nep-pay New Economics Papers
on Payment Systems and Financial Technology
Issue of 2025–06–16
24 papers chosen by
Bernardo Bátiz-Lazo, Northumbria University


  1. Bridging Blockchains: The Rise of Cross-Chain Protocols and Interoperable Ecosystems By Lawrence, Alice
  2. AI-Based Crypto Tokens: The Illusion of Decentralized AI? By Mafrur, Rischan
  3. Optimising cryptocurrency portfolios through stable clustering of price correlation networks By Ruixue Jing; Ryota Kobayashi; Luis Enrique Correa Rocha
  4. Is Blockchain a game-changer for social currency systems? Some reflections in light of the experience of Moneda PAR in Argentina By Valdecantos, Sebastián; Orzi, Ricardo; Porcherot, Raphaël; Camargo, Federico José
  5. Regulating a Social Media Platform in the Data Economy By Goonj Mohan
  6. Transaction Proximity: A Graph-Based Approach to Blockchain Fraud Prevention By Gordon Y. Liao; Ziming Zeng; Mira Belenkiy; Jacob Hirshman
  7. Not Over the Hill: Exploring the Digital Divide among Vulnerable Older Adults in Thailand By Katikar Tipayalai; Nattasit Chittavimongkhon; Panjapon Sattayanurak
  8. Split the Yield, Share the Risk: Pricing, Hedging and Fixed rates in DeFi By Viraj Nadkarni; Pramod Viswanath
  9. Stablecoin Runs and the Centralization of Arbitrage By Yiming Ma; Yao Zeng; Anthony Lee Zhang
  10. Emergence. Another Look at the Mengerian Theory of Money By Sandye Gloria
  11. Historical and Contemporary Evolution of International Trade: From Mercantilism to the Platform Economy By Thierry Warin
  12. Common Institutional Ownership and the Financialization of Non-Financial Enterprises: The Moderating Role of Digital Financial Risk. By Cui, Jun
  13. The Role of Economic Research in Central Banking: A speech at the Award Ceremony for the Winners of the Bank Al-Maghrib Prize for Economic and Financial Research, Bank of Al-Maghrib, Rabat, Morocco., May 14, 2025 By Christopher J. Waller
  14. What Drives Cyber Losses at U.S. Banks? Potential Statistical Markers By Seth Dunbar; Kelly Klemme; Anthony Murphy; Joseph I. Suek; Michael Tindall
  15. Digitalization: A Catalyst for Intergenerational Occupational Mobility? By Mame Astou Diouf; Mr. Boileau Loko; Rasmané Ouedraogo
  16. European Digital Innovation Hubs Network's activities and customers By Carpentier Elodie; D'adda Diego; Nepelski Daniel; Stake Johan
  17. Currency substitution in Argentina, 2003-2019: An evaluation of alternative explanations By Graña Colella, Santiago; Vernengo, Matías
  18. A Smart-Contract to Resolve Multiple Equilibrium in Intermediated Trade By Daniel Aronoff; Robert M. Townsend
  19. Hybrid Models for Financial Forecasting: Combining Econometric, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning Models By Dominik Stempie\'n; Robert \'Slepaczuk
  20. Liquidity Facilities: Purposes and Functions: A speech at Financial Intermediation in Transition: How Will Policy Adapt?" 2025 Financial Markets Conference, sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Fernandina Beach, Florida., May 19, 2025 By Philip N. Jefferson
  21. Beyond the Black Box: Interpretability of LLMs in Finance By Hariom Tatsat; Ariye Shater
  22. Emigrant’s remittances, Dutch Disease and capital accumulation in Pakistan By Taguchi, Hiroyuki; Batool, Bushra
  23. Sensibilisation des étudiants à la gestion de crise cyber By Paul Bourgeois; Philippe Lépinard
  24. Plataformas digitales y calidad del trabajo: un análisis multidimensional para el caso de Argentina By Pellegrini, Mariana

  1. By: Lawrence, Alice
    Abstract: As blockchain technology matures, the once-isolated networks that powered individual cryptocurrencies are now converging through a new wave of interoperability solutions. Cross-chain protocols—systems that enable different blockchains to communicate and share data or assets—are rapidly reshaping the decentralized landscape. These innovations address one of the most critical limitations of early blockchain architecture: siloed ecosystems that cannot seamlessly interact. This paper explores the evolution, technical mechanisms, and real-world implementations of cross-chain interoperability, including token bridges, relays, and multi-chain platforms such as Polkadot, Cosmos, and Layer Zero. We examine how these protocols are unlocking new levels of liquidity, composability, and user experience across decentralized finance (DeFi), gaming, and supply chain applications. While the promise of a fully interoperable blockchain future is compelling, we also discuss the security risks, fragmentation challenges, and the ongoing tension between decentralization and performance. Ultimately, this research highlights the pivotal role of interoperability in the next phase of blockchain adoption and outlines the key players and technologies driving this transition.
