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on Payment Systems and Financial Technology |
| By: | Munyegera, Ggombe Kasim |
| Abstract: | Rwanda has distinguished itself in terms of efforts to promote gender equality and womens empowerment. However, some distinctive gender-based socio-economic differences remain that are worthy of policy attention. This study examined the gender differences in access to and usage of financial services and products in Rwanda using the FinScope survey of 2020. Probit regression models were used to estimate the propensity of ownership and access to digital platforms and the likelihood of using financial services. Results showed that women significantly lag behind men in terms of adoption of mobile phones, computers and the Internet. Similarly, they are less likely than men to own bank and mobile money accounts, which further translates into reduced propensity to save, and to receive and send remittances. Using Tobit regression models, the study revealed gender differences in financial inclusion at the intensive margin, that is, the amount of money saved, borrowed and sent in remittances was significantly lower among females than among males. Propensity score matching was used as a robustness check that further confirmed the negative gender effect on financial access and usage. The results imply that strategies to promote financial inclusion and digital financial services (DFS) ought to pay special attention to the specific challenges that limit women from adopting digital platforms, and from accessing and effectively using financial services to ensure greater gender equality and inclusive sustainable development in the country. |
| Date: | 2024–07–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:928e048f-f001-46a8-9841-c8538417ca48 |
| By: | Mothobi, Onkokame |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the effect of mobile network coverage on financial inclusion using the survey data of 12, 735 individuals from nine sub-Saharan African countries conducted in 2017. We use the geolocation of respondents to combine the survey data with information on the proximity of mobile network towers. We estimate a two-stage model: in the first stage consumers decide to adopt a technology device, and in the second stage they decide whether to use digital financial services or not. The results show that financial inclusion is positively influenced by mobile network coverage. In counterfactual POLICY BRIEF The Impact of Network Coverage on Adoption of Fintech Platforms and Financial Inclusion Onkokame Mothobi October 2023 / No.798 2 Policy Brief No.798 simulations, we consider that the whole population lives within 2km of the towers of any of these networks and find that the adoption of digital financial services would increase by 2%, on average, depending on the country. Considering a case where the whole population lives within a 2km radius from the LTE tower, financial inclusion would increase by 6% in Mozambique and 3% in Ghana, Rwanda, and Senegal. In Tanzania, where mobile money is a common financial service, investment in GSM and UMTS would have a larger impact on financial inclusion than LTE. These results show that non-Internet-based digital financial technologies have a greater impact on financial inclusion in East African countries than those that require consumers to be connected to the Internet. The results also indicate that digital financial platforms act as substitutes for a bank account among the poor, and as a complement for those who own a bank account. |
| Date: | 2024–04–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:323bd6d8-85d4-47e3-b56f-7c23eaececfc |
| By: | BIZOZA, Saidi; IRAKOZE, Gildas |
| Abstract: | Mobile money is a good example of the technological revolution through the digitalization of the banking system. However, the advantages offered by this new technological revolution has never been deeply explored with perspectives of existing gender and location gap in terms of financial inclusion. The present study explored the existence of policy/Regulations of Mobile Money in Burundi, the determinants of use of mobile phone and mobile money as well as the intensity of use of mobile money services and the mobile money usage impacts on gender and location perspectives on livelihood outcomes. The study used primary data collected in five different provinces. The study found that the mobile money ecosystem is governed by three different entities without a legal platform gathering them, moreover, the mobile money system is regulated by same text governing payment institutions. Furthermore, the access to electricity, alternative ways of recharge in case of lack of electricity and type of occupation of the household head were found to have a positive and significant influence on thrive, use of mobile phone, registration for mobile money and intensity of use of mobile money services. Education level, remittances, and location (urban vs rural) were found to have a positive and significant influence on both the registration and intensity of use of mobile money services. The study found also that the use of mobile money positively influences the quality of food consumption as well as the economic status proxied by wealth Index. No gender gap was found on food consumption for both wealth assets index and food consumption among the mobile money users. A significant gender gap was found both in wealth assets index and food consumption scores for mobile money non-users. A location food consumption gap was revealed for both mobile money users and non-users but with a significance skewed to mobile money nonusers households. A gap on location wealth assets was spotted out in favor of urban households for both mobile money users and non-users. |
| Date: | 2024–07–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:8cdd1260-1184-4ac3-b253-9f0baecc93a4 |
| By: | Okot, Nicholas; Kasekende, Elizabeth |
| Abstract: | Sound policies provide a formal framework for interaction between economic agents engaged in the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods and services. The transition to digital finance requires policies that spur innovation and promote competition while protecting agents to enhance confidence in the financial system and financial inclusion. Uganda has enacted a set of laws, regulations, policies and guidelines to regulate digital financial services (DFS). This study examined the impact of digital finance policies on financial inclusion coupled with the gender and rural/urban dimension using the treatments effects model and key informant interviews (KIIs). The findings showed that digital finance policies enhance financial inclusion for both men and women, largely driven by the uptake of mobile money services. Individuals with financial awareness use DFS such as online banking, mobile wallets and agent banking, but are cognizant of risk of fraud. Further, rural dwellers were less likely to access digital finance than were their urban counterparts. The KII confirmed that indeed DFS has enhanced access and usage of financial services. The other drivers of financial inclusion cited were costs, convenience and FinTech innovations. However, gender disparity existed, with rural women being the most disadvantaged. This requires public policy to provide infrastructure where the private sector has no incentives, review distortionary taxes, enhance financial literacy and mitigation of cybercrime. |
| Date: | 2024–07–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:75d4d4fb-5fa0-4a7b-af82-62d6b40dc5ca |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Science and Technology Development-Technology Innovation |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41812 |
| By: | Tamba, Cox Lwaka; Murithi, Immaculate Kathomi |
