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on Mining |
| By: | Dugoua, Eugenie; Noailly, Joëlle |
| Abstract: | Reaching net zero emissions by 2050, a goal now endorsed by many countries, requires the rapid and massive deployment of clean energy systems. However, this transition hinges on a new form of dependence. The technologies required to decarbonise depend on a small set of critical minerals like lithium, cobalt and rare earth elements that have highly concentrated supply chains marked by heavy environmental footprints and challenges regarding labour and community rights. This paper presents a simple framework to explore how innovation can strengthen critical mineral supply chains. It examines technological, digital and organisational solutions across the full lifecycle — from mining exploration and processing, to manufacturing, reuse and recycling. The authors examine what drives or hinders innovation, including price volatility, industrial policy, environmental regulation, firm strategies (such as vertical integration), market size and rising demand from competing sectors like AI and defence. They highlight that a portfolio of innovations is essential for reconciling the growing demand for critical minerals with climate, economic and geopolitical priorities. Innovation can reduce the costs of reform, allowing governments to pursue security and sustainability simultaneously. The challenge is not simply to secure more materials but to build a system that is resilient, circular and adaptive. |
| Keywords: | critical minerals; innovation; clean energy transition; supply chain; mining; rare earth elements; batteries; industrial policy; circular economy |
| JEL: | O31 Q55 L72 |
| Date: | 2024–12–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:137103 |
| By: | Poeura Tetoe (MEE - Ministère de l'Education, de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Culture); Rémy Herrera (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne) |
| Abstract: | This article skows the ambivalence of the relationships between Papua New Guinea and Australia, by successively analyzing the historical links which bind these two countries (Part I), their continuity after independence (Part II), and the mechanisms of this dependence, especially at the economic and political levels (Part III). The social structures of Australia's former colony are studied, in particular in relation to the issues of the access to land and the expansion of the mining sector penetrated by foreign capital, around which the interests of the States and the transnational firms, on the one hand, and those of the Papua New Guinean people, on the other hand, are clashing. |
| Keywords: | debt, public aid, Australia, law, land regime, natural resources, dependency, development, Papua New Guinea |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05432520 |
| By: | Adrien Concordel; Phuong Ho; Christopher R. Knittel |
| Abstract: | This paper compares the impacts of critical mineral price and oil price on an economy in a unified neoclassical growth model. Unlike oil price shocks, which affect the cost of utilizing existing capital (e.g., cars), critical mineral price shocks influence the cost of creating new capital (e.g., electric vehicles) without altering the cost of existing capital. We find that both types of shocks ultimately reduce output and welfare. However, oil-price increases are systematically more contractionary for the economy. Mineral-price increases generate comparatively larger adjustments in investment, capital, and external borrowing but smaller and more gradual losses in output and welfare, and in capital-rich economies can slightly raise long-run employment. These results imply that oil-price shocks remain the more serious threat to aggregate activity and welfare, whereas mineral-price shocks call for policies that smooth investment and external-balance-sheet adjustment (e.g., macroprudential tools and precautionary reserves or fiscal buffers). |
| JEL: | E22 E32 F41 Q41 Q43 |
| Date: | 2026–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34847 |
| By: | Selvaraju, Sangeeth |
| Abstract: | Decarbonising industry is a major 21st century challenge that requires international partnership, cooperation and corporate strategy. Historically ‘hard-to-abate’ sectors like steel are now central to this policy debate. Large emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) like India, Indonesia, and Vietnam are rapidly industrialising and driving new steel demand. But while steelmakers in the EU are investing in decarbonisation, this is proving more challenging for EMDEs. A major obstacle is the high associated cost and techno-economic limitations of implementing new methods, such as hydrogen-based iron reduction. This report seeks to understand the use of direct state subsidies as a critical enabling factor in EMDEs’ transition to decarbonising steel. The core contribution is a novel dataset on state subsidies for low-carbon steel projects worldwide. This dataset provides a foundation for future research on resource allocation and green industrial policy, enabling deeper analysis of how public finance shapes technology adoption and competitiveness in the steel sector and what the optimal policy package could be, given natural resource endowments, fiscal space and other existing climate policies that can be used together in the context of state capital expenditure (CapEx) and operational expenditure (OpEx) subsidies. |