    Date: 2025–01–14
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:bp7gx_v1
  2. By: Mafrur, Rischan
    Abstract: The convergence of blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI) has led to the emergence of AI-based tokens, which are cryptographic assets designed to power decentralized AI platforms and services. This paper provides a comprehensive review of leading AI-token projects, examining their technical architectures, token utilities, consensus mechanisms, and underlying business models. We explore how these tokens operate across various blockchain ecosystems and assess the extent to which they offer value beyond traditional centralized AI services. Based on this assessment, our analysis identifies several core limitations. From a technical perspective, many platforms depend extensively on off-chain computation, exhibit limited capabilities for on-chain intelligence, and encounter significant scalability challenges. From a business perspective, many models appear to replicate centralized AI service structures, simply adding token-based payment and governance layers without delivering truly novel value. In light of these challenges, we also examine emerging developments that may shape the next phase of decentralized AI systems. These include approaches for on-chain verification of AI outputs, blockchain-enabled federated learning, and more robust incentive frameworks. Collectively, while emerging innovations offer pathways to strengthen decentralized AI ecosystems, significant gaps remain between the promises and the realities of current AI-token implementations. Our findings contribute to a growing body of research at the intersection of AI and blockchain, highlighting the need for critical evaluation and more grounded approaches as the field continues to evolve.
    Date: 2025–05–08
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:yrzj5_v1
  3. By: Ruixue Jing; Ryota Kobayashi; Luis Enrique Correa Rocha
    Abstract: The emerging cryptocurrency market presents unique challenges for investment due to its unregulated nature and inherent volatility. However, collective price movements can be explored to maximise profits with minimal risk using investment portfolios. In this paper, we develop a technical framework that utilises historical data on daily closing prices and integrates network analysis, price forecasting, and portfolio theory to identify cryptocurrencies for building profitable portfolios under uncertainty. Our method utilises the Louvain network community algorithm and consensus clustering to detect robust and temporally stable clusters of highly correlated cryptocurrencies, from which the chosen cryptocurrencies are selected. A price prediction step using the ARIMA model guarantees that the portfolio performs well for up to 14 days in the investment horizon. Empirical analysis over a 5-year period shows that despite the high volatility in the crypto market, hidden price patterns can be effectively utilised to generate consistently profitable, time-agnostic cryptocurrency portfolios.
    Date: 2025–05
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2505.24831
  4. By: Valdecantos, Sebastián; Orzi, Ricardo; Porcherot, Raphaël; Camargo, Federico José
    Abstract: Social currencies can make a valuable contribution to sustainability as they strengthen solidarity markets, a specific exchange practice that enhances the resilience of their surrounding environmental, social and human systems. Until now, the need to secure trust in a currency has been a major challenge for social currency initiatives not backed by the State. The emergence of Blockchain, which offers security, transparency and auditability to currencies and transactions it supports, seemingly circumvents this issue. This raises the question that this paper seeks to address: is Blockchain a game-changer for bottom-up solidarity economy initiatives? The methodological approach draws on a multidimensional conceptualisation of trust that recognises three components: ethical, hierarchical and methodical trust. It uses Moneda PAR, an Argentinian Blockchain-based social currency, as a case study and draws on use data, participant surveys and direct observation by the authors as action researchers to explore social currency and solidarity economy development in relation to currency performance on each dimension of trust. Findings from the case show that despite strengthening hierarchical and methodical trust, Blockchain needs to be articulated with additional market-building strategies to be a true game-changer in the development of social currency systems.
    Keywords: Criptoactivos; Blockchain; Argentina;
    Date: 2024–06–29
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:4311
  5. By: Goonj Mohan (Universitat de Barcelona)
    Abstract: This paper studies regulation of a social media platform (SMP). I consider a user network with data externalities and an SMP that earns revenue from data-based personalized advertising. The SMP offers a price for user data and users simultaneously accept or reject the offer. Under a microfounded model I show that sharing moderate amount of user data maximizes user welfare. However, externalities reduce price for data and all data is shared in equilibrium. A strict consent policy like GDPR overcorrects this imbalance, burdens users with complete data-control and decreases user welfare. Data minimization moderately shifts data-control to users and increases user welfare.
    Keywords: Bayesian signalling, data, social media platform, user welfare
    JEL: C11 D62 D83 H23 L51 L88
    Date: 2024
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ewp:wpaper:477web
  6. By: Gordon Y. Liao; Ziming Zeng; Mira Belenkiy; Jacob Hirshman
    Abstract: This paper introduces a fraud-deterrent access validation system for public blockchains, leveraging two complementary concepts: "Transaction Proximity", which measures the distance between wallets in the transaction graph, and "Easily Attainable Identities (EAIs)", wallets with direct transaction connections to centralized exchanges. Recognizing the limitations of traditional approaches like blocklisting (reactive, slow) and strict allow listing (privacy-invasive, adoption barriers), we propose a system that analyzes transaction patterns to identify wallets with close connections to centralized exchanges. Our directed graph analysis of the Ethereum blockchain reveals that 56% of large USDC wallets (with a lifetime maximum balance greater than \$10, 000) are EAI and 88% are within one transaction hop of an EAI. For transactions exceeding \$2, 000, 91% involve at least one EAI. Crucially, an analysis of past exploits shows that 83% of the known exploiter addresses are not EAIs, with 21% being more than five hops away from any regulated exchange. We present three implementation approaches with varying gas cost and privacy tradeoffs, demonstrating that EAI-based access control can potentially prevent most of these incidents while preserving blockchain openness. Importantly, our approach does not restrict access or share personally identifiable information, but it provides information for protocols to implement their own validation or risk scoring systems based on specific needs. This middle-ground solution enables programmatic compliance while maintaining the core values of open blockchain.
    Date: 2025–05
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2505.24284
  7. By: Katikar Tipayalai; Nattasit Chittavimongkhon; Panjapon Sattayanurak
    Abstract: In today’s world, where digital transformation offers numerous benefits, its uneven distribution—often driven by socioeconomic and demographic factors—can exacerbate social inequalities. This study explores the digital divide among vulnerable elderly populations in Thailand, drawing on survey data collected in Lampang province, a region with one of the highest proportions of older persons relative to its population. Focusing on their digital skills and access to government welfare services, we assess digital competence across five key domains: information literacy, communication, online safety, problem-solving, and confidence in engaging with online activities. The findings reveal significant gaps in digital literacy, with limited device ownership and internet access identified as critical barriers. Logistic regression analysis indicates that education, income, and personal access to technology are significant predictors of digital competence. While the results are region-specific, they provide important insights into the challenges faced by older populations in similar socioeconomic contexts. The study underscores the urgent need for targeted interventions, such as digital skills training and increased access to affordable technology, to promote inclusion and enhance the quality of life for older adults. These efforts are crucial for reducing disparities and ensuring equitable participation in Thailand’s increasingly digital society. Therefore, implementing policies and interventions that effectively address this divide is essential to fostering greater social and digital inclusion.
    Keywords: Digital disparity; Logistic regression; Older adults; Aging society; Thailand
    JEL: J18 O31 O33
    Date: 2025–06
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pui:dpaper:234
  8. By: Viraj Nadkarni; Pramod Viswanath
    Abstract: We present the first formal treatment of \emph{yield tokenization}, a mechanism that decomposes yield-bearing assets into principal and yield components to facilitate risk transfer and price discovery in decentralized finance (DeFi). We propose a model that characterizes yield token dynamics using stochastic differential equations. We derive a no-arbitrage pricing framework for yield tokens, enabling their use in hedging future yield volatility and managing interest rate risk in decentralized lending pools. Taking DeFi lending as our focus, we show how both borrowers and lenders can use yield tokens to achieve optimal hedging outcomes and mitigate exposure to adversarial interest rate manipulation. Furthermore, we design automated market makers (AMMs) that incorporate a menu of bonding curves to aggregate liquidity from participants with heterogeneous risk preferences. This leads to an efficient and incentive-compatible mechanism for trading yield tokens and yield futures. Building on these foundations, we propose a modular \textit{fixed-rate} lending protocol that synthesizes on-chain yield token markets and lending pools, enabling robust interest rate discovery and enhancing capital efficiency. Our work provides the theoretical underpinnings for risk management and fixed-income infrastructure in DeFi, offering practical mechanisms for stable and sustainable yield markets.
