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on Project, Program and Portfolio Management |
| By: | ITOH Hideshi |
| Abstract: | We study the decision process of an organization that faces a problem of choosing between the status quo project ("no change") and the new project ("change"). The organization consists of a decision maker and an implementer. The implementer first chooses a costly effort to develop a new project. If it is developed, the decision maker formally selects either the status quo project or the new project. Otherwise, only the status quo project is available (and is selected). The implementer then chooses an implementation effort to execute the selected project. Both the decision maker and the implementer have intrinsic and possibly divergent preferences over two projects that are either status-quo-biased (anti-changer) or change-biased (pro-changer). The owner of the organization must choose one of four feasible organizational forms: both status-quo-biased, both change-biased, a status-quo-biased decision maker and a change-biased implementer, and a change-biased decision maker and a status-quo-biased implementer. We analyze how the organizational form affects the decision maker's project selection, the implementer's implementation motive, and his incentive to develop a new project, and solves for the organization optimal for the unbiased owner. |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:15082&r=ppm |
| By: | Mauro Pisu; Barbara Pels; Novella Bottini |
| Abstract: | The United Kingdom (UK) has spent less on infrastructure compared to other OECD countries over the past three decades. The perceived quality of UK infrastructure assets is close to the OECD average but lower than in other G7 countries. Capacity constraints have emerged in some sectors, such as electricity generation, air transport and roads. Developing and regularly updating a national infrastructure strategy, with the National Infrastructure Plan being a welcome first step in this direction, would contribute to reduce policy uncertainty and tackle capacity constraints in a durable way. The design of coherent development plans by local authorities congruent with the national and local planning systems should continue to improve project delivery. The government intends to finance a large share of infrastructure spending to 2020 and beyond through private capital. Unlocking private investment in a cost effective and transparent way could be supported by further improving incentives for greenfield investment, continuing to carefully assess and record public-private partnerships, and promoting more long-term financing instruments. This Working Paper relates to the 2015 OECD Economic Survey of the United Kingdom (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-united-kingdom.htm).<P>Améliorer les infrastructures au Royaume-Uni<BR>Au Royaume-Uni, les dépenses dans les infrastructures ont été inférieures à ce qu’elles ont été dans d’autres pays de l’OCDE au cours des trois dernières décennies. La perception de la qualité des actifs d’infrastructure y est comparable à la moyenne de l’OCDE, mais est plus faible que dans les autres pays du G7. Des contraintes de capacité se sont fait jour dans certains secteurs comme la production d’électricité, le transport aérien ou le réseau routier. L’élaboration et l’actualisation régulière d’une stratégie nationale en matière d’infrastructures, avec le Plan National d’Infrastructure étant une première étape bienvenue en ce sens, contribuerait à réduire les incertitudes au niveau de l’action publique et de s’attaquer de manière durable aux contraintes de capacité. La conception, par les collectivités locales, de plans de développement cohérents conformes aux systèmes de planification nationaux et locaux améliorerait la livraison de projets. Le gouvernement a l’intention de financer une grande partie des dépenses d’infrastructures jusqu’en 2020 et au-delà en mobilisant des capitaux privés. Le déverrouillage de l’investissement privé de manière transparente et avec un bon rapport coût/efficacité pourrait être soutenu en améliorant les incitations à investir dans des installations entièrement nouvelles, de recenser et d’évaluer soigneusement les partenariats public-privé et de promouvoir de nouveaux instruments de financement à long terme. |
| Keywords: | transport, energy, infrastructure, railways, private investment, public-private partnerships, road transport |
| JEL: | H54 L91 L92 L93 L94 L95 L96 L98 |
| Date: | 2015–07–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1244-en&r=ppm |
| By: | Ebata, Ayako; Hüttel, Silke |
| Abstract: | The objective of this paper is to understand the mechanisms by which development projects facilitate market linkage of smallholder farmers based on panel data from Nicaragua. We find that activities related to entrepreneurial practices have positive and statistically significant effect on commercialization. We also find that increased commercialization is positively correlated with total bean sales income, suggesting a positive indirect effect of the activities. Other activities demonstrate no positive and robust effect on commercialization while direct positive effects on sales income can be observed. This implies that market linkage of smallholder farmers require different sets of intervention tools than traditional farm technical assistance. |