| Keywords: | development finance; industry; global; India; policy |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2025–12–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:137112 |
| By: | Olga Pindyuk (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw) |
| Abstract: | Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 has triggered profound structural changes in the country’s economy, reshaping patterns of foreign trade, foreign direct investment and sectoral specialisation. This paper analyses the shifts in Ukraine’s trade and investment structures over the past three years and assesses their implications for Ukraine’s future competitiveness and for EU-Ukraine economic relations, with particular attention to the EU’s strategic autonomy in an increasingly fragmented global economy. The analysis shows a rapid reorientation of Ukraine’s merchandise exports towards the EU, driven by emergency trade liberalisation and alternative logistics routes, alongside a marked decline in exports to China. At the same time, Ukraine’s dependence on Chinese imports has intensified, especially for machinery and high-tech inputs critical to defence production, creating new security vulnerabilities. Agriculture has emerged as the most resilient export sector, while metallurgy and manufacturing have suffered lasting losses. Ukraine’s FDI inflows remain notably weak compared with regional peers, with limited progress in attracting investment into high-value and strategic sectors. The paper further examines Ukraine’s role in critical raw materials, renewable energy, agriculture and drone production, highlighting missed opportunities and emerging risks for the EU. It concludes that without faster, more co-ordinated EU engagement – particularly in critical minerals, green energy, defence-industrial integration and investment de-risking – the EU risks losing strategic influence in Ukraine and undermining its own long-term economic and security objectives. |
| Keywords: | Ukraine, the EU, China, the US, foreign trade, FDI, renewable energy, critical minerals, agriculture, competitiveness, security, DCFTA, CAP |
| JEL: | F10 F21 F50 F52 F55 O50 Q17 Q34 |
| Date: | 2026–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wii:pnotes:pn:103 |
| By: | Collins, Stephanie; Lipman, Timoth PhD; Horvath, Arpad PhD |
| Abstract: | The CA-LCA-H2 tool performs a cost and greenhouse gas and criteria air pollutant emissions assessment for a hydrogen project in California by selecting the operating region and mode of production and distribution of the hydrogen through to a fuel cell trucking use case. The cost of clean hydrogen production can change significantly from the choice of production method due to the respective energy and capital costs, and in the case of electrolysis, the electricity source. The regional variations in the electricity mix can significantly affect the carbon intensity of the hydrogen produced. These components then contribute to the potential effectiveness of hydrogen as a low-carbon fuel for the use case assessment. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Life cycle analysis, Hydrogen fuels, Hydrogen production, Trucks, Fuel cell vehicles, Greenhouse gases, Emissions |
| Date: | 2026–02–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt7k9796xb |
| By: | Eugenie Dugoua; Joelle Noailly |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the patterns and mechanisms of global clean technology diffusion over the last two decades. We document four stylized facts: uneven sectoral progress favoring power and light transport; China’s dominance in innovation and manufacturing; the role of modularity in driving cost declines; and limited adoption in developing economies. Through case studies of solar, electric vehicles, and hydrogen, we analyze how policy and infrastructure enable scale. Finally, we assess emerging challenges for the next phase of diffusion, including critical mineral constraints, artificial intelligence, and geopolitical fragmentation. |
| Keywords: | Clean technology diffusion, Climate change mitigation, Renewable energy, Industrial policy, Solar photovoltaics, Electric vehicles, Hydrogen |
| JEL: | O33 Q55 O25 |
| Date: | 2026–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wip:wpaper:95 |
| By: | Keith Head; Thierry Mayer; Marc Melitz; Chenying Yang |