| Abstract: | The meteoric rise of digital financial services (DFS) in recent years has sparked the debate on whether they help financially constrained businesses to overcome their performance disadvantages. This study sought to examine whether female-owned enterprises, which tend to be more financially constrained than those owned by men, could curb their performance disadvantage attributable to financial constraints by using mobile moneya form of digital financial technology. Analysing data drawn from 317 firms subsumed in the 2018 World Bank Enterprise Survey on Kenya, we found that the use of mobile money for financial transactions reduces the performance disadvantage of female-owned firms. Using the OaxacaBlinder decomposition analysis, we further found that female-owned enterprises which use mobile money for financial transactions were able to cut circa 42.5% of their performance disadvantage induced by financial constraints. In additional analyses, we demonstrated that the influence of access to traditional financial services on the association between a firms use of mobile money and its performance outcomes is statistically insignificant. Overall, the findings highlight that women-owned firms could exploit mobile money technology to mitigate the gender gap in performance outcomes. |
| Date: | 2024–07–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:94e6dcbb-ef84-4ee5-ab21-0546b67245b1 |
| By: | Lemma, Tesfaye T.; Mlilo, Mthokozisi |
| Abstract: | The meteoric rise of digital financial services (DFS) in recent years has sparked the debate on whether they help financially constrained businesses to overcome their performance disadvantages. This study sought to examine whether female-owned enterprises, which tend to be more financially constrained than those owned by men, could curb their performance disadvantage attributable to financial constraints by using mobile moneya form of digital financial technology. Analysing data drawn from 317 firms subsumed in the 2018 World Bank Enterprise Survey on Kenya, we found that the use of mobile money for financial transactions reduces the performance disadvantage of female-owned firms. Using the OaxacaBlinder decomposition analysis, we further found that female-owned enterprises which use mobile money for financial transactions were able to cut circa 42.5% of their performance disadvantage induced by financial constraints. In additional analyses, we demonstrated that the influence of access to traditional financial services on the association between a firms use of mobile money and its performance outcomes is statistically insignificant. Overall, the findings highlight that women-owned firms could exploit mobile money technology to mitigate the gender gap in performance outcomes. |
| Date: | 2024–07–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:34087862-28f2-450f-858d-c328a7842054 |
| By: | Kodongo, Odongo |
| Abstract: | Motivated by calls to examine whether fintech fosters effective financial inclusion, we examined how consumer engagement with the fintech ecosystem affects access to traditional financial services. Using the FinAccess Kenya Household Survey 2021 data, we constructed a novel metric of individual engagement with the fintech ecosystem and investigated how it is associated with consumption of formal traditional financial products at the microlevel. Deploying a battery of econometric procedures, we have provided robust evidence that individual engagement with the fintech ecosystem is positively associated with use of formal traditional financial products. The positive impact of individual engagement with the fintech ecosystem on their use of traditional financial products is transmitted though reduction of the distance barrier and by fostering the consumption of financial products by traditionally disfavoured population segments. We have provided several policy guides anchored on these findings. |
| Date: | 2024–07–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:b3a2fad3-1c4f-4e95-9cd3-611652fcad81 |
| By: | Botha, Rosemary; Kamninga, Tony Mwenda; Tuyisenge, Methode |
| Abstract: | This study investigated the extent to which access to digital financial services empowers women to engage in more high value activities within the household. The study used the 2020 Rwanda FinScope Survey data, a nationally representative data set covering 12, 480 individual respondents from all the districts in the country. Using a control function (CF) instrumental variable technique, the study found that mobile money increased womens ability to make decisions about the management of household income on their own or jointly with their partner (agency). The results further indicate that mobile money increased female access to credit. Usage of mobile money had a positive and significant effect on agency for women residing in rural Rwanda. Although females residing in female-headed households experienced an increase in agency and access to credit, the rate of change for females residing in male-headed households were comparatively higher. The results provide evidence of incremental agency benefits that digital financial inclusion has for women whose baseline decision-making power is low, especially in patriarchal societies where women have been historically disenfranchised in household decision-making. Thus, mobile money could be used as a tool for poverty reduction and service providers; can invest in developing services that deepen household savings and credit through mobile money to further contribute to improvement of household welfare. |
| Date: | 2024–07–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:3687a661-6991-478f-971a-00e6d2257011 |
| By: | Jack Mandin |
| Abstract: | A flash loan is a special type of uncollateralized loan with zero default risk that is native to blockchain ecosystems. Since its inception in 2018, the technology has seen significant adoption across decentralized finance markets, having facilitated over US$2 trillion in lending activity in 2024 on Ethereum-Virtual-Machine-compatible (EVM-compatible) blockchains. Despite their high levels of adoption, flash loans are not well understood by academics and central bank researchers. I provide a detailed description of flash loans, document their usage across major EVM-compatible blockchains, present key findings from the data, and provide the necessary background and context to motivate further research on the topic. Key results show that flash loans expand access to liquidity and are used by highly sophisticated actors for many practical applications. |
| Keywords: | Digital currencies and fintech; Financial markets |
| JEL: | G0 G1 G2 |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bca:bocadp:25-06 |
| By: | Sekumbo, Karia; Manda, Noela Ringo Constantine |
| Abstract: | This study investigated the distributional effects of a controversial tax that was instituted on mobile money withdrawals in 2021. The lowest taxable amount of TZS 1, 000 (USD 0.0023) was taxed at the highest rate of 1% on every withdrawal while the largest taxable bracket (starting from TZS 3 million equivalent to USD 1, 304.35) was taxed at a rate of 0.33% on every withdrawal. Almost immediately after its introduction, transaction volumes across mobile money platforms declined substantially. The countrys policy-makers revised this tax multiple times before removing it altogether. Given this turnaround, we investigated how the burden of tax affects different consumer groups. Our data sources for this analysis comprised aggregated transaction- level data obtained from the Bank of Tanzania alongside nationally representative survey data. Relying on survey data answer choices, we constructed regression models assessing how social determinants contributed to mobile money use. Our findings revealed salaried respondents based in urban areas as being more likely to reduce consumption of mobile money services because of this transaction tax. We also observed gender dynamics at play as being female was associated with receiving less mobile money from friends and family. These results suggest that less wealthy respondents in rural areas with fewer substitutes were forced to contend with this tax while wealthier urban respondents substituted into different financial services. The results are consistent with those from other African countries such as Kenya, Ghana, Malawi and Uganda, which also attempted to introduce similar taxes on mobile money and faced similar outcomes. |