    Date: 2025–05
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2505.22784
  9. By: Yiming Ma; Yao Zeng; Anthony Lee Zhang
    Abstract: Stablecoins are cryptoassets which are designed to be pegged to the dollar, but are backed by imperfectly liquid USD assets. We show that stablecoins feature concentrated arbitrage: the largest issuer, Tether, only allows 6 agents in an average month to redeem stablecoins for cash. We argue that issuers' choice of arbitrage concentration reflects a tradeoff: efficient arbitrage improves stablecoin price stability in secondary markets, but amplifies run risks by reducing investors' price impact from selling stablecoins. Our findings imply that policies designed to improve stablecoin price stability may have the unintended consequence of increasing stablecoin run risks.
    JEL: G1 G2 G21 G23 G28
    Date: 2025–05
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33882
  10. By: Sandye Gloria (Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, GREDEG, France)
    Abstract: This article examines Menger's theory of money in the lens of the philosophical concept of emergence. While Menger's theory of the emergence of money is well known, the precise nature of this process has been relatively unexplored. The article begins by situating itself within philosophical debates to understand the meaning, scope, and implications of emergence. Section 2 demonstrates that the Mengerian approach is based on an ontology, epistemology, and methodology that differ from those of his contemporaries, particularly Walras. In this approach, the concept of emergence becomes legitimate and even attains the status of an epistemic concept. Finally, we categorise the type of emergence associated with the monetary phenomenon in light of the typology presented in the first section. As a result we argue that money is a weak case of diachronic and epistemological emergence involving a top-down, selective causal effect.
    Keywords: Emergence, Money, Menger, Complexity
    JEL: B13 B41 B53
    Date: 2025–06
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gre:wpaper:2025-24
  11. By: Thierry Warin
    Abstract: This article provides a comprehensive historical and contemporary analysis of how international trade theory and practice have developed. It begins with the classical economic theories of the 17th to 19th centuries – spanning Italian mercantilists like Antonio Serra, French Physiocrats such as François Quesnay, English classical economists like Adam Smith and David Ricardo, and German protectionist thinkers like Friedrich List – and examines how these early thinkers understood trade in goods versus services. The narrative then traces major shifts through the 19th and 20th centuries, highlighting the rise of industrial trade, changes in theory, and the institutionalization of global trade rules. Finally, it connects these historical foundations to the platform economy of the 21st century, in which technology and data (often dubbed “the new oil”) have dramatically reshaped what is tradable. Throughout, we discuss the surge in services trade – including the persistent U.S. surplus in services – and the challenges of measuring trade in an era of digital platforms. These measurement issues, we argue, are not mere statistical quirks but reflect deeper transformations in the global economy. The discussion proceeds in a chronological yet thematic flow, tying together the major milestones in the evolution of trade and maintaining a scholarly perspective on each phase. Cet article propose une analyse historique et contemporaine complète de l'évolution de la théorie et de la pratique du commerce international. Il commence par les théories économiques classiques du 17e au 19e siècle - couvrant les mercantilistes italiens comme Antonio Serra, les physiocrates français comme François Quesnay, les économistes classiques anglais comme Adam Smith et David Ricardo, et les penseurs protectionnistes allemands comme Friedrich List - et examine comment ces premiers penseurs comprenaient le commerce des biens par rapport à celui des services. Le récit retrace ensuite les principales évolutions au cours des XIXe et XXe siècles, en soulignant l'essor du commerce industriel, les changements théoriques et l'institutionnalisation des règles du commerce mondial. Enfin, il relie ces fondements historiques à l'économie de plateforme du XXIe siècle, dans laquelle la technologie et les données (souvent surnommées « le nouveau pétrole ») ont radicalement remodelé ce qui est échangeable. Tout au long de l'ouvrage, nous discutons de l'essor du commerce des services - y compris de l'excédent persistant des États-Unis dans ce domaine - et des défis que pose la modélisation du commerce à l'ère des plates-formes numériques. Selon nous, ces problèmes de mesure ne sont pas de simples bizarreries statistiques, mais reflètent des transformations plus profondes de l'économie mondiale. La discussion se déroule de manière chronologique et thématique, en reliant les principaux jalons de l'évolution du commerce et en maintenant une perspective scientifique sur chaque phase.
