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on Project, Program and Portfolio Management |
| By: | Henri-Jean Gless (MAP-CRAI - Centre de Recherche en Architecture et Ingénierie [École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Nancy] - MAP - Modèles et simulations pour l'Architecture et le Patrimoine - MCC - Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ENSA Nancy - École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Nancy, UL - Université de Lorraine); Gilles Halin (MAP-CRAI - Centre de Recherche en Architecture et Ingénierie [École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Nancy] - MAP - Modèles et simulations pour l'Architecture et le Patrimoine - MCC - Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UL - Université de Lorraine); Damien Hanser (MAP-CRAI - Centre de Recherche en Architecture et Ingénierie [École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Nancy] - MAP - Modèles et simulations pour l'Architecture et le Patrimoine - MCC - Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ENSA Nancy - École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Nancy) |
| Abstract: | This paper is part of our research on the digital transition in architecture, and more particularly on the integration of BIM (Building Information Management) technology. Indeed, in the field of AEC in France, this transition is still ongoing and remains difficult for architects. BIM technology changes the way people work and communicate, and remains only a tool without a method behind it. His arrival then raises technical but also human questions. Our research then turns to the social sciences and project management sciences to see if the creation or adaptation of project management methods can facilitate this integration. In other fields such as industry, software engineering, or HMI design, we have seen the emergence of agile methods that focus more on design teams, and therefore communication, than on the process itself. After experimenting with several agile practices, we identified the need for a design team to be mentored by someone in the role of facilitator or coach. This article describes how we can transfer to students an agile practice called BIM-agile Coach that we experimented during a weeklong workshop. |
| Keywords: | Architectural design,Agile methods,Agile practices,BIM technology,Collaborative design,Project management |
| Date: | 2018–09–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02095546&r=all |
| By: | Henri-Jean Gless (MAP-CRAI - Centre de Recherche en Architecture et Ingénierie [École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Nancy] - MAP - Modèles et simulations pour l'Architecture et le Patrimoine - MCC - Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ENSA Nancy - École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Nancy); Damien Hanser (MAP-CRAI - Centre de Recherche en Architecture et Ingénierie [École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Nancy] - MAP - Modèles et simulations pour l'Architecture et le Patrimoine - MCC - Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ENSA Nancy - École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Nancy); Gilles Halin (MAP-CRAI - Centre de Recherche en Architecture et Ingénierie [École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Nancy] - MAP - Modèles et simulations pour l'Architecture et le Patrimoine - MCC - Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UL - Université de Lorraine) |
| Abstract: | The experiments presented in this article arise from the identification, the application and the modification of agile practices within collaborative architectural design. Indeed, the digital transition in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction field is a major challenge in France and is often seen only from its technological and no from its human aspect. Our research is then directed towards the contribution of social sciences and coordination-oriented practices as a vector of change. The practices are in the form of card games and enable collaboration actors to better understand what a BIM task is and to position themselves correctly in relation to the expectations and definitions of other stakeholders. We are thus talking about refinement and elicitation of architectural intentions. |
| Abstract: | Les expérimentations présentées dans cet article viennent de l'identification puis de l'application et de la modification de pratiques agiles issues du génie logiciel au sein de la conception collaborative architecturale. En effet, la transition numérique dans le domaine de l'Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) est un enjeu majeur en France et n'est souvent vue qu'à travers son aspect technologique et non humain. Notre recherche s'oriente alors vers l'apport des sciences sociales et des pratiques orientées coordination comme vecteur de changement. Les pratiques en question se présentent sous forme de jeux de cartes et permettent aux acteurs de la collaboration de mieux appréhender ce qu'est une tâche BIM et de correctement se positionner par rapport aux attentes et aux définitions des autres intervenants. Nous parlons alors de raffinement et d'élicitation des intentions architecturales. |
| Keywords: | Architectural design,Agile methods,Collaborative design,BIM Technology,Project management,Conception architecturale,Méthodes agiles,Conception collaborative,Technologie BIM,Gestion de projet |
| Date: | 2018–10–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02095524&r=all |
| By: | Vanino, Enrico; Roper, Stephen; Becker, Bettina |
