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on Monetary Economics |
| By: | Moder, Isabella |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the interest rate pass-through of euro area monetary policy to retail rates outside the euro area, contributing to the literature on the consequences of unofficial financial euroisation and on the transmission channels of monetary policy spillovers. The results suggest that in the long run, more than one third of all euro retail rates in euroised countries of central, eastern and south-eastern Europe (CESEE) are linked to the euro area shadow rate. Compared to euro area monetary policy, the share of cointegration of the domestic monetary policy rate is lower, suggesting that domestic central banks in euroised countries with independent monetary policy can only partially control the `euro part´ of the interest rate channel. Furthermore, euro area monetary policy shocks are fast and persistently transmitted into euro retail rates outside the euro area, which constitutes an additional channel of international shock transmission. JEL Classification: C22, C32, E43, E52, F42 |
| Keywords: | EU integration, international monetary policy spillovers, monetary policy transmission, unofficial financial euroisation |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20212611&r= |
| By: | Capraro, Santiago; Panico, Carlo; Torres-Gonzalez, Luis Daniel |
| Abstract: | Interest rates in the USA and in other countries have experienced persistent and generalised declines since the 1980s. The main interpretations of this phenomenon ignore the role of monetary factors, such as financial and monetary policy. The essay proposes an alternative interpretation based on the choice of the Federal Reserve (FED) to conduct monetary policy by attributing high priority to financial-stability. The interaction between changes in financial regulation, the transformation of "specialized" banking into "universal", and the FED's concern with financial instability have led the central bank to add to the role of "lender of last resort" that of "lender of first resort" that systematically provides liquidity at a low cost to financial firms. This new conduct of monetary policy has produced the downward trend in interest rates. |
| Keywords: | interest rates, monetary policy, financial stability, change of financial regulation. |
| JEL: | E11 E12 E43 E44 E52 E58 G01 G21 |
| Date: | 2021–10–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110181&r= |
| By: | Shvets, Serhii |
| Abstract: | Financial crises have been a challenge for sustainable growth, given the frequency and intensity of the crisis shocks and their destructive consequences taken place in the last decades. The paper aims to study how the endogenously created excess money supply can contribute to global financial crises. The money supply creation is examined from the Quantity Theory of Money (QTM) and endogenous money perspective, namely Horizontalism, Structuralism, and Modern Money Theory. Considering the prices are not flexible in the short term, advanced volatility in the money market hinders the short-run ready balance between money supply and output. The overall result of money supply accommodation may be unpredictable if monetary authority and commercial banks do not pool their interests, and the money demand volatility becomes extremely high. Examining the correlation between money supply and output has distinguished neutral countries in creating extra liquid assets and countries that can be a potential trigger for excessive money supply volatility. Monitoring the dynamics of M3 and GDP has revealed that before the significant crisis periods of 1997-1998, 2007-2008, and 2019-2020, the money supply growth is more than 8%. The established critical level validates the potential contribution of the endogenously created excess money supply to global financial crises. |
| Keywords: | the quantity theory of money; endogenous money; financial crisis; monetary policy; quantitative easing |
| JEL: | B26 E41 E51 E52 |
| Date: | 2021–06–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110191&r= |
| By: | Michael Woodford; Yinxi Xie |
| Abstract: | This paper reconsiders the degree to which macroeconomic stabilization is possible when the zero lower bound is a relevant constraint on the effectiveness of conventional monetary policy, under an assumption of bounded rationality. In particular, we reconsider the potential role of countercyclical fiscal transfers as a tool of stabilization policy. Because Ricardian equivalence no longer holds when planning horizons are finite (even when relatively long), we find that fiscal transfers can be a powerful tool to reduce the contractionary impact of an increased financial wedge during a crisis and can even make possible complete stabilization of both aggregate output and inflation under certain circumstances, despite the binding lower bound on interest rates. However, the power of such policies depends on the degree of monetary policy accommodation. We also show that a higher level of welfare is generally possible if both monetary and fiscal authorities commit themselves to history-dependent policies in the period after the financial disturbance that causes the lower bound to bind has dissipated. |