| Keywords: | Central America, NGO project, Market linkage, Impact Assessment, Food Security and Poverty, International Development, Marketing, O13, Q17, Q18, |
| Date: | 2015–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gagfdp:204326&r=ppm |
| By: | Koen Leurs; Sandra Ponzanesi |
| Abstract: | ‘On digital crossings in Europe’ explores the entanglements of digital media and migration beyond the national and mono-ethnic focus. We argue how borders, identity and affectivity have been destabilized and reconfigured through medium-specific technological affordances, opting for a comparative and postcolonial framework that focuses on diversity in conjunction with cosmopolitan aspirations. Internet applications make it possible to sustain new forms of diaspora and networks, which operate within and beyond Europe, making issues of ethnicity, nationality, race and class not obsolete but transformed. It is therefore important and timely to analyse how these reconfigurations take place and affect everyday life. Using a critical approach to digital tools that avoids utopian notions of connectivity and borderlessness, this article highlights the dyssymmetries and tensions produced by the ubiquitousness of digital connectivity. It further introduces the different contributions to the special issue, making connections and tracing relations among themes and methods and sketching main patterns for further research. It also offers a panorama of other related studies and projects in the field, which partake in a critical reassessment of the enabling power of digital media and their divisive implications for new forms of surveillance, online racism and ‘economic’ inequality, which we gather under the heading of postcolonial digital humanities. |
| Keywords: | Europe; diaspora; border; digital; racism; postcolonial; digital humanities |
| JEL: | L91 L96 |
| Date: | 2014–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:56884&r=ppm |
| By: | Gömann, Horst; Bender, Andrea; Bolte, Andreas; Dirksmeyer, Walter; Englert, Hermann; Feil, Jan-Henning; Frühauf, Cathleen; Hauschild, Marlen; Krengel, Sandra; Lilienthal, Holger; Löpmeier, Franz-Josef; Müller, Jürgen; Mußhoff, Oliver; Natkhin, Marco; Offermann, Frank; Seidel, Petra; Schmidt, Matthias; Seintsch, Björn; Steidl, Jörg; Strohm, Kathrin |
| Abstract: | Das Verbundforschungsvorhaben untersuchte regional differenzierte Änderungen agrarrelevanter Extremwetterlagen in Deutschland und deren Auswirkungen auf die Landwirtschaft einschließlich Sonderkulturen und Forstwirtschaft. Auswertungen der Stationsdaten von 1961 bis 2013 des Deutschen Wetterdienstes sowie Daten aus 21 Klimamodellläufen bis zum Jahr 2100 zeigten unter anderem einen Anstieg extremer Hitzetage, die auch in Zukunft häufiger werden sollen. Ferner wurde in den letzten 20 Jahren eine Zunahme der Tage ohne Niederschlag im März und April sowie eine Zunahme extrem trockener Tage im Sommer beobachtet, wobei letztere zukünftig weiter zunehmen sollen. Zunehmende Hitze und Trockenheit beeinträchtigen vor allem die Ertragsbildung bei einigen Ackerkulturen, wie z.B. beim Weizen. Im Wald ist die Verjüngungsfähigkeit vor allem unter Fichte und Kiefer gefährdet. Bei einigen Extremwetterlagen, die insbesondere im Acker- und Sonderkulturanbau hohe Schäden verursachen, wie z. B. Hagel, Starkniederschläge und Spätfröste, besteht wegen fehlender Beobachtungsdaten bzw. nicht eindeutiger Wechselwirkungen weiterer Forschungsbedarf. Nach den Ergebnissen besteht angesichts vielfältiger Anpassungsoptionen in der Land- und Forstwirtschaft keine unmittelbare Notwendigkeit, Risikomanagementsysteme staatlich verstärkt zu unterstützen. |
| Abstract: | The collaborative project analysed regional differentiated changes of extreme weather events in Germany and their impacts on agriculture including specialised crops and forestry. Analyses of weather station data from 1961 to 2013 of the German Weather Service as well as results of 21 climate model runs until 2100 show i. a. an increase of days with extreme heat which are expected to become more frequent in the future. Furthermore, an increase of days without precipitation in March and April as well as an increase of days with extreme drought in summer were observed. The latter are expected to increase in the future. Increasing heat and drought adversely affect in particular growth and crop harvest of arable cultures e. g. winter wheat. Extreme drought impairs especially the regeneration capacity in spruce and pine forests. For some extreme weather events that cause severe damages in particular in arable and specialised crops such as hail, extreme precipitation and late frosts further research need was identified due to missing observation data or unclear interactions between weather and vegetation. According to the results and in the light of various adaptation options there is currently no further necessity for governmental support of risk management systems. |
| Keywords: | Extremwetterlagen,Klimaanpassung,Risikomanagement,GAP,extreme weather events,climate adaptation,risk management,CAP |
| JEL: | O13 Q12 Q15 Q18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtire:30&r=ppm |