| Abstract: | UK Research Councils (UKRCs) spend around £3bn pa supporting R&D and innovation. We provide a comprehensive assessment of these grants on the performance of participating UK firms, using data on all projects funded by UKRCs over the 2004–2016 period and applying a propensity score matching approach. We exploit the richness of the data available in the Gateway to Research database by investigating the heterogeneous effect of these projects across several novel directions which have not been explored before. We find a positive effect on the employment and turnover growth of participating firms, both in the short and in the medium term. Exploring impacts across different types of firms we find stronger performance impacts for firms in R&D intensive industries and for smaller and less productive firms. We also consider how impacts vary depending on the characteristics of the funded research projects in terms of partners characteristics, receipt of other research grants and grant value. Finally, we focus on the different sources of grants, analysing in particular the evolution in the funding strategy of Innovate UK. Our results have implications for the extent and targeting of future Research Council funding both in the UK and elsewhere. |
| Keywords: | innovation; public support; R&D; Research Council; UK |
| JEL: | O30 O57 |
| Date: | 2019–04–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:100717&r=all |
| By: | Winters Matthew |
| Abstract: | The total funding envelope for World Bank projects is often divided among various state and non-state actors, each of which can have competing ideas about or interests in the project. How does the division of financing relate to overall project effectiveness?I argue that too many funding streams in a project can reduce project effectiveness by creating delays, increasing transaction costs, and blurring lines of accountability. I combine original data on the number and concentration of financial collaborators in World Bank projects with the World Bank’s ratings of project performance, looking at within-country variation across projects to explore whether there is evidence of reduced aid effectiveness in projects with more participants.The results suggest that projects with significant co-financing receive somewhat worse project ratings. |
| Keywords: | Aid effectiveness,Foreign aid,funding,World Bank |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2019-6&r=all |
| By: | Chasukwa Michael; Banik Dan |
| Abstract: | Many practical and action-oriented international roadmaps to improve the quality of aid and its delivery and impact on development—including the Paris Declaration, Accra Agenda for Action, and Busan Partnership—emphasize a more active involvement of domestic institutions and procedures.Despite widespread agreement among both donor and recipient countries on this issue, we find that a large amount of disbursed aid tends to bypass national institutional structures. This practice is often justified on grounds of high levels of political and administrative corruption and weak implementation capacity in recipient country bureaucracies.We examine how and to what extent multi- and bi-lateral development agencies bypass national and local government institutions while channeling aid and the impact of such practices on aid effectiveness in Africa. Based on an empirical study of project aid and budget support provided to Malawi by the World Bank, the African Development Bank, and the German Economic Group, we argue that earmarked funding, specialized procurement arrangements, and the proliferation of Project Management Units are among the mechanisms used to circumvent the involvement of national institutions.We conclude that while such practices may achieve short-term gains by displaying successful and visible ‘donorship,’ the long-term impact is more uncertain. The bypassing of local institutions results in the fragmentation of aid, a lack of coordination among aid industry actors, and a general weakening of policy space and domestic capacity to formulate and implement development policy. |
| Keywords: | Aid effectiveness,Aid policy,development policy,Institutions,Corruption |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2019-22&r=all |
| By: | Sissoko, Manda Dite Mariam; Toschi, Natalia; Martin, Lisandro |
| Abstract: | This document presents the results of an in-depth analysis of the drivers of cofinancing in IFAD-supported programmes/projects. The study covers 20 years of project-financing data from 559 projects in 109 countries. The analysis used rigorous statistical models, such as panel regression and sample selection models, to identify country-, project- and IFADspecific factors that trigger domestic and international cofinancing. In the first stage of the data analysis, the determinants of cofinancing committed at project approval were analysed to highlight the most significant drivers. In the second stage, cofinancing amounts disbursed at project completion were analysed to identify the underlying factors that explained the variations (positive or negative) between approved cofinancing amounts and the amounts disbursed. The analysis incorporated qualitative information on the challenges and opportunities of cofinancing, sourced from some regional economists, portfolio advisors and country programme managers. The findings corroborated the general decline in IFAD’s cofinancing ratios over recent decades, along with high variability during this time. Differences between regions in the distribution and structure of cofinancing were also observed. It appeared that donors’ initial commitment to IFAD-supported projects at the time of the design was not always definitive. For 131 projects analysed, 77 per cent reported a disbursed domestic cofinancing amount that was different from the appraisal amount, while 46 per cent had a disbursed international cofinancing amount different from the design figure. Among factors that predict the cofinancing level, country-specific conditions (such as income level, fragility, national budgetary limitations, quality of rural institutions, governance, the size of the country and its vulnerability) are significant determinants. Project characteristics are crucial for resource mobilization; in