| Keywords: | Business fluctuations and cycles; Central bank research; Fiscal policy; Monetary policy |
| JEL: | E52 E63 E7 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bca:bocawp:21-51&r= |
| By: | Tomoki Isa (Visiting Scholar, Policy Research Institute, Ministry of Finance Japan.) |
| Abstract: | Although the Bank of Japan has continued unconventional monetary easing over the years, it is still far from achieving the inflation target set by the central bank. On the back of this, there has been a growing interest in the relationship between demography and inflation, a relationship which conventional macroeconomics has not discussed much. Analyzing Japanese prefectural panel data, this paper examines demographic effects on inflation with linear regression based on the Phillips curve with some demographic variables. The result shows that the aging population has inflationary pressure on prices, while the declining population has deflationary pressure. The aging population also reduces the impact of population change and economic variation on prices, flattening the Phillips curve. As a result, this paper clarifies a multifaceted relationship between demography and inflation, suggesting that demography is not the main cause of deflation and low inflation in Japan. |
| Keywords: | inflation, deflation, Philipps curve, monetary policy, demography, aging population, population decline, old-age dependency ratio, Japanese economy |
| JEL: | C33 E31 E52 J11 |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mof:wpaper:ron342&r= |
| By: | Sangyup Choi (Yonsei Univ); David Furceri (IMF); Prakash Loungani (IMF); Myungkyu shim (Yonsei Univ) |
| Abstract: | Can inflation anchoring foster growth? To answer this question, we use panel data on sectoral growth for 22 manufacturing industries from 39 advanced and emerging market economies over 1990–2014 and employ a difference-in-differences strategy based on the theoretical prediction that higher inflation uncertainty particularly depresses investment in industries that are more credit constrained. Industries characterized by high external financial dependence, liquidity needs, and R&D intensity, and low asset tangibility, tend to grow faster in countries with well-anchored inflation expectations. The results, based on an IV approach—using indicators of monetary policy transparency and central bank independence as instruments—confirm our findings. |
| Keywords: | industry growth; inflation anchoring; inflation forecasts; credit constraints; difference-in-differences; central bank independence. |
| JEL: | E52 E63 O11 O43 O47 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:yon:wpaper:2021rwp-188&r= |
| By: | Jahan Abdul Raheem (University of Waikato); Gazi M. Hassan (University of Waikato); Mark J. Holmes (University of Waikato) |
| Abstract: | This study analyses the impact of remittances on the monetary transmission mechanism (MTM) of the Sri Lankan economy during its conflict and post-conflict eras, using monthly data from 1996 to 2009. In addition, the study focuses on how the impact of remittances varied over different intermediate transmission channels, especially credit, asset prices, and exchange rate, in transmitting monetary policy shocks to the economy. The SVAR model is used to analyse the impact of remittances in the transmission of monetary policy shock to real economic variables. The empirical findings reveal that remittances affect the MTM of Sri Lanka in the post-conflict period significantly and their impact on bank credit and asset prices is relatively more intense than the exchange rate channel in the post-conflict period. The findings of this study also suggest that conflict-driven migration and the consequent increase in the inflow of remittances could impact monetary policy measures through wealth and liquidity effects more after the end of the conflict. |
| Keywords: | remittances;monetary policy;transmission channels;conflict |
| JEL: | E5 E52 F24 D74 |
| Date: | 2021–10–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wai:econwp:21/10&r= |
| By: | Benigno Pierpaolo; Canofari Paolo; Di Bartolomeo Giovanni; Messori Marcello |
| Abstract: | In response to the COVID-19 crisis, the ECB has relaunched a massive asset purchase programme within its combined-arms monetary strategy. This paper presents and discusses the theory and the evidence of the central bank’s asset purchases, mainly in the euro area. It analyses the role of asset purchase programmes in the ECB’s toolkit and the potential associated risks, focusing specifically on the problems of the programmes’ unwinding. Finally, the paper offers some possible alternatives to the asset purchase programme. |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ter:wpaper:00147&r= |
| By: | Ethan Ilzetzki; Carmen M. Reinhart; Kenneth S. Rogoff |