| Date: | 2024–07–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:0b200bf8-0fb3-45ed-829a-2b8ecfc7157b |
| By: | Klüh, Ulrich |
| Abstract: | We collect observations on how power constitutes itself in decentralized digital platform constellations that position themselves as alternatives to platforms operated by big tech (which we coin "hyperledgers"). We then compare these forms of power to the incumbent structures, the so called "hyperscalers". Such a comparison yields new insights into the way power "works" in surveillance-based platform capitalism. The crucial insight of our analysis is that it is highly unlikely that platform alternatives can be scaled up decisively within the current capitalist accumulation regime. Instead of focusing on finding business models within this regime, platform alternatives should therefore strive for regime change. This, however, would require new alliances, in particular between the victims of surveillance (workers and consumers) and the platform alternatives. The latter, in turn, would not only require massive public funding, but also support from civil society actors representing workers (i.e. unions) to be able to compete with incumbent hyperscalers. |
| Keywords: | Power relations, platform and surveillance capitalism, entrepreneurial activism, organizing studies, labor relations, democratization |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:znwudp:313639 |
| By: | Gakpa, Lewis-Landry |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates how financial inclusion affects individuals' decisions to start businesses in the context of six sub-Saharan African countries, using micro-data from the FinScope and FinAccess surveys. To do so, we use an instrumental variable (IV) technique to assess the empirical relationships. Overall, the results reveal that access to both banking services, formal non banking services, informal financial services and mobile money services positively and significantly influenced the decision to start businesses in the six countries. Furthermore, although the results show that a range of both demand POLICY BRIEF Financial Inclusion and Entrepreneurship in Six sub-Saharan African Countries: Evidence from Finaccess and Finscope Survey Data Lewis-Landry Gakpa October 2023 / No.793 2 Policy Brief No.793 and supply side barriers prevent individuals from accessing banking services for entrepreneurial purposes, supply side constraints are the most common barriers to individuals starting a business. In view of the above, policy interventions should first aim at creating an enabling environment to increase people's access to all types of financial services and secondly, address both supply and demand side constraints to promote entrepreneurship and economic growth. All of these measures should be aimed at increasing the level of financial inclusion with a view to stimulating entrepreneurial activities, which are the real pillars in the development and poverty reduction process in sub-Saharan African countries. |
| Date: | 2024–04–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:4387c5f4-4f65-4460-829f-be0dcfa82685 |
| By: | Kirui, Benard Kipyegon |
| Abstract: | Over the past decade, remittance flows to sub-Saharan Africa grew at an average of 12.9% and is expected to increase in the coming decade, however, the high cost of remittances remains a constraint that limits regular remittance flows. About 9.1 percent of remittance flows to sub-Saharan Africa is absorbed by transfer cost making it the most expensive remittance recipient region. With evidence that mobile money services reduce transaction costs for internal remittances, the introduction of mobile money services in international remittances should have the same effect. Against this backdrop, this study investigates the effect POLICY BRIEF The Role of Mobile Money in International Remittances: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa Benard Kipyegon Kirui October 2023 / No.805 2 Policy Brief No.805 of introduction of mobile money services on international remittance transfer costs and determine the effect of international remittance transfer costs on international remittance flows. Least squares dummy variable model and a system GMM is applied to address the first and second objective, respectively. International remittance transfer cost is lower by 46% for corridors that incorporate mobile money in international money transfer channels compared to those that do not. Controlling for other factors, the gap between corridors that incorporate mobile money and those that do not goes down to 11.5%. Thus, a reduction in remittance transfer costs can be achieved by improving cross border mobile money services interoperability. |
| Date: | 2024–04–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:6510bb93-0565-4581-9082-45daca72918a |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Science and Technology Development-Technology Innovation Finance and Financial Sector Development-E-Finance and E-Security |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41603 |
| By: | Ogwang, Ambrose; Kahunde, Rehema; Makika, Maya Denis |
| Abstract: | This study uses a mixed methods approach to analyse the social and economic factors causing the gender gaps in the use of digital financial services (DFS) in Uganda, using the Uganda National Household Survey data of 2019/2020. Quantitatively, we applied the bivariate probit regression and the Fairlie technique to decompose the gender gap. Bivariate regression results showed that among other factors, males were more likely to use both bank accounts and mobile money services than females. A decomposition of the gender gap for each of the DFS using Fairlie decomposition technique indicated that social and economic factors explain 75% and 65% of the existing gender gap in the use of mobile money services and bank accounts in Uganda respectively. The largest contributor to the gender gap in the use of mobile money services was the ownership of a mobile phone (72.4%), followed by expenditure on information and communication technology (ICT) and education contributing 13.5% and 2.7% respectively. Similarly, the largest contributors to the gender gap in the use of bank accounts were education (18.0%), expenditure on ICT (15.3%), age (12.7%) and ownership of a mobile phone (11.5%). Our results from qualitative analysis put culture among the other key contributors to the gender gap. We therefore recommend that policy-makers in Uganda bridge the gender gap in employment and education between men and women, to achieve inclusivity in the use of DFS. |
| Date: | 2024–07–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:28c0df55-fd40-414e-bfe3-da5032877d45 |
| By: | Massacky, Joseph B.; Ajefuand Falecia |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the impact of adoption of mobile money services on child labour and educational outcomes in Tanzania using an instrumental variables strategy. We identify heterogenous impacts across childs gender and age, and we find a positive and significant effect of mobile money adoption on educational outcomes, but the results reveal a negative and significant impact on child labour in the farm and households. Moreover, using mediation analysis, we identify remittances and education expenditure as the potential pathways through which mobile money adoption affects child labour and educational outcomes. POLICY BRIEF How Does Adoption of Mobile Money Technology Affect Child Labour and School Enrolment? Joseph B. Ajefuand Falecia Massacky October 2023 / No.806 2 Policy Brief No.806 Overall, the results suggest that policies that increase mobile money adoption can be effective in improving child educational outcomes and lead to a decline in the incidence of child labour |