particular, larger projects attract more cofinancing than others. The quality of implementation is another project-related factor found to be a major driver of donor commitment throughout the project life cycle. Results also show that international financial institutions (IFIs) can have the flexibility to influence cofinancing in their supported projects by focusing on a number of factors under their control that have appeared to have significant effects on cofinancing. In IFAD’s case, for example, the in-country experience of country programme managers and the size of the portfolio they managed had significant positive effects on cofinancing. The presence of an IFAD Country Office also had a positive impact on resource mobilization. Furthermore, project partners’ perception of IFAD’s performance as a development partner of choice was a strong driver of cofinancing. It appears that the higher the IFAD performance rating is, the higher is the probability of an increase in the amount of cofinancing disbursed at completion. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2019–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:unadrs:288107&r=all |
| By: | Jean-Claude Berthelemy (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International); Arnaud Millien (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International) |
| Abstract: | This paper is the first product of a project which aims to build a Collaborative Smart Mapping of Mini-grid Action (CoSMMA), whose principal objective is to identify best practice in decentralized electrification projects. Using evaluations of 421 projects, from published research papers, we built a pilot CoSMMA which proves its feasibility. Its relevance is demonstrated by a meta-analysis, which reveals the principal characteristics of decentralized electrification projects which have positive impacts on sustainable development. Four main characteristics were considered: technology (source or energy), system size (power), decision level (from local to country level) geographic location. When searching for best practices, technology and system size must be considered together, because the chosen technology may constrain the power, which is provided by the system. We find that the most popular projects, which are based on Solar Home Systems (SHS) are not the most effective. The problem with SHS is not the use of solar energy, but the small system size often chosen for SHS. Mini-grids, of larger size, especially those which use hybrid renewable sources of energy, have more positive impacts, because these systems combine the benefits of sustainability and flexibility. In terms of decision level, we find that both top-down and bottom-up approaches have advantages, with the observation of a U-shaped curve for the influence of the decision level on the probability of obtaining positive impacts. Geographical location matters, as it is very often the key to system feasibility. We find that DEPs are more effective in Latin America than in Asia, and more effective in Asia than in Africa. We also attempted to study the type of effects resulting from DEPs. Descriptive data suggest that for some types of effects, positive impacts are more likely than for others. Decentralized electrification projects have a more positive impact on Lifestyle & NICT or Household agenda than on Economic transformation or Community life. However, this pilot CoSMMA does not contain enough information to study precisely the types of effects, because some types of effects have not been studied frequently in the existing literature. This is the case, for instance, for environmental effects, which have been rarely measured scientifically. Finally, we attempted to broaden our information set by including expert data, which was entered into the CoSMMA meta-analysis. We define expert data as data that are not supported by statistical tests with measures of significance, whereas the evaluations based on scientific data were supported by statistical tests of significance. The expert data may be valid, but our attempt to include it in the analysis failed at this stage. The determinants of unproven effects appear to be quite different from the determinants of proven effects in our meta-analysis, and using expert data would imply merging proven and unproven effects, which would totally blur the conclusions. |
| Keywords: | decentralized electrification,sustainable developement,impact assessment,meta-analysis,méta-analyse,électrification décentralisée,développement durable,évaluation d'impact |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01965653&r=all |
| By: | Natacha Aveline Ou Aveline-Dubach (GC - Géographie-cités - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - UPD7 - Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Guillaume Blandeau (GC - Géographie-cités - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - UPD7 - Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The mechanism of land value capture (LVC) for financing urban transport, which supports the cost of transit infrastructure through the revenues of land and property, has generated a substantial body of research. However, the literature on transit-related LVC has paid little attention to the politics and strategies of value capture. This article intends to shift the focus towards the governance of LVC, based on the case study of the Mass Transit Railway Corporation (MTRC) in Hong Kong. It argues that the evolving balance of power within Hong Kong's growth coalition has entailed a transformation of the MTRC's business model, prompting the transit agency to shift from the development of new real estate projects to the management of existing property assets. This work provides empirical evidence of an emerging 'management-based' value capture strategy, which is adapted to steady or slow growing urban contexts. |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-02100616&r=all |