    Keywords: international trade, global economy, evolution, economic theories, digital transformation, commerce international, économie mondiale, évolution, théories économiques, transformation numérique
    Date: 2025–05–20
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirwor:2025s-12
  12. By: Cui, Jun
    Abstract: This study examines how common institutional ownership influences the financialization of non-financial enterprises in China, with a specific focus on the moderating role of digital financial risk. Using a comprehensive dataset of 6, 250 firm-year observations from Chinese private banks between 2013 and 2023, we apply a fixed-effects panel regression model to analyze this relationship. Our findings reveal that common institutional ownership significantly enhances the financialization level of non-financial enterprises, particularly when digital financial risk is moderate. However, this positive relationship weakens when digital financial risk reaches high levels. Thus, these results contribute to the institutional ownership literature by highlighting the complex interplay between ownership structures, financialization strategies, and the emerging digital financial environment in China's banking sector. Our study provides important implications for corporate governance frameworks and regulatory policies in emerging financial markets.
    Date: 2025–05–19
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:6ydzp_v1
  13. By: Christopher J. Waller
    Date: 2025–05–14
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgsq:99974
  14. By: Seth Dunbar; Kelly Klemme; Anthony Murphy; Joseph I. Suek; Michael Tindall
    Abstract: Bank supervisors and regulators are keen to understand and mitigate bank cyber risks. We model average annual loss (AAL) rates from “attritional” cyber-attacks and other cyber events using new, individual bank level data from the CyberCube “analytics platform” combined with standard bank performance measures. We estimate a variety of regression models to robustly identify the systematic drivers of these loss rates. We find that cyber risk AAL loss rates are significantly U-shaped in bank size, contrary to the view these risks are declining in bank size. Bank cyber risk contains a large idiosyncratic component, so apart from bank size, the explanatory power of standard bank performance measures is limited. Controlling for bank size, more profitable and efficient banks have lower cyber related loss rates.
    Keywords: banks; cyber losses; econometric models
    JEL: C21 C54 G21
    Date: 2025–05–15
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:feddwp:99991
  15. By: Mame Astou Diouf; Mr. Boileau Loko; Rasmané Ouedraogo
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the link between digitalization and intergenerational occupational mobility in Africa. We use a probit model estimated on a large sample of 28 million individuals aged 14 and higher and co-residing with at least one individual from the older generation. We find that digitalization could help boost upward mobility and limit the risks of downward occupational mobility, thereby improving job opportunities. While strong institutions, political and social stability, better access to adequate digital infrastructure, and education are important to increase and accelerate upward mobility, new technologies and digital tools can intensify these positive effects and contribute to creating jobs and enhancing living standards in Africa. Similar results hold for downward mobility.
    Keywords: Intergenerational occupational mobility; Digitalization
    Date: 2025–05–30
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2025/106
  16. By: Carpentier Elodie (European Commission - JRC); D'adda Diego (European Commission - JRC); Nepelski Daniel (European Commission - JRC); Stake Johan (European Commission - JRC)
    Abstract: The European Digital Innovation Hubs (EDIH) Network of digital innovation intermediaries, established in 2023, aims to accelerate the adoption of advanced digital technologies among SMEs and Public Sector Organisations across European regions. Covering nearly 90% of European regions, the EDIH Network provides tailored digitalisation support services, including AI, cybersecurity, and high-performance computing. As of September 2024, EDIHs have reached over 200, 000 participants and/or companies through 5, 000 events, delivering over 18, 000 services. EDIHs operate close to their customers, with a broad regional but limited international service coverage. The Digital Maturity Assessment Tool (DMAT) reveals that firms' digitalisation processes follow a structured path, with digital business strategy driving development and human-centric digitalisation and data management becoming central at higher levels of maturity. 90% of firms show an increase in their digital maturity level score after EDIH interventions.