| Date: | 2024–04–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:080c5f45-7d69-482a-b9fe-1ea7c03bb21d |
| By: | Quan, Yutong; Wu, Xintong; Deng, Wanlin; Zhang, Luyao |
| Abstract: | Blockchain technology is leading a revolutionary transformation across diverse industries, with effective governance standing as a critical determinant for the success and sustainability of blockchain projects. Community forums, pivotal in engaging decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), wield a substantial impact on blockchain governance decisions. Concurrently, Natural Language Processing (NLP), particularly sentiment analysis, provides powerful insights from textual data. While prior research has explored the potential of NLP tools in social media sentiment analysis, a gap persists in understanding the sentiment landscape of blockchain governance communities. The evolving discourse and sentiment dynamics on the forums of top DAOs remain largely unknown. This paper delves deep into the evolving discourse and sentiment dynamics on the public forums of leading DeFi projects—Aave, Uniswap, Curve Dao, Aragon, Yearn.finance, Merit Circle, and Balancer—placing a primary focus on discussions related to governance issues. Despite differing activity patterns, participants across these decentralized communities consistently express positive sentiments in their Discord discussions, indicating optimism towards governance decisions. Additionally, our research suggests a potential interplay between discussion intensity and sentiment dynamics, indicating that higher discussion volumes may contribute to more stable and positive emotions. The insights gained from this study are valuable for decision-makers in blockchain governance, underscoring the pivotal role of sentiment analysis in interpreting community emotions and its evolving impact on the landscape of blockchain governance. This research significantly contributes to the interdisciplinary exploration of the intersection of blockchain and society, with a specific emphasis on the decentralized blockchain governance ecosystem. We provide our data and code for replicability as open access on GitHub. |
| Date: | 2023–10–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:bq6tu_v1 |
| By: | Moehring, Alex |
| Abstract: | Digital platforms increasingly curate their content through personalized algorithmic feeds. Platforms have an incentive to promote content that increases the predicted engagement of each user to lift advertising revenues. This paper studies how ranking content to maximize engagement affects the credibility of news content with which users engage. In addition, I evaluate how the ranking algorithm itself can be designed to promote engagement with high-credibility content. Using data from the Reddit politics community, I exploit a novel discontinuity in the ranking algorithm to identify the causal effect of a post's rank on the number of comments it receives. I use this discontinuity to identify a model of user comment decisions and estimate the credibility of news content that users engage with under a personalized engagement-maximizing algorithm. The personalized engagement-maximizing algorithm exacerbates differences in the credibility of news content with which users engage. I then evaluate a credibility-aware algorithm that explicitly promotes credible news publishers and find the platform can substantially increase the share of engagement with high-credibility publishers for a small reduction in total engagement. These findings suggest algorithmic interventions can be a useful tool for managers to balance engagement quantity and content quality. |
| Date: | 2024–01–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:8yuwe_v1 |
| By: | Xiao, Yunpeng; Deng, Bufan; Chen, Siqi; Zhou, Kyrie Zhixuan; LC, RAY; Zhang, Luyao; Tong, Xin |
| Abstract: | Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are decentralized digital tokens to represent the unique ownership of items. Recently, NFTs have been gaining popularity and at the same time bringing up issues, such as scams, racism, and sexism. Decentralization, a key attribute of NFT, contributes to some of the issues that are easier to regulate under centralized schemes, which are intentionally left out of the NFT marketplace. In this work, we delved into this centralization-decentralization dilemma in the NFT space through mixed quantitative and qualitative methods. Centralization-decentralization dilemma is the dilemma caused by the conflict between the slogan of decentralization and the interests of stakeholders. We first analyzed over 30, 000 NFT-related tweets to obtain a high-level understanding of stakeholders' concerns in the NFT space. We then interviewed 15 NFT stakeholders (both creators and collectors) to obtain their in-depth insights into these concerns and potential solutions. Our findings identify concerning issues among users: financial scams, counterfeit NFTs, hacking, and unethical NFTs. We further reflected on the centralization-decentralization dilemma drawing upon the perspectives of the stakeholders in the interviews. Finally, we gave some inferences to solve the centralization-decentralization dilemma in the NFT market and thought about the future of NFT and decentralization. |
| Date: | 2023–11–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:evz4p_v1 |
| By: | Zhang, Luyao |
| Abstract: | In this research, we explore the nexus between artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain, two paramount forces steering the contemporary digital era. AI, replicating human cognitive functions, encompasses capabilities from visual discernment to complex decision-making, with significant applicability in sectors such as healthcare and finance. Its influence during the web2 epoch not only enhanced the prowess of user-oriented platforms but also prompted debates on centralization. Conversely, blockchain provides a foundational structure advocating for decentralized and transparent transactional archiving. Yet, the foundational principle of "code is law" in blockchain underscores an imperative need for the fluid adaptability that AI brings. Our analysis methodically navigates the corpus of literature on the fusion of blockchain with machine learning, emphasizing AI's potential to elevate blockchain's utility. Additionally, we chart prospective research trajectories, weaving together blockchain and machine learning in niche domains like causal machine learning, reinforcement mechanism design, and cooperative AI. These intersections aim to cultivate interdisciplinary pursuits in AI for Science, catering to a broad spectrum of stakeholders. |
| Date: | 2023–11–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:g2q5t_v1 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Science and Technology Development-Technology Innovation |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41565 |
| By: | Ufuk Akcigit (University of Chicago); Raman S. Chhina (University of Chicago); Seyit Cilasun (TED University); Javier Miranda (Halle Institute for Economic Research, and Friedrich-Schiller University Jena); Nicolas Serrano-Velarde (Bocconi University) |