| Abstract: | This paper employs an updated algorithm and database for classifying exchange rate and anchor currency choice, to explore the evolution of the global exchange rate system, including parallel rates, capital controls and reserves. In line with a large recent literature, we find that the dollar has become ever-more central as the de facto anchor or reference currencies for much of the world. Our discussion encompasses the history of anchor currency choice, methods for classifying exchange rate regimes, a detailed discussion of the evolution of regimes, the growing substitution of reserves for capital controls as a tool for exchange rate stabilization, the modern Triffin dilemma, and the surprising recent trend decline in volatility of exchange rates at the core of the system. It concludes with issues surrounding the rise of China. |
| JEL: | E5 F3 F4 N2 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:29347&r= |
| By: | Kakkar, Shrey |
| Abstract: | This article discusses existing behavioral economics theory, focused on Rational Expectations. Macroeconomic and market consequences are considered, especially monetary policy on inflation. |
| Keywords: | Rational Expectations, Expectations, Behavioral Economics |
| JEL: | B25 C60 |
| Date: | 2021–07–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110210&r= |
| By: | Morales, Paola; Osorio, Daniel; Lemus, Juan S.; Sarmiento Paipilla, Miguel (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management) |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:51d7c0c0-bcf4-4031-9e45-efbf56fcdab1&r= |
| By: | Marozzi, Armando |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes an econometric framework for nowcasting the monetary policy stance and decisions of the European Central Bank (ECB) exploiting the ow of conventional and textual data that become available between two consecutive press conferences. Decompositions of the updated nowcasts into variables' marginal contribution are also provided to shed light on the main drivers of the ECB's reaction function at every point in time. In out-of-sample nowcasting experiments, the model provides an accurate tracking of the ECB monetary policy stance and decisions. The inclusion of textual variables contributes significantly to the gradual improvement of the model performance. JEL Classification: E37, E47, E52 |
| Keywords: | dynamic factor model, forecasting, monetary policy, natural language processing |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20212609&r= |
| By: | Blattner, Laura; Farinha, Luísa; Nogueira, Gil |
| Abstract: | We provide evidence that the strength of the bank lending channel varies considerably across three major events in the European sovereign debt crisis - the Greek debt restructuring (PSI), outright monetary transactions (OMT), and quantitative easing (QE). We study how lending responds to each shock using detailed bank, firm, and household data from Portugal, a country that was directly exposed to the three events. While the price of sovereign debt securities increased in all three events, banks reduced sovereign debt holdings and realized accumulated capital gains only after QE. As a result, lending to final borrowers reacted more strongly to QE than to the PSI or OMT events. Our results suggest that asset purchases were more effective than signalling events at stimulating the bank lending channel. JEL Classification: E52, E58, G18, G21 |
| Keywords: | asset purchases, bank lending channel, OMT, PSI, QE |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20212607&r= |
| By: | Beqiraj Elton; Di Bartolomeo Giovanni; Di Pietro Marco |
| Abstract: | We augmented a macro-model with intrinsic-inflation inertia assuming that prices farer in the past are more likely to be reset. After estimating the model for seven economies, we compared price/wage structures and explored the possibility that their changes can be related to changes in policy stances. We find evidence for duration-dependent-price adjustments. Price and wage stickiness are correlated. Although positively sloped, after few periods, price-hazard functions often become flat as in Calvo-based models. Instead, wage-hazard shapes are in line with Taylor contracts. Regarding monetary policy stances, no systematic effect is found. Observed changes are explained by country-specific factors (e.g., market reforms). |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ter:wpaper:00150&r= |
| By: | Rohan Arora; Sermin Gungor; Joe Nesrallah; Guillaume Ouellet Leblanc; Jonathan Witmer |
| Abstract: | We assess the response of Government of Canada bond yields to the Bank of Canada’s initial announcement of the Government Bond Purchase Program (GBPP) as well as to the Bank’s later GBPP purchase operations. |
| Keywords: | Monetary policy; Monetary policy implementation; Monetary policy transmission |
| JEL: | E58 E63 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bca:bocsan:21-23&r= |
| By: | Cécile Couharde; Carl Grekou |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes a new de facto classification of exchange rate regimes, the synthesis classification. The proposed framework has several advantages over existing de facto classifications. First, it offers a unified framework based on the most divergent classifications, the RR and LYS classifications, leading not only to a broader coverage but also to encompass a broad spectrum of exchange systems. Second, it fits better with the known history of exchange rate regimes developments in the post-Bretton Woods era. Among others, it brings an interesting nuance to the so-called hollowing-out hypothesis by showing that the evolution of de facto regimes —especially in emerging economies since the late 1990s— has essentially involved movement toward more tightly “managed” intermediate regimes and not a shift away from such regimes. As an illustration of the insightfulness of our classification, we empirically revisit the nexus between currency crises and exchange rate regimes. In addition to associate a higher probability of currency crisis to both intermediate and floating regimes, our classification, also displays better statistical performances than other classifications in predicting currency crises. |