    Date: 2025–04
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc140547
  17. By: Graña Colella, Santiago; Vernengo, Matías
    Abstract: Currency substitution defined as the use of foreign currency in the domestic economy is a relatively common phenomenon in developing countries. While mainstream economics has analyzed it in some detail, the same is not the case in heterodox economics. This paper proposes an analytical approach to evaluate the effects of currency substitution and its relationship with exchange rate dynamics; it provides an empirical investigation of orthodox and alternative views for the case of Argentina. The orthodox view emphasizes the role of fiscal deficits financed by monetary emissions, while alternative views emphasize the importance of external vulnerabilities, both associated with current and financial account deficits as the source of currency substitution. We find some support in favor of the alternative or heterodox perspective on currency substitution or dollarization.
    Keywords: Cambio de Monedas; Desarrollo Económico; Economía Heterodoxa; Argentina; 2003-2019;
    Date: 2024–09
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:4309
  18. By: Daniel Aronoff; Robert M. Townsend
    Abstract: We present a model of a market that is intermediated by broker-dealers where there is multiple equilibrium. We then design a smart-contract that receives messages and algorithmically sends trading instructions. The smart-contract resolves the multiple equilibrium by implementing broker-dealer joint profit maximization as a Nash equilibrium. This outcome relies upon several factors: Agent commitments to follow the smart contract protocol; selective privacy of information; a structured timing of trade offers and acceptances and, crucially, trust that the smart-contract will execute the correct algorithm. Commitment is achieved by a legal contract or contingent deposit that incentivizes agents to comply with the protocol. Privacy is maintained by using fully homomorphic encryption. Multiple equilibrium is resolved by imposing a sequential ordering of trade offers and acceptances, and trust in the smart-contract is achieved by appending the smart-contract to a public blockchain, thereby enabling verification of its computations. This model serves as an example of how a smart-contract implemented with cryptography and blockchain can improve market outcomes.
    Date: 2025–05
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2505.22940
  19. By: Dominik Stempie\'n; Robert \'Slepaczuk
    Abstract: This research systematically develops and evaluates various hybrid modeling approaches by combining traditional econometric models (ARIMA and ARFIMA models) with machine learning and deep learning techniques (SVM, XGBoost, and LSTM models) to forecast financial time series. The empirical analysis is based on two distinct financial assets: the S&P 500 index and Bitcoin. By incorporating over two decades of daily data for the S&P 500 and almost ten years of Bitcoin data, the study provides a comprehensive evaluation of forecasting methodologies across different market conditions and periods of financial distress. Models' training and hyperparameter tuning procedure is performed using a novel three-fold dynamic cross-validation method. The applicability of applied models is evaluated using both forecast error metrics and trading performance indicators. The obtained findings indicate that the proper construction process of hybrid models plays a crucial role in developing profitable trading strategies, outperforming their individual components and the benchmark Buy&Hold strategy. The most effective hybrid model architecture was achieved by combining the econometric ARIMA model with either SVM or LSTM, under the assumption of a non-additive relationship between the linear and nonlinear components.
    Date: 2025–05
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2505.19617
  20. By: Philip N. Jefferson
    Date: 2025–05–19
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgsq:99984
  21. By: Hariom Tatsat (Barclays); Ariye Shater (Barclays)
    Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable capabilities across a spectrum of tasks in financial services, including report generation, chatbots, sentiment analysis, regulatory compliance, investment advisory, financial knowledge retrieval, and summarization. However, their intrinsic complexity and lack of transparency pose significant challenges, especially in the highly regulated financial sector, where interpretability, fairness, and accountability are critical. As far as we are aware, this paper presents the first application in the finance domain of understanding and utilizing the inner workings of LLMs through mechanistic interpretability, addressing the pressing need for transparency and control in AI systems. Mechanistic interpretability is the most intuitive and transparent way to understand LLM behavior by reverse-engineering their internal workings. By dissecting the activations and circuits within these models, it provides insights into how specific features or components influence predictions - making it possible not only to observe but also to modify model behavior. In this paper, we explore the theoretical aspects of mechanistic interpretability and demonstrate its practical relevance through a range of financial use cases and experiments, including applications in trading strategies, sentiment analysis, bias, and hallucination detection. While not yet widely adopted, mechanistic interpretability is expected to become increasingly vital as adoption of LLMs increases. Advanced interpretability tools can ensure AI systems remain ethical, transparent, and aligned with evolving financial regulations. In this paper, we have put special emphasis on how these techniques can help unlock interpretability requirements for regulatory and compliance purposes - addressing both current needs and anticipating future expectations from financial regulators globally.