| Abstract: | Utilizing near real-time QuickBooks data from over 1.6 million small businesses and a targeted survey, this paper highlights the critical role credit card financing plays for small business activity. We examine a two year period beginning in January of 2021. A turbulent period during which, credit card usage by small U.S. businesses nearly doubled, interest payments rose by 60%, and delinquencies reached 2.8%. We find, first, monthly credit card payments were up to three times higher than loan payments during this time. Second, we use targeted surveys of these small businesses to establish credit cards as a key financing source in response to firm-level shocks, such as uncertain cash flows and overdue invoices. Third, we establish the importance of credit cards as an important financial transmission mechanism. Following the Federal Reserve’s rate hikes in early 2022, banks cut credit card supply, leading to a 15.75% drop in balances and a 10% decline in revenue growth, as well as a 1.5% decrease in employment growth among U.S. small businesses. These higher rates also rendered interest payments unsustainable for many, contributing to half of the observed increase in delinquencies. Lastly, a simple heterogeneous firm model with a cash-in-hand constraint illustrates the significant macroeconomic impact of credit card financing on small business activity. |
| Keywords: | Small Businesses, Entrepreneurship, Credit Cards, Credit, Job Creation, Turnover |
| JEL: | J23 J63 O47 |
| Date: | 2025–03–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrp:jrpwrp:2025-0003 |
| By: | Akcigit, Ufuk; Chhina, Raman S.; Cilasun, Seyit Mümin; Miranda, Javier; Serrano-Velarde, Nicolas |
| Abstract: | Utilizing near real-time QuickBooks data from over 1.6 million small businesses and a targeted survey, this paper highlights the critical role credit card financing plays for small business activity. We examine a two year period beginning in January of 2021. A turbulent period during which, credit card usage by small U.S. businesses nearly doubled, interest payments rose by 60%, and delinquencies reached 2.8%. We find, first, monthly credit card payments were up to three times higher than loan payments during this time. Second, we use targeted surveys of these small businesses to establish credit cards as a key financing source in response to firm-level shocks, such as uncertain cash flows and overdue invoices. Third, we establish the importance of credit cards as an important financial transmission mechanism. Following the Federal Reserve's rate hikes in early 2022, banks cut credit card supply, leading to a 15.75% drop in balances and a 10% decline in revenue growth, as well as a 1.5% decrease in employment growth among U.S. small businesses. These higher rates also rendered interest payments unsustainable for many, contributing to half of the observed increase in delinquencies. Lastly, a simple heterogeneous firm model with a cash-in-hand constraint illustrates the significant macroeconomic impact of credit card financing on small business activity. |
| Keywords: | credit, credit cards, entrepreneurship, job creation, small businesses, turnover |
| JEL: | J23 J63 O47 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwhdps:313647 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Governance-Governance and the Financial Sector Information and Communication Technologies-ICT Data and Statistics Science and Technology Development-Technology Innovation Law and Development-Administrative & Regulatory Law Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Markets and Market Access |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41608 |
| By: | International Finance Corporation (IFC) |
| Keywords: | Social Protections and Labor Finance and Financial Sector Development-Financial Sector and Social Assistance |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41758 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Private Sector Development-Enterprise Development & Reform Governance-Governance and the Financial Sector Information and Communication Technologies-ICT Data and Statistics Science and Technology Development-Technology Innovation Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Markets and Market Access Information and Communication Technologies-Information Technology |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41606 |
| By: | Mothobi, Onkokame |
| Abstract: | Cet article analyse l'effet de la couverture du reseau mobile sur l'inclusion financiere en utilisant les donnees de l'enquete menee en 2017 aupres de 12 735 individus de neuf pays d'Afrique subsaharienne. Nous utilisons la geolocalisation des repondants pour combiner les donnees de l'enquete avec des informations sur la proximite des tours de reseau mobile. Nous estimons un modele en deux etapes : dans la premiere etape, les consommateurs decident d'adopter un dispositif technologique, et dans la deuxieme etape, ils decident d'utiliser ou non des services financiers numeriques. Les resultats montrent que l'inclusion financiere est positivement influencee par la couverture du reseau mobile. Dans des simulations contrefactuelles, nous considerons que l'ensemble de la population vit a moins de 2 km des tours de l'un de ces reseaux et nous constatons que l'adoption des services financiers numeriques augmenterait de 2 % en moyenne, selon le pays. Dans le cas ou toute la population vit dans un rayon de 2 km de la tour LTE, l'inclusion financiere augmenterait de 6 % au Mozambique et de 3 % au Ghana, au Rwanda et au Senegal. En Tanzanie, ou l'argent mobile est un service financier courant, les investissements dans le GSM et l'UMTS auraient un impact plus important sur l'inclusion financiere que le LTE. Ces resultats montrent que les technologies financieres numeriques non basees sur Internet ont un impact plus important sur l'inclusion financiere dans les pays d'Afrique de l'Est que celles qui necessitent que les consommateurs soient connectes a Internet. Les resultats indiquent egalement que les plateformes financieres numeriques se substituent a un compte bancaire chez les pauvres, et qu'elles completent les services de ceux qui possedent un compte bancaire. |
| Date: | 2024–04–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:b1ef8deb-8afe-4f48-b9c9-0c56eaf65b68 |
| By: | Adeniran, Adedeji P.; Muthinja, Moses M. |
| Abstract: | We examine the role of financial inclusion, ownership of bank accounts, and previous use of formal financial saving facilities as a resilience factor in the effect of COVID-19 on households' welfare in Nigeria. Using a novel data set that tracks food security among families in Nigeria before and during COVID-19, we find a negative effect of COVID-19 on welfare. The impact is more severe among male-headed households, those living in the southern region of Nigeria, and lower educated households. We also test how financial inclusion mitigates this effect through a triple difference analysis in which the households that are financially included and in non-agricultural sector are considered as the treatment group. Financial inclusion did not support resilience to shock among non-agricultural homes. Given the magnitude and multisectoral dimension of the COVID-19 shock, financial inclusion was not enough to mitigate the effect. This, therefore, points to a role for stronger government support in a large shock like COVID-19. |
| Date: | 2024–04–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:1ce6ac72-bcfe-4403-ac14-1d2db1cf492f |
| By: | Adeniran, Adedeji P.; Muthinja, Moses M. |
| Abstract: | We examine the role of financial inclusion, ownership of bank accounts, and previous use of formal financial saving facilities as a resilience factor in the effect of COVID-19 on households' welfare in Nigeria. Using a novel data set that tracks food security among families in Nigeria before and during COVID-19, we find a negative effect of COVID-19 on welfare. The impact is more severe among male-headed households, those living in the southern region of Nigeria, and lower educated households. We also test how financial inclusion mitigates this effect through a triple difference analysis in which the households that are financially included and in non-agricultural sector are considered the treatment group. Financial inclusion did not support resilience to shock among non-agricultural homes. Given the magnitude and multisectoral dimension of the COVID-19 shock, financial inclusion was not enough to mitigate the effect. This, therefore, points to a role for stronger government support in a large shock like COVID-19. |
| Date: | 2024–04–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:2f1c64ac-2173-4191-826b-a4d3ddcb3648 |
| By: | Okello, Jimmy Apaa |
| Abstract: | The increased use of mobile money for cross-border transfers can lower the costs of cross-border remittances. The reduction in costs in turn can spur additional increases in remittances as it frees up the incomes of the senders. This study first estimated the remittance elasticity to cost by applying the pooled mean group method to quarterly panel data of three country sources of remittances to Uganda for the period 2013Q1- 2022Q4. The results showed that remittances are highly elastic to costs. This implies that a reduction in costs can spur larger remittances than is currently observed. The study then created two regimes (one with lower and another with higher growth of remittances) in which we assess the impact of remittances on monetary policy effectiveness. We use the local projection model on quarterly data for the period 2002Q3-2023Q1. The results showed that the responses of output gap, inflation, and policy rates to shock in monetary policy are broadly similar in magnitude and direction across both regimes. However, the policy rate and inflation responded sluggishly in the regime with higher growth of remittances, which suggests that in this regime, monetary policy is not as potent as it would be in the regime with lower remittance growth. Thus, in a regime with higher remittance growth, the case for an independent monetary policy is weakened. Thus, in this regime, for a central bank to credibly commit to an inflation target, it must adopt a fixed exchange rate system (or variants therein). |
| Date: | 2024–07–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:03497339-fe62-48ef-b7a2-252d7a9b49fe |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Finance and Financial Sector Development-Banks & Banking Reform Finance and Financial Sector Development-Financial Regulation & Supervision Science and Technology Development-Technology Innovation |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41600 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Science and Technology Development-Technology Innovation Information and Communication Technologies-Information Technology Information and Communication Technologies-ICT Data and Statistics Information and Communication Technologies-ICT Applications |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41605 |
| By: | Kirui, Benard Kipyegon |
| Abstract: | Au cours de la derniere decennie, les flux d'envois de fonds vers l'Afrique subsaharienne ont augmente en moyenne de 12, 9 % et devraient s'accroitre au cours de la prochaine decennie. Environ 9, 1 % des envois de fonds vers l'Afrique subsaharienne sont absorbes par les couts de transfert, ce qui en fait la region la plus couteuse pour les destinataires d'envois de fonds. Comme il est prouve que les services d'argent mobile reduisent les couts de transaction pour les envois de fonds internes, l'introduction de services d'argent mobile pour les envois de fonds internationaux devrait avoir le meme effet. Dans ce Le Role de l'Argent Mobile dans les Envois de Fonds Internationaux : Le Cas de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne Benard Kipyegon Kirui Octobre 2023 / No.805 DOCUMENT DE POLITIQUE GENERALE 2 Document de Politique Generale No.805 contexte, cette etude examine l'effet de l'introduction des services d'argent mobile sur les couts de transfert des envois de fonds internationaux et determine l'effet des couts de transfert des envois de fonds internationaux sur les flux d'envois de fonds internationaux. Le modele des moindres carres a variables nominales et un systeme GMM sont appliques pour repondre respectivement au premier et au deuxieme objectif. Le cout des transferts de fonds internationaux est inferieur de 46 % pour les corridors qui integrent l'argent mobile dans les canaux de transfert de fonds internationaux par rapport a ceux qui ne le font pas. Si l'on tient compte d'autres facteurs, l'ecart entre les corridors qui integrent l'argent mobile et ceux qui ne le font pas est ramene a 11, 5 %. Il est donc possible de reduire les couts des transferts de fonds en ameliorant l'interoperabilite des services transfrontaliers d'argent mobile. |
| Date: | 2024–04–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:47243269-f87b-4a0a-bd6c-59f81fd6af1e |
| By: | Nogues-Marco, Pilar |
| Abstract: | Payment systems evolved from decentralized networks to centralized systems coordinated by a national bank. Contrary to the view that centralization was a natural economic process driven by the gradual concentration of interbank deposits in reputable banks, this research highlights state-driven institutional change. In Spain, the Bank of Spain secured a monopoly on national banknote issuance in 1874 during a civil war, despite opposition from regional issuing banks. While Northern Spain’s industrial growth challenged Madrid’s dominance as the payment system’s center, political motivations ultimately cemented Madrid as Spain’s geographical monetary center to support the nation-state’s building. |
| Keywords: | Payment systems, National issuing banking, Monetary geography, Political sovereignty, Systèmes de paiement, Banque nationale d’émission, Géographie monétaire, Souveraineté politique |
| JEL: | N23 G21 E58 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gnv:wpaper:unige:183332 |
| By: | Effiong, Ekpeno L.; Asuquo, Emmanuel E. |
| Abstract: | Does financial openness matter for remittances? Are the effects of financial openness on remittance dependent on the levels of financial and institutional development? This paper investigates these questions using panel data for 31 sub-Saharan African countries over from 1990 to 2015 and using a dynamic panel system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation technique. The results show that financial openness, albeit having a declining effect, does not significantly influence the inflow of remittances into the region. In contrast, when conditioned on the levels of financial development and institutional quality, POLICY BRIEF Financial Openness and Remittances: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa Ekpeno L. Effiong and Emmanuel E. Asuquo October 2023 / No.804 2 Policy Brief No.804 financial openness tends to significantly increase remittances. However, this effect declines with significant improvement in institutional quality and a well-developed financial sector. Thus, financial openness substitutes financial and institutional development in fostering remittances in the region. |
| Date: | 2024–04–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:1b5bc0b0-b6e2-4c6d-81f6-a305fc3072e5 |
| By: | World Bank; The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development |
| Keywords: | Information and Communication Technologies-Digital Divide Information and Communication Technologies-Information Technology |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41946 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Governance-Governance and the Financial Sector Information and Communication Technologies-ICT Data and Statistics Science and Technology Development-Technology Innovation Finance and Financial Sector Development-E-Finance and E-Security Governance-Multinational & Corporate Governance Information and Communication Technologies-ICT Applications |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41609 |