| Keywords: | Currency crisis;De facto classifications;Exchange rate regimes;Probit model;ROC analysis |
| JEL: | E52 F33 F4 O24 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cii:cepidt:2021-07&r= |
| By: | Ben-Gad, M.; Pearlman, J.; Sabuga, I. |
| Abstract: | We propose a general equilibrium framework that highlights the interaction of reserve requirements and a conventional monetary policy in a model that combines endogenous housing loan defaults and financial intermediation frictions due to the costs of enforcing contracts. We use the model to examine how the interaction of these policies affect (i) the credit and business cycle; (ii) the distribution of welfare between savers and borrowers; (iii) the overall welfare objectives when monetary and macroprudential policies are optimised together or separately. We find that models with an optimised reserve ratio rule are effective in reducing the sudden boom and bust of credit and the business cycle. We also find that there are a distributive implications of the introduction of reserve ratio where borrowers gain at the expense of savers. However, there is no difference in the overall welfare results whether monetary and macroprudential policies are optimised together or separately. |
| Keywords: | Reserve requirements; endogenous loan defaults; welfare |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cty:dpaper:21/04&r= |
| By: | Katharina Bergant; Kristin Forbes |
| Abstract: | This paper uses the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic to examine how macroprudential frameworks developed over the past decade performed during a period of heightened financial and economic stress. It discusses a new measure of the macroprudential stance that better captures the intensity of different policies across countries and time. Then it shows that macroprudential policy has been used countercyclically—with stances tightened during the 2010’s and eased in response to COVID-19 by more than previous risk-off periods. Countries that tightened macroprudential policy more aggressively before COVID, as well as those that eased more during the pandemic, experienced less financial and economic stress. Countries’ ability to use macroprudential policy, however, was significantly constrained by the extent of existing “policy space”, i.e., by how aggressively policy was tightened before COVID-19. The use of macroprudential tools was not significantly affected by the space available to use other policy tools (such as fiscal policy, monetary policy, FX intervention, and capital flow management measures), and the use of other tools was not significantly affected by the space available to use macroprudential policy. This suggests that although macroprudential tools are being used countercyclically and should therefore help stabilize economies and financial markets, there appears to be an opportunity to better integrate the use of macroprudential tools with other policies in the future. |
| JEL: | E58 E61 E63 F38 G18 G28 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:29346&r= |
| By: | Ashworth, Jonathan; Goodhart, C. A. E. |
| Abstract: | There is a debate about the effect of the extremely low, or even negative, interest rate regime on bank profitability. On the one hand it raises demand and thereby adds to bank profits, while on the other hand it lowers net interest margins, especially at the Zero Lower Bound. In this paper we review whether the prior paper by Altavilla, Boucinha and Peydro (2018) on this question for the Eurozone can be generalized to other monetary blocs, i.e. USA and UK. While our findings have some similarity with their earlier work, we are more concerned about the possible negative effects of this regime, not only on bank profitability but also on bank credit extension more widely. |
| Keywords: | cash; banknote issue and withdrawal; Covid-19; panic response; coronavirus |
| JEL: | E40 E41 E49 N10 N20 |
| Date: | 2021–10–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:112432&r= |
| By: | Françoise Drumetz; Christian Pfister |
| Abstract: | In the last few years in the U.S. and especially since the publication of Stephanie Kelton’s book, The Deficit Myth (Kelton, 2020) in Europe, the so-called Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) has been gaining prominence in the media and the public. This paper exposes the main proposals of MMT in the light of their doctrinal sources, also confronting them with economic facts and with other currents of economic thought. The first part deals with the approach to money and monetary policy developed by MMT, the second part with its recommendations regarding fiscal policy and aggregate demand management, the third part with the structural policies it advocates, the fourth part with the international aspects of MMT. The fifth part concludes. Overall, it appears that MMT is based on an outdated approach to economics and that the meaning of MMT is a more that of a political manifesto than of a genuine economic theory. |
| Keywords: | Chartalism, Fiscal Policy, Functional Finance, Modern Monetary Theory, Money, Monetary Policy, Structural Policies |
| JEL: | B52 E12 E42 E43 E51 E52 E62 E63 H39 H62 H63 I38 J68 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:banfra:833&r= |
| By: | Hellqvist, Matti; Korpinen, Kasperi |
| Abstract: | The amount of central bank money, or liquidity, needed to settle payments, depends on the way the settlement is organized. It is largest when payments are settled individually on gross basis and smallest with settlement in one big netting cycle. Retail payments are increasingly processed in instant payment schemes and systems. We evaluate how the result of this transition affects the liquidity needs of the Finnish banks. For the analysis we generate artificial transaction level data, which mimics the Finnish retail payment flows processed in the STEP2 system. This allows us to estimate the difference between the liquidity needs for the settlement in a cycle based model and in a full instant payment mode. We also present a regression model for the bank level additional liquidity needs. A full migration to instant payments is expected to cause only a small aggregate increase in the liquidity needs. However, the variations between banks or between days can be significant and emphasize the need of liquidity buffers. |
| Keywords: | instant payments,liquidity needs,payment systems,netting |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bofecr:72021&r= |
| By: | Alberto Cavallo; Oleksiy Kryvtsov |
| Abstract: | We use a detailed micro dataset on product availability to construct a direct high frequency measure of consumer product shortages during the 2020–21 pandemic. We document a widespread multi-fold rise in shortages in nearly all sectors early in the pandemic. Over time, the composition of shortages evolved from many temporary stockouts to mostly discontinued products, concentrated in fewer sectors. We show that product shortages have significant but transitory inflationary effects and that these effects can be associated with elevated costs of replenishing inventories. |
| Keywords: | Inflation and prices; Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) |
| JEL: | D22 E31 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bca:bocawp:21-52&r= |
| By: | Jouchi Nakajima (Bank of Japan); Hiroaki Yamagata (Bank of Japan); Tatsushi Okuda (Bank of Japan); Shinnosuke Katsuki (Bank of Japan); Takeshi Shinohara (Bank of Japan) |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses the Price Sentiment Index (PSI), a quantitative indicator of firms' outlook for general prices proposed by Otaka and Kan (2018). The PSI is developed from the textual data of the Economy Watchers Survey conducted by the Cabinet Office; it is computed by extracting firms' views from survey comments, using text analysis. In this paper, we revisit the PSI and quantitatively analyze the determinants of changes in the PSI and the relationship between the PSI and macroeconomic variables. We also address a shortcoming in the text analysis used for computing the PSI that we discover when examining the performance of the PSI since the COVID-19 outbreak. The results of our analyses show that the PSI tends to precede consumer prices by several months and that it reflects various factors affecting price developments, including demand factors associated with the business cycle and cost factors such as changes in raw materials prices and exchange rates. Our analysis suggests that the PSI is a useful monthly indicator of inflation expectations, in that it captures the price-setting stance of firms responding to the Economy Watchers Survey. While the PSI is subject to large short-term fluctuations, it can be used to complement other indicators used for the analysis of price developments such as the output gap, existing indicators of inflation expectations, and anecdotal information from various sources. |
| Keywords: | Inflation Expectations; Machine Learning; Text Analysis; Big Data |
| JEL: | C53 C55 E31 E37 |
| Date: | 2021–10–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boj:bojwps:wp21e12&r= |
| By: | Corhay, Alexandre; Kind, Thilo; Kung, Howard; Morales, Gonzalo |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how the transmission of government portfolio risk arising from maturity operations depends on the stance of monetary/fiscal policy. Accounting for risk premia in the fiscal theory allows the government portfolio to affect the expected inflation, even in a frictionless economy. The effects of maturity rebalancing on expected inflation in the fiscal theory directly depend on the conditional nominal term premium, giving rise to an optimal debt maturity policy that is state dependent. In a calibrated macro-finance model, we demonstrate that maturity operations have sizable effects on expected inflation and output through our novel risk transmission mechanism. |