| Abstract: | We model a multi-stage supply chain for EVs from battery production to vehicle distribution. Given industrial policies, firms select where to open facilities at each stage. This is a difficult combinatorial choice problem that we solve with a fast mixed integer linear programming formulation. We estimate the variable and fixed costs parameters using SMM. Counterfactual simulations reveal a tension between boosting EV adoption and promoting domestic supply chains. Due to increasing returns, even unconditional subsidies raise the number of factories in the subsidizing region—by about 16% for EVs and 7% for cells in North America, and even more in Europe. Theoretically, local assembly requirements can push down delivered marginal costs relative to unconditional subsidies. Empirically, local content requirements quadruple the expansion of cell factories in America, but they drive up costs and reduce subsidy uptake, undoing more than half of the EV adoption stimulus coming from pure buyer subsidies. |
| JEL: | C63 F14 F23 L50 L62 |
| Date: | 2026–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34884 |
| By: | Mario Montalvan (mario.montalvanalvarado@uts.edu.au); Kaveh Khalilpour (Kaveh.Khalilpour@uts.edu.au); Reinhard Madlener (RMadlener@eonerc.rwth-aachen.de) |
| Abstract: | This study presents a comprehensive framework for establishing a hydrogen supply chain network in Central America, encompassing Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama, in alignment with global decarbonization efforts. Utilizing Mixed Integer Linear Programming, the research assesses the techno-economic feasibility of hydrogen integration, focusing on its role in freight transportation and regional electricity supply. The findings highlight alkaline electrolysis as the preferred production method, with liquefied hydrogen and ammonia identified as optimal carriers. Costa Rica and Nicaragua emerge as key production hubs, supplying hydrogen to neighboring countries via sea transport. The estimated levelized cost of hydrogen is 10.84 USD/kg, largely driven by electricity prices, with projections indicating a reduction to 5.16 USD/kg by 2050. A comparative analysis suggests that under specific conditions, hydrogen could achieve cost parity with diesel by 2050. While acknowledging data limitations and socio-economic uncertainties, this study provides critical insights into hydrogen’s potential role in Central America's energy transition, serving as a foundation for future research and policy development. |
| Keywords: | hydrogen economy; liquefied hydrogen; ammonia; supply chain; electrolyzer; Central America |
| JEL: | C61 Q41 L91 |
| Date: | 2025–04–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:fcnwpa:022307 |
| By: | Fulton, Lewis PhD; Lamichhaine, Madhu; Lipman, Timothy PhD; Coffee, Daniel PhD; Kong, David PhD |
| Abstract: | This report develops a transportation hydrogen roadmap for California projected to 2045, building on previous UC ITS work, in part for the ARCHES hydrogen hub for trucks and ports. This study adds modes such as airports, aircraft, rail systems, and fuel-cell light-duty vehicles. Based on a scenario of high adoption of hydrogen-fueled transport, these modes and sectors would use 1000 tonnes/day of hydrogen by 2035 and 5000 tonnes/day by 2045. To 2035, about 40% of the expected growth occurs in heavy-duty trucking. Another 20% is used by other truck types, about 20% by light-duty vehicles, and 20% by other modes, notably shipping and aviation. These shares remain similar to 2045. Trucking remains the dominant driver of demand. Shipping, aviation, and rail are not anticipated to account for an increasing share of demand in the scenarios in this study. This hydrogen fuel system would support around 6, 000 jobs per year. Hydrogen vehicle adoption will depend on strong policy support, coordination of planning and investments, and rapid scale up to reach a hydrogen system that can be self-sustaining, on the order of hundreds of tonnes per day by 2040. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Hydrogen fuels, Hydrogen refueling, Fuel consumption, Greenhouse gases, Technology adoption, Trucking, Ports |
| Date: | 2026–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt5fh1v02k |
| By: | Fulton, Lewis PhD; Lamichhaine, Madhu; Lipman, Timothy PhD; Coffee, Daniel PhD; Kong, David PhD |
| Abstract: | This report develops a transportation hydrogen roadmap for California projected to 2045, building on previous UC ITS work, in part for the ARCHES hydrogen hub for trucks and ports. This study adds modes such as airports, aircraft, rail systems, and fuel-cell light-duty vehicles. Based on a scenario of high adoption of hydrogen-fueled transport, these modes and sectors would use 1000 tonnes/day of hydrogen by 2035 and 5000 tonnes/day by 2045. To 2035, about 40% of the expected growth occurs in heavy-duty trucking. Another 20% is used by other truck types, about 20% by light-duty vehicles, and 20% by other modes, notably shipping and aviation. These shares remain similar to 2045. Trucking remains the dominant driver of demand. Shipping, aviation, and rail are not anticipated to account for an increasing share of demand in the scenarios in this study. This hydrogen fuel system would support around 6, 000 jobs per year. Hydrogen vehicle adoption will depend on strