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on Regulation |
| By: | Jenn, Alan |
| Abstract: | Integrating electric vehicles (EVs) into vehicle fleets deployed by transportation network companies (TNCs; e.g., Uber and Lyft) is a particularly promising way to realize the benefits of vehicle electrification, due to the greater average miles traveled and passenger occupancy of TNC fleets. In this report, the researcher examines EV use in TNC fleets from 2016 through 2018. They leverage novel datasets from TNCs as well as from charging service providers (e.g., Chargepoint and EVGo) to analyze charging and use patterns of EVs within TNC fleets. These insights allow the researcher to quantify the emissions benefits of EV use within TNC fleets, assess the capability of EVs to perform TNC services, and understand the effects of EV use within TNC fleets on the charging behavior of non-TNC EVs. Findings show that the emission benefits of electrifying a vehicle in a TNC fleet are nearly three times greater than the benefits from electrifying a privately-owned vehicle. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Electric vehicle, transportation network company, emissions, fleet, charging, electrification |
| Date: | 2019–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt15s1h1kn&r=all |
| By: | Myers Jaffe, Amy |
| Abstract: | The emergence of natural gas (NG) as an abundant, inexpensive fuel in the United States has highlighted the possibility that it could play a significant role in the transition to low carbon fuels. It is often cited as a “bridge” to low carbon fuels in the transportation sector. Major corporations are already investing billions of dollars to build NG fueling infrastructure to expand its use in U.S. trucking fleets. In California, NG fueling infrastructure is expanding, especially in and around the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, and the use of NG-fueled medium- and heavy-duty fleets is currently on an upswing. The state is relying in part on the development and use of alternative fuels such as renewable natural gas (RNG) and hydrogen, which have low greenhouse gas and criteria pollutant emissions, to meet its climate change and air quality goals. This policy brief summarizes findings from the research project which examines how NG infrastructure can be economically and technologically synergistic for both NG and RNG in the near term, and for RNG and other renewables such as hydrogen in the long term. In particular, it examines optimum paths for developing infrastructure in the near term that will accommodate alternative fuels once they become available at the commercial scale. The original design of California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) provides time for the development of advanced, near-zero technologies. The research considers the use of LCFS credits in its analysis. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Fuel cell vehicles, Hydrogen fuels, Natural gas, Natural gas buses, Natural gas distribution systems, Natural gas pipelines, Natural gas vehicles, Service stations |
| Date: | 2018–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt19s7v9df&r=all |
| By: | Nils Axel Braathen (OECD) |
| Abstract: | Based on an in-depth literature review and responses to a survey among OECD member countries, this paper discusses the use of flexibility mechanisms in environmental regulations. Such mechanisms can provide flexibility as to how a given environmental improvement is achieved, regarding where environmental improvements take place, when they take place, as regards who is to achieve the improvements, and for which pollutants the emission reductions are to be achieved.The literature on these issues is limited, but it is clear that some such mechanisms can have important environmental and economic impacts. In certain cases, flexibility mechanisms which have provided important benefits in terms of cost reductions have proven to also shift pollution to areas where the negative health impacts are larger. Hence, it will be useful to carefully assess the related social costs and benefits of both existing and new flexibility mechanisms. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, emission trading, environmental regulations, flexibility mechanisms, government policy, valuation of environmental externalities |
| JEL: | Q51 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–08–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:151-en&r=all |
| By: | Ambrose, Hanjiro; Pappas, Nicholas; Kendall, Alissa PhD |
| Abstract: | The California Air Resources Board is considering regulatory changes to require an increasing share of public transit buses to produce zero-emissions by 2040. This report attempts to identify and assess critical drivers of electric bus adoption costs, characterize uncertainty in forecasting agency transition costs, and provide an approach to support agencies’ assessment of strategic investments in new vehicle technologies. While current purchase costs for electric buses are 40% higher compared to conventional diesel or clean-natural gas buses, by 2030, electric buses are likely to become the most cost-effective option. Taking total cost of ownership into consideration, replacing a bus fleet by 2030 with a 100% electric fleet is estimated to decrease overall costs by $0.1 to $3.6B compared to replacing the current fleet. Results are likely to vary depending on agency size as small and rural agencies have orders of magnitude smaller fleets than the largest agencies and the estimates take into account current subsides for purchases electric buses. The report concludes that total costs of ownership for electric buses are likely to be lower than current fleets and that agencies need better tools to be able to evaluate integrated technology and systems planning, particularly as it relates to transit bus electrification. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Public transit, transit operating agencies, electric buses |
| Date: | 2017–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt0fn8s2jh&r=all |
| By: | Koppensteiner, Martin Foureaux (University of Surrey); Matheson, Jesse (University of Sheffield); Plugor, Réka (University of Leicester) |
| Abstract: | We study the effect of reducing barriers to accessing non-police services on the demand for police services in cases of police-reported domestic violence. Variation comes from a large randomized controlled trial designed to assist victims in accessing non-police services and we link information from local and national police administrative records and a survey of victims to form a unique dataset for the evaluation. The intervention led to a 18% decrease in the demand for police services, as measured by the provision of a statement by victims. Despite a strong correlation between statements and criminal sanctions against perpetrators, we do not find a corresponding effect of the intervention on perpetrator arrest, charges, or sentencing. This suggests that treated victims who do not provide a statement do so because their potential statement was relatively less effective for pursuing criminal sanctions. Consistent with this result, we find treatment group statements are significantly less likely to be withdrawn than are control group statements. |
| Keywords: | public services, domestic violence, RCT, allocative efficiency |
| JEL: | I18 J12 H75 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp12461&r=all |
| By: | Boarnet, Marlon; Bostic, Raphael; Rodnyansky, Seva; Santiago-Bartolomei, Raúl; Williams, Danielle |
| Abstract: | As the construction and usage of rail transit proliferates in cities across the world, concerns abound about impacts on surrounding neighborhoods – including gentrification and displacement. Los Angeles County has seen a massive rail transit buildout—from zero to 93 stations along six lines—in 25 years. This boom has led to a prevailing perception that Los Angeles’ rail transit development causes an influx of high-income residents and an outflow of low-income residents near rail stations. This policy brief summarizes research that tests this perception by answering the following questions related to rail transit and household moves: Do rail transit stations affect residential move rates in surrounding neighborhoods? And, if so, then are lower income or long-term residents disproportionally displaced from the neighborhood? View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Demographics, Households, Low income groups, Mobility, Neighborhoods, Population movements, Rail transit, Rail transit stations, Transit oriented development, Urban population |
| Date: | 2018–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt7j29d2g3&r=all |
| By: | Jung, Jinho; Sesmero, Juan Pablo; Siebert, Ralph |
| Keywords: | Industrial Organization |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290999&r=all |