| By: | World Bank; Innovations for Poverty Action |
| Keywords: | Poverty Reduction-Conditional Cash Transfers |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41716 |
| By: | Abu Sayed Toyon, Mohammad |
| Abstract: | This case study explores the journey of Rahman, an aspiring entrepreneur, as he navigates the complex landscape of e-commerce in Bangladesh. Rahman’s vision is to create ‘BanglaMarket’ an e-commerce platform that not only competes with established players but also addresses unique market niches and supports local businesses. The case is systematically constructed, relying on a wealth of information learned from public sources and in-depth interviews with Rahman. The case delves into key strategic decisions Rahman faces, including market analysis, customer engagement, technology investment, and competitive differentiation. Students will examine Rahman’s entrepreneurial journey, analyse market dynamics, and formulate a comprehensive marketing strategy. The case is designed for undergraduate students, offering valuable insights into entrepreneurship, e-commerce, and the challenges and opportunities presented by the dynamic Bangladeshi market. Through this case, students will enhance their critical thinking, analytical, and communication skills while unravelling the complexities of launching and managing an e-commerce business in Bangladesh. |
| Date: | 2024–01–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:fvk5z_v1 |
| By: | Sophia D'Angelo; Juan D. Barón; Haani Mazari; Daniel Morales; Santiago Ospina Tabares; Paola Polanco; Tom Kaye |
| Keywords: | Education-Education For All Education-Education Indicators and Statistics Education-Education and Digital Divide |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:42086 |
| By: | Luria, Michal; Nicholas, Gabriel |
| Abstract: | In a wide range of industries, policymakers have considered encouraging or mandating data interoperability to facilitate more entrants and promote competition and innovation. However, some incumbents in these industries argue that interoperability would entrench existing technological design and stifle innovation. In this paper, we attempt to better understand the relationship between interoperability and innovation by looking at the case study of podcasting and the innovation that has emerged across its ecosystem. We analyze nine podcasting apps, six podcast hosting services, and five podcast directories to catalog the novel features each offers. We then organize those features, from those that best facilitate the movement of data between systems (interoperable) to those that most impede that movement (anti-interoperable). |
| Date: | 2023–12–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:t65mw_v1 |
| By: | Rajesh Barik (Department of Economics & Finance, BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus, Near NH-17B, Bypass Road, Chamber #D-308/5(NAB), Zuarinagar – 403 726, Goa, India); Parthajit Kayal ((corresponding author) Asst. Professor, Madras School of Economics, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 600025) |
| Abstract: | Electricity consumption's positive impact on household well-being, education, and quality of life is well-documented. Yet, providing accessible and affordable electricity remains a global governance challenge. This study explores the potential of financial inclusion to extend electricity consumption. Investigating the relationship empirically, we analyze the effect of financial inclusion on per capita electricity consumption across countries. Using annual data from 2004 to 2021, we employ various econometric models (such as ordinary least squares, fixed effect, random effect, panel corrected standard errors, feasible general least square, Generalized Method of Moments, and Driscoll-Kraay approach) to examine this nexus in both upper-middle and lower-middle income countries. The study unveils a positive association between financial inclusion and per capita electricity consumption across the overall sample and income subgroups. Robustness checks further underscore the consistency of our findings across income categories. In light of our findings, policymakers could consider leveraging financial inclusion initiatives as strategic measures to bolster electricity consumption across both upper- and lower-middle-income countries. |
| Keywords: | Financial Inclusion, Electricity consumption, Cross-Country, Upper-Middle income, Lower-Middle income, Empirical Analysis |
| JEL: | O12 O13 O16 Q43 I32 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2025-277 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Information and Communication Technologies-Information Technology Information and Communication Technologies-ICT Applications Information and Communication Technologies-ICT Data and Statistics Governance-E-Government |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41585 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Information and Communication Technologies-ICT Applications Information and Communication Technologies-ICT Data and Statistics Information and Communication Technologies-ICT Economics Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Fiscal & Monetary Policy |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41628 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Education-Education For All Education-Education and Digital Divide Education-Education for the Knowledge Economy Information and Communication Technologies-Digital Divide |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41685 |
| By: | Tania Begazo; Clara Stinshoff; Hannelore Niesten; Georgiana Pop; Rong Chen; Gonçalo Coelho |
| Keywords: | Information and Communication Technologies-ICT Applications Infrastructure Economics and Finance-Infrastructure Economics |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41620 |
| By: | Gakpa, Lewis-Landry |
| Abstract: | Cette etude examine comment l'inclusion financiere agit sur la decision des individus de creer une entreprise dans le contexte de six pays d'Afrique subsaharienne, en utilisant des micro-donnees provenant des enquetes FinScope et FinAccess. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons une technique de variable instrumentale (IV) pour evaluer les relations empiriques. Dans l'ensemble, les resultats revelent que l'acces aux services bancaires, aux services non bancaires formels, aux services financiers informels et aux services d'argent mobile a influence de maniere positive et significative la decision de creer une entreprise dans les six pays. En outre, bien que les resultats montrent qu'une serie d'obstacles lies a la demande et a l'offre empechent les individus d'acceder aux services bancaires a des fins entrepreneuriales, les contraintes liees a l'offre sont les obstacles les plus courants a la creation d'une entreprise. Compte tenu de ce qui precede, les interventions politiques devraient tout d'abord viser a creer un environnement favorable afin d'accroitre l'acces des personnes a tous les types de services financiers et, ensuite, s'attaquer aux contraintes liees a l'offre et a la demande afin de promouvoir l'esprit d'entreprise et la croissance economique. Toutes ces mesures devraient viser a accroitre le niveau d'inclusion financiere en vue de stimuler les activites entrepreneuriales, qui sont les veritables piliers du processus de developpement et de reduction de la pauvrete dans les pays d'Afrique subsaharienne. |
| Date: | 2024–04–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:0fc3863c-27b1-4680-82fe-142ace32354e |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Information and Communication Technologies-ICT Data and Statistics Information and Communication Technologies-ICT Applications Information and Communication Technologies-Information Security & Privacy |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41794 |