    Date: 2025–05
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2505.24650
  22. By: Taguchi, Hiroyuki; Batool, Bushra
    Abstract: This paper examines macroeconomic impacts of emigrant remittances in Pakistan by using a vector autoregressive estimation framework. The contribution of this study is to investigate the threshold of remittance-GDP ratio that has real effects on the economy in terms of Dutch Disease and capital accumulation. Finding the threshold is significant because Pakistan has been one of the largest recipients of remittances in the world and her remittance inflows have experienced substantial fluctuations. The empirical results showed that: regarding the Dutch Disease effect, an increase in remittance-GDP ratio, if it exceeds the 6% threshold, leads to a decline in manufacturing-services ratio; and as for the capital accumulation effect, an increase in remittance-GDP ratio, when it exceeds the 5% threshold, leads to a decline in investment-consumption ratio. These outcomes suggested that the emigrants’ remittance inflows in Pakistan, if they exceed certain levels relative to GDP, have aggravated industrialization (Dutch Disease effect) and capital accumulation.
    Keywords: Pakistan, Emigrant remittances, Dutch Disease, Capital accumulation, Vector auto-regressive estimation
    JEL: F22 F39 O53
    Date: 2024
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:124941
  23. By: Paul Bourgeois (IAE Paris-Est - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Paris-Est - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - Université Gustave Eiffel); Philippe Lépinard (IRG - Institut de Recherche en Gestion - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - Université Gustave Eiffel)
    Abstract: Dans le cadre d'un projet tutoré débuté durant l'année universitaire 2023-2024, nous avons conçu et déployé un dispositif pédagogique visant à sensibiliser les étudiants en formation initiale à la gestion de crise cyber. L'objectif est de faire acquérir des connaissances et participer au développement de compétences sur ce sujet grâce à une simulation de situation de crise cyber. Le dispositif de l'année 2024-2025 comprend des scénarios simulés et des retours d'expérience (RETEX) pour ancrer les apprentissages. À la suite d'un questionnaire d'autoévaluation complété par les 108 étudiants, les résultats montrent une meilleure appréhension de la crise cyber et de ses enjeux. Nous avons toutefois identifié plusieurs limites et perspectives d'évolution du dispositif, tant organisationnelles que pédagogiques.
    Keywords: Simulation de gestion de crise cyber, Sensibilisation cyber, Enseignement supérieur, Apprentissage expérientiel, Cybersécurité Cyber crisis management simulation, Cyber awareness, Higher education, Experiential learning, Cybersecurity
    Date: 2025–05–22
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05081119
  24. By: Pellegrini, Mariana
    Abstract: El avance de las plataformas digitales y las repercusiones del fenómeno sobre el trabajo en particular es una cuestión que ha capturado la atención de las ciencias sociales, planteando un debate que contrapone argumentos optimistas y críticos (Del Bono, 2019; Del Bono y Bulloni, 2021). Por otro lado, las particularidades del mercado laboral argentino, signado por altos niveles de desempleo e informalidad hacen del estudio de la economía de plataformas en este país un caso con matices singulares. El presente trabajo analiza, para el caso de Argentina, cómo es la calidad del trabajo en el segmento de plataformas digitales. Para ello, se estima un indicador de calidad del trabajo multidimensional basado en Deguilhem et al. (2020), encontrando que la calidad del trabajo en este segmento no parece estar polarizada, sino más bien aparece concentrada en torno a la baja calidad.
    Keywords: Plataformas Digitales; Calidad del Trabajo; Mercado de Trabajo; Argentina;
    Date: 2023–07–23
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:4316

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