcement would drive the cost. Taxes collected based on roadside equipment systems in the big cities and surrounding highways would be a substantially cheaper way of internalizing most of the congestion cost. A shift from fuel taxes to national congestion taxes would, however, imply a large transfer of resources from the biggest city or cities to the rest of the country, where most of the kilometres are driven |
| Keywords: | Kilometre tax; Milage tax; Congestion charges; Equity; Infrastructure investments; Electric cars; Fiscal taxes; Benefit principle |
| JEL: | R12 R41 R42 |
| Date: | 2021–06–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:vtiwps:2021_003&r= |
| By: | Gorwa, Robert |
| Abstract: | Policy proposals for higher rules and standards governing how major user- generated content platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube moderate socially problematic content have become increasingly prevalent since the negotiation of the German Network Enforcement Act (NetzDG) in 2017. Although a growing body of scholarship has emerged to assess the normative and legal dimensions of these regulatory developments in Germany and beyond, the legal scholarship on intermediary liability leaves key questions about why and how these policies are developed, shaped, and adopted unanswered. The goal of this article is thus to provide a deep case study into the NetzDG from a regulatory politics perspective, highlighting the importance of political and regulatory factors currently under-explored in the burgeoning interdisciplinary literatures on platform governance and platform regulation. The empirical account presented here, which draws on 30 interviews with stakeholders involved in the debate around the NetzDG’s adoption, as well as hundreds of pages of deliberative documents obtained via freedom of information access requests, outlines how the NetzDG took shape, and how it overcame various significant obstacles (ranging from resistance from other stakeholders and the European Union’s frameworks against regulatory fragmentation) to eventually become law. The article argues, throughout this case study, that both domestic politics and transnational institutional constraints are crucial policy factors that should receive more attention as an important part of platform regulation debates. |
| Date: | 2021–05–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:2exrw&r= |
| By: | Xuemei Zheng (School of Economics, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China); Flavio Menezes (School of Economics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia); Xiaofeng Zheng (Industrial Bank Company Ltd., Taiyuan, China); Chengkuan Wu (School of Economics, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China) |
| Abstract: | It is widely recognized that Electric vehicles (EVs) will play a crucial role in the electrification of transport, which is necessary for reaching a net-zero emissions economy. This recognition is reflected in the number of initiatives introduced worldwide to promote the EV industry, ranging from purchase subsidies to the provision of charging infrastructure and direct industry assistance. In this context, the Chinese government introduced a comprehensive program of government subsidies to support the sale of EVs. This paper estimates the impacts of these subsidies on EV sales in China using the difference-in-differences (DID) and propensity score matching (PSM) approach. Based on the panel data at city level from 2009 to 2018, we show that subsidies were the major contributor to the increase in EV sales. Our results suggest that the provision of infrastructure such as charging piles is also an important contributing factor. These findings are robust across model specifications and regression approaches. The heterogeneity analysis indicates that the treatment effect is heterogeneous across EV types, city sizes and regions. Our results provide empirical support for the current policy settings designed to promote EV sales in China. |
| Keywords: | Electric vehicles, subsidy policies, difference-in-differences approach, China. |
| JEL: | Q48 C13 C54 |
| Date: | 2021–06–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qld:uq2004:645&r= |
| By: | Evensen, Charlotte Bjørnhaug (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration); Haugen, Atle (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration) |
| Abstract: | Abstract In this paper, we address how targeting and consumer multi-homing impact platform competition and market equilibria in two-sided markets. We analyze platforms that are financed by both advertising and subscription fees, and let them adopt a targeting technology with increasing performance in audience size: a larger audience generates more consumer data, which improves the platforms’ targeting ability and allows them to extract more ad revenues. Targeting therefore increases the importance of attracting consumers. Previous literature has shown that this could result in fierce price competition if consumers subscribe to only one platform (i.e. single-home). Surprisingly, we find that pure single-homing possibly does not constitute a Nash equilibrium. Instead, platforms might rationally set prices that induce consumers to subscribe to more than one platform (i.e. multi-home). With multi-homing, a platform’s audience size is not restricted by the number of subscribers on rival platforms. Hence, multi-homing softens the competition over consumers. We show that this might imply that equilibrium profit is higher with than without targeting, in sharp contrast to what previous literature predicts. |
| Keywords: | Two-sided markets; digital platforms; targeted advertising; incremental pricing; consumer multi-homing. |
| JEL: | D11 D21 L13 L82 |
| Date: | 2021–06–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nhheco:2021_013&r= |
| By: | Fuller, Sam; Fitch, Dillon; D'Agostino, Mollie C. |
