|
on Project, Program and Portfolio Management |
| By: | Dekker, Ronald; kleinknecht, A.H. |
| Abstract: | Using CIS data from the Netherlands, Germany and France we test whether EU Framework programs do have effects on their participants' R&D input and innovative output. From our Heckman selection equations, we conclude that the FPs attract the "elite" of European innovators. The question is whether, after correction for self-selection, the programs have positive effects on innovative behaviour. This is hard to test meaningfully among large firms as EU funding is likely to cover only a minor share of their innovative activities. Analysing changes in R&D input we find that smaller firms increase their R&D input quite substantially after entering an EU FP program. Estimating equations that explain sales of innovative products, we find that firms that collaborate on R&D with clients, suppliers, competitors or public research institutes do not have increased sales of innovative products. We try to provide explanations for this counter-intuitive finding. Moreover, participation in an EU FP neither increases sales of innovative products. This result holds after numerous robustness checks. We argue that our insignificant outcomes do not necessarily imply that the FP programs are worthless. There is independent evidence that innovative projects funded by the EU FPs do, on average, involve more technical and scientific risks, they are more complex, and involve longer time horizons. Obviously, they are farer from market introduction which is not surprising, given the regulatory demand that EU FPs should be "pre-competitive". Against this background, we cannot exclude the possibility that an insignificant coefficient of FP participation in our equation on innovative output may still have a positive meaning. |
| Keywords: | innovation; R&D subsidies; collaborative R&D; CIS data; Netherlands; Germany; France |
| JEL: | O38 O57 O32 O31 |
| Date: | 2008–05–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:8503&r=ppm |
| By: | Alberto Martin |
| Abstract: | We analyze a standard environment of adverse selection in credit markets. In our envi- ronment, entrepreneurs who are privately informed about the quality of their projects need to borrow from banks. As is generally the case in economies with adverse selection, the competitive equilibrium of our economy is shown to be ine¢ cient. Under adverse selection, the choices made by one type of agents limit what can be o¤ered to other types in an incentive-compatible manner. This gives rise to an externality, which cannot be internalized in a competitive equilibrium. We show that, in this type of environment, the ine¢ ciency associated to adverse selection is the consequence of one implicit assumption: entrepreneurs can only borrow from banks. If an additional market is added (say, a .security market.), in which entrepreneurs can obtain funds beyond those o¤ered by banks, we show that the e¢ cient allocation is an equilibrium of the economy. In such an equilibrium, all entrepreneurs borrow at a pooling rate in the security market. When they apply to bank loans, though, only entrepreneurs with good projects pledge these additional funds as collateral. This equilibrium thus simultaneously entails cross- subsidization and separation between di¤erent types of entrepreneurs. |
| Keywords: | Adverse Selection, Credit Markets, Collateral, Screening |
| JEL: | D82 G20 D62 |
| Date: | 2008–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:upf:upfgen:1085&r=ppm |
| By: | Alrubaie, falah.K.Ali |
| Abstract: | Despite the strategic importance of small projects in the development process in developing countries, including the Libyan economy, but they face many economic problems, administrative and organizational productivity, marketing and other problems related to lack of information, working to reduce their access to formal finance in general and banking in particular. Libyan Development Bank Branch Darna Try to financing small projects, but, faced many problems, most notably, routine and repetition of ideas projects proposed for funding and low lack creativity and marketing management skills of officials to manage projects and lack of coordination between the real and meaningful support institutions for small-scale projects and the lack of correlation Lending to small projects, training programmes, including working on improving their performance and reduce the risk of failure did not succeed, the finance small projects in creating a genuine development, the high incidence of default and lack of seriousness in fulfilling borrowers recruited him, and sought some borrowers to obtain funds through fraud and provide Invoices and forged documents to devise several ways to exploit legal loopholes, lack of safety instruments provided for the payment of installments by borrowers and these problems have led to the erosion of capital for lending led to a change in its funding , To ensure the continuation of the work necessary to support the Bank of Development Bank Branch Darna by granting loans for projects in small elements to raise the level of efficient performance, and forming committees to study the problem of bad loans and to diagnose those responsible for the continuation of this faltering and strengthening the role of the bank and granting greater powers of the branches to resolve such Problem, and recruitment of investment portfolios amounts deposited with commercial banks and investment companies for use in the areas of development and development projects, small and medium enterprises, reduce the cost of obtaining loans to loans, especially new graduates to help them to form projects that fit with the Academy of competences to reduce unemployment, the need to accelerate the establishment of an Credit Guarantee Fund OF Small And Very Small Enterprises To ensure the link between the banks and small projects, in view of the role of this institution in securing access for small enterprises to formal credit, to encourage the entry of small and medium enterprises in partnership with banks and governmental and non-governmental organizations and branches of large enterprises |
| Keywords: | دراسة تحليله لمشكلات تمويل المشروعات الصغيرة مع الإشارة لتجربة مصرف التنمية في درنة |
| JEL: | F36 |
| Date: | 2006–06–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:8494&r=ppm |