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on Post Keynesian Economics |
| By: | Colmer, Jonathan; Qin, Suvy; Voorheis, John; Walker, Reed |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the relationships between air pollution, income, wealth, and race by combining administrative data from U.S. tax returns between 1979-2016, various measures of air pollution, and sociodemographic information from linked survey and administrative data. In the first year of our data, the relationship between income and ambient pollution levels nationally is approximately zero for both non-Hispanic White and Black individuals. However, at every single percentile of the national income distribution, Black individuals are exposed to, on average, higher levels of pollution than White individuals. By 2016, the relationship between income and air pollution had steepened, primarily for Black individuals, driven by changes in where rich and poor Black individuals live. We utilize quasi-random shocks to income to ex-amine the causal effect of changes in income and wealth on pollution exposure over a five-year horizon, finding that these income-pollution elasticities map closely to the values implied by our descriptive patterns. We calculate that Black-White differences in income can explain ~10 percent of the observed gap in air pollution levels in 2016. |
| Keywords: | income; inequality; air pollution |
| JEL: | H0 H4 Q5 R0 |
| Date: | 2024–11–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:126791 |
| By: | Mansoori, Issa |
| Abstract: | By framing development as an emergent property of collective consciousness, this paper provides a fresh epistemological lens to address local and global common challenges, such as inequality, social, cultural, and ecological degradation, and resource management through commoning. The paper argues for the ‘new commons’, reimagining the concept of development by integrating insights from the philosophy and neuroscience of consciousness. Moving beyond economic conventional and institutionalist paradigms, it explores how development, like consciousness, functions as an interconnected and emergent system that transcends the sum of its parts. Countering neoliberal ideologies and prioritizing collective intention instead of pluralistic action, ‘new commons’ can be defined from a different perspective. Also, distinct from Ostrom’s common resource management model, the new commons framework emphasizes the societal construction of shared spaces and values through collective consciousness. |
| Keywords: | New commons, Development, Epistemology, Economic goods |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:312282 |
| By: | Nascimento, Natali Lourenço (Institute of Psychology at the University of São Paulo) |
| Abstract: | It is proposed of this paper to show that Critical thinking empowers individuals to rigorously analyze information and identify inconsistencies or anomalies, an indispensable skill for detecting deepfakes, which often exhibit subtle visual or auditory manipulation cues. For instance, critical thinkers can more effectively discern unnatural facial movements, inconsistencies in lighting or shadows, and other common artifacts in deepfakes. Cognitive biases, such as confirmation bias, increase susceptibility to misinformation that conforms to pre-existing beliefs. Critical thinking education raises awareness of these biases and cultivates strategies to mitigate their impact by promoting skepticism and inquiry, critical thinking reduces the likelihood of accepting false information at face value and encourages the pursuit of credible sources and evidence. |
| Date: | 2024–06–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:cxjaq_v1 |
| By: | Anjali Adukia; Richard Hornbeck; Daniel Keniston; Benjamin Lualdi |
| Abstract: | We examine the social construction of race during the United States' Reconstruction Era, a critical juncture between slavery and Jim Crow segregation. We show that people with the same detailed skin tone, recorded by the Freedman's Bank (1865-1874), were more likely racialized as White or Mulatto by the 1870 Census if they were wealthier or literate. Our estimates reveal the construction – or rather, reconstruction – of race in a period of unfulfilled potential for social transformation, setting a path for racial segregation and continued racial stratification. The endogenous historical construction of race also has implications for analyses that compare individuals by race or include race as a control variable. |
| JEL: | J15 N31 Z13 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33502 |