| Abstract: | This report highlights key themes from a series of ten interviews with U.S. cities with micromobility programs in their jurisdictions (Atlanta, GA; Austin, TX; Chicago, IL; District of Columbia; Denver, CO; Los Angeles, CA; Oakland, CA; Portland, OR; San Diego, CA; Seattle, WA). The research aims to shed light on both the regulatory process and identify best practices for dockless bike and scooter sharing policy. The following themes emerged among the cities interviewed: a) Data-sharing requirements for scooters and dockless bikes are critical for evaluation and monitoring for compliance with policies like equitable distributional requirements; b) Clear parking regulations for dockless bikes and scooters must balance flexibility and preserve community space ; c) Fines are effective tools to reduce bad behavior from users of micromobility devices, e.g., incorrect parking, or reckless riding behavior; and d) Clear classifications of micromobility devices will allow cities to target guidance and update regulations over time to improve clarity and outcomes. Finally, the paper concludes that more research is needed to refine these findings in this new and rapidly growing micromobility marketplace. |
| Keywords: | Law, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Micromobility, scooters, e-bikes, shared mobility, policy, cities |
| Date: | 2021–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt8mw5j82x&r= |
| By: | Llerena, D.; Roussillon, B.; Teyssier, S.; Buckley, P.; Delinchant, B.; Ferrari, J.; Laranjeira, T.; Wurtz, F. |
| Abstract: | To increase the share of intermittent renewable energy in our production mix, occupants of buildings can be called upon to lower, anticipate or postpone their consumption according to the network balance. This article presents a small-scale field experiment aimed at introducing demand response in the workplace. We test the impact of load-shedding signals assorted with incentives on energy consumption of workers in the tertiary sector. Two incentive schemes are tested: a honorary contest and a monetary tournament. The results show a reduction in workers’ power demand during the load-shedding periods when the incentives are based on the honorary contest. At the opposite, the monetary tournament where workers could win money according to their behavior seems to have had no impact. The results also suggest that few workers can be responsible for a large part of energy consumption while the building is partially automatically controlled. |
| Keywords: | FLEXIBILITY;LOAD SHEDDING SIGNAL;WORKING PLACE;LIVING LAB. |
| JEL: | C93 Q40 Q51 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gbl:wpaper:2021-01&r= |
| By: | Jakub Soko³owski; Jan Frankowski; Joanna Mazurkiewicz |
| Abstract: | As a result of decarbonisation, the number of jobs in coal mining and mining-relatedindustries will drop. However, the risk of increased unemployment related to this process can be minimised. To that end, in order to mitigate the consequences of the transition away from coal, it is necessary to halt the inflow of new workers, to allow older employees to work until they reach retirement eligibility, and to provide support in advance for younger workers in mining and mining-relatedindustries so that they can take up jobs outside of the sector. To achieve that, we suggest three instruments: (1) relocating workers to coking coal mines, (2) retraining, and (3) support in starting up and running a business. With these instruments, it is possible to help accelerate decarbonisation while retaining a well-qualified workforce in the regional labour market |
| Keywords: | energy and climate, labour market |
| JEL: | J21 L71 Q43 |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ibt:ppaper:pp022021&r= |
| By: | Todorova, Tamara |
| Abstract: | Using a simple linear demand and marginal cost function, we demonstrate that both competition and monopoly have incentives to innovate since this increases their profit levels. However, our results show that perfect competition is more motivated to innovate since the increase in the profit is greater with the same cost reduction and the same innovation. We also conclude that a more drastic innovation brings greater rent to the monopolist and reduces the advantages of perfect competition over monopoly. It could be presumed that monopoly firms would be attracted to more substantive innovations rather than non-drastic ones. |
| Keywords: | competition, monopoly, innovation, profit |
| JEL: | D41 D42 O31 O32 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:108121&r= |
| By: | Nicholas Z. Muller |
| Abstract: | This paper demonstrates how a central bank might operationalize an expanded role inclusive of managing risks from environmental pollution. The analysis introduces the green interest rate (rg) which depends on temporal changes in the pollution intensity of output. This policy instrument reallocates consumption from periods when output is pollution intensive to when output is cleaner. In economies on a cleaning-up path, rg exceeds r*. For those growing more polluted, rg is less than r*. In the U.S. economy from 1957 to 2016, rg exceeded r* by 50 basis points. Federal environmental policy reversed the orientation between rg and r*. |
| JEL: | E21 E43 E63 Q51 Q53 Q54 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:28891&r= |
| By: | Da Zhang; Qingyi Wang; Shaojie Song; Simiao Chen; Mingwei Li; Lu Shen; Siqi Zheng; Bofeng Cai; Shenhao Wang |
| Abstract: | Estimating health benefits of reducing fossil fuel use from improved air quality provides important rationales for carbon emissions abatement. Simulating pollution concentration is a crucial step of the estimation, but traditional approaches often rely on complicated chemical transport models that require extensive expertise and computational resources. In this study, we develop a novel and succinct machine learning framework that is able to provide precise and robust annual average fine particle (PM2.5) concentration estimations directly from a high-resolution fossil energy use data set. The accessibility and applicability of this framework show great potentials of machine learning approaches for integrated assessment studies. Applications of the framework with Chinese data reveal highly heterogeneous health benefits of reducing fossil fuel use in different sectors and regions in China with a mean of \$34/tCO2 and a standard deviation of \$84/tCO2. Reducing rural and residential coal use offers the highest co-benefits with a mean of \$360/tCO2. Our findings prompt careful policy designs to maximize cost-effectiveness in the transition towards a carbon-neutral energy system. |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2105.14318&r= |