| By: | Jared Gars (University of Florida); Laura Prada (University of Southern California); Santiago Borda (Istintivo); Egon Tripodi (Hertie School) |
| Abstract: | A large share of the global workforce lacks access to employer-sponsored retire- ment plans. In Colombia, where labor informality is high, the government introduced the Beneficios Económicos Periódicos (BEPS) program to promote voluntary retirement savings. However, many enrollees fail to contribute regularly. We conduct a randomized controlled trial with 2, 819 BEPS users, assigning them to different planning and monthly reminder treatments, where reminders are tailored in their timing. We find that personalized reminders significantly increase both the frequency and amount of savings, with individuals who recognize their forgetfulness more likely to demand reminders. Our findings highlight the role of reminders tailored to individuals’ preferred timing in sustaining engagement in voluntary savings programs. |
| Keywords: | retirement savings; personalized reminders; limited attention; financial inclusion; |
| JEL: | D91 G41 O16 |
| Date: | 2025–03–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rco:dpaper:528 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Information and Communication Technologies-ICT Applications Information and Communication Technologies-Information Technology Information and Communication Technologies-Digital Divide |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41387 |
| By: | Eichenauer, Vera; Köppl, Stefan; Köppl-Turyna, Monika |
| Abstract: | In this paper we analyze the effects of investment screening on cross-border venture capital investments in Europe between 2007 and 2022. The data we work with is originally based on PRISM data which has been extended by Eichenauer and Wang and which we combine with deal data from Preqin to assess investment activity. Our results point to unintended negative effects: while the number of actually blocked deals has remained very low, the associated uncertainty and an increase in transaction costs have led to a significant decline in cross-border deals. The effects are stronger in the case of financial (i.e. "non-strategic") investors, for late-stage venture capital deals, and for deals with investors from non-OECD countries. Moreover, we observe changes in the size of deals and their structure. This has profound policy implications for the financing of innovation in Europe. |
| Keywords: | cross-border venture capital, investment screening, Europe, transaction costs |
| JEL: | F55 F21 G24 L14 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkwp:313651 |
| By: | Amin, Ariane; Dago, Eric; Kere, Eric; Yogo, Thierry |
| Abstract: | Cette etude a pour but d'analyser la relation entre l'adoption des technologies et l'acces au credit par les agriculteurs en Tanzanie, en mettant particulierement l'accent sur les effets de debordement spatial sur l'adoption des technologies. Nous examinons la diffusion des nouvelles technologies par les agriculteurs par l'intermediaire de leurs pairs et mesurons la proximite geographique a l'aide des donnees de localisation GIS des exploitations agricoles. En utilisant l'enquete sur les menages tanzaniens de 2012-2013 et un modele probit a decalage spatial, nous trouvons des preuves que l'acces des agriculteurs au financement conduit Adoption de la Technologie et Acces au Credit en Tanzanie : Une Analyse Econometrique Spatiale Ariane Amin, Eric Dago, Eric Kere et Thierry Yogo Octobre 2023 / No.800 DOCUMENT DE POLITIQUE GENERALE 2 Document de Politique Generale No.800 a une plus grande adoption des technologies agricoles, et que l'effet de debordement joue un role dans ce processus. En outre, nos resultats sont robustes sur une periode de trois ans (2008-2009, 2010-2011 et 2012-2013). Enfin, les preuves de l'existence d'effets de debordement dans l'adoption des technologies agricoles suggerent que les interactions entre les agriculteurs qui sont des "voisins geographiques" devraient etre soutenues/exploitees pour atteindre une efficacite substantielle et des economies dans l'extension des nouvelles technologies agricoles. |
| Date: | 2024–04–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:99562c34-c5a2-4344-9fa4-51dadeaf11b7 |
| By: | Falk Laser (ABC economics, Berlin); Alexander Mihailov (Department of Economics, University of Reading); Jan Weidner (Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, Berlin) |
| Abstract: | This paper fills a gap in the data by country -- and the corresponding comparative analysis of patterns and trends over the past quarter century -- in the composition of foreign exchange (FX) reserves and monetary gold in total international reserves, typically held by central banks. The monetary mystique since the 1980s and the related unwillingness of central banks to disclose the composition of their official reserves until about the turn of the millennium have made such an area of study a terra incognita to the wider profession. Our ambition with this paper is to cast light, also providing the data online, on the relative importance and reshufflings of the US Dollar, the Euro, the Japanese Yen, the British Pound, the Australian Dollar, the Canadian Dollar, the Chinese Yuan or Renminbi and monetary gold as international reserves in the recent times of crises, wars and geopolitical reconfigurations. We find that the US Dollar retains its dominance inherited from the Bretton Woods system, but the Euro and perhaps the Yuan may increase their reserve shares in the decade ahead, with a return to gold in official reserves already obvious since at least the Global Financial Crisis. Our rich and diverse dataset, and the insights from it we highlight, is the most up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the field, covering 7 major currencies and 64 countries in terms of FX shares, and a subset of 50 for which we also provide the gold shares, in an unbalanced panel since the late 1990s. |
| Keywords: | currency denomination of foreign exchange reserves, central banks, gold shares in total international reserves, visualizations by country and region, stylized facts and key insights |
| JEL: | F31 F32 F33 F41 F62 N40 |
| Date: | 2025–03–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rdg:emxxdp:em-dp2025-01 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Information and Communication Technologies-Digital Divide Information and Communication Technologies-ICT Applications Information and Communication Technologies-Information Technology Information and Communication Technologies-Telecommunications Infrastructure |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41631 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Information and Communication Technologies-Digital Divide Information and Communication Technologies-Information Technology Information and Communication Technologies-ICT Applications |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41388 |
| By: | Lorie Logan |
| Abstract: | Dallas Fed President Lorie K. Logan delivered these remarks at the Bank of England Agenda for Research Conference in London. |
| Keywords: | central banks |
| Date: | 2025–02–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:feddsp:99652 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Finance and Financial Sector Development-Access to Finance Finance and Financial Sector Development-Microfinance Gender-Gender and Economics Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Economic Adjustment and Lending |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41674 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Information and Communication Technologies-ICT Applications Information and Communication Technologies-ICT Data and Statistics Information and Communication Technologies-Information Security & Privacy |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41823 |