| Keywords: | Term structure of interest rates,Fiscal theory of the price level,Bond risk premia,Government debt,DSGE models,Nonlinear solution methods |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safewp:323&r= |
| By: | Whelsy Boungou; Paul Hubert |
| Abstract: | Faced with a potential zero lower bound on deposit interest rates, how do banks pass on the fall in net interest income due to negative interest rates? This paper aims to investigate the different channels of banks’ responses to negative interest rates using a detailed breakdown of the profit and loss account of 3637 banks in 59 countries from 2011 to 2018. We find that the decrease in interest income due to negative interest rates is mitigated by an increase in non-interest income, but only partially. We find that banks respond to that shock by reducing the interest paid on non-customer deposit liabilities and their personnel expenses. We also show that banks’ responses are not instantaneous and that they adjust their response as negative interest rates persist over time such that how long negative interest rates are implemented matters. Finally, our results suggest that large banks with higher deposits and higher leverage ratios are the most affected by the implementation of negative interest rates. |
| Keywords: | Bank profitability, Interest flows, Non-interest flows, Deposits, Leverage |
| JEL: | C2 E5 G2 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:banfra:837&r= |
| By: | Ryo Aoki (Bank of Japan); Kunimasa Antoku (Bank of Japan); Shunsuke Fukushima (Bank of Japan); Tomoyuki Yagi (Bank of Japan); Shinichiro Watanabe (Bank of Japan) |
| Abstract: | Most of the major Japanese banks have endeavored to stabilize their foreign currency funding by increasing long term market-based funding and corporate deposits while expanding their overseas lending. In March 2020, when tensions in the international financial and capital markets increased due to the spread of Covid-19, USD lending surged due to the drawdown of commitment lines and other factors. The efforts of individual banks to stabilize their USD funding, as well as the effectiveness of USD funds-supplying by the six major central banks, prevented a major disruption in Japanese banks' USD funding. However, the importance of enhancing the robustness of USD funding structures was reaffirmed, as evidenced by the apparent vulnerability of short-term market-based funding at the height of the stressed environment. Appropriate management of foreign currency liquidity risk is crucial, not only for the stable operation of individual banks but also for the stability of the financial system as a whole. Japanese banks, for which foreign currency funding is one of the most important management issues, need to maintain efforts to strengthen their funding base and upgrade their risk management. |
| Date: | 2021–10–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boj:bojrev:rev21e04&r= |
| By: | Banco de España Strategic Plan 2024: Risk identification for the financial and macroeconomic stability (Banco de España) |
| Abstract: | For central banks, it is crucial to develop and maintain risk identification frameworks that allow them to detect in good time and address potential threats to financial stability with the most appropriate policy tools. This paper reviews the main indicators developed for this purpose by the Banco de España and by other central banks and prudential authorities. In this way, this stocktaking exercise contributes to improving the transparency and effective communication of the financial stability-related tasks carried out at the Banco de España. Some of the indicators are used in regular Banco de España surveillance activities, whereas others pertain to specific research activities. We classify our set of measures into two broad categories depending on the risk monitored: standard or systemic risks. Given the multidimensional nature of systemic risk, its identification goes beyond the sum of the standard risks explored in this paper (namely credit, macroeconomic, market, and liquidity and bank risks). This survey also classifies indicators by the type of institutional segment that triggers risks; namely, sovereigns, households, non-financial corporations, banks, non-bank financial sector, residential real estate and the financial markets. This work shows how the measures developed and regularly used at the Banco de España allow potential vulnerabilities to be comprehensively monitored. Nevertheless, maintaining an adequate risk-identification framework requires continuous adaptation to new theoretical developments and econometric tools, and, more importantly, to emerging challenges. In this respect, there is a current drive to develop new indicators to assess potential risks arising from climate change and those linked to the risk of system-wide cyber incidents. It is expected that the monitoring needs related to these risks will increase in the future. |
| Keywords: | risk identification, systemic risk, systemic risk indicators, standard risk indicators, financial stability |
| JEL: | E58 C43 G10 G21 G32 G50 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:opaper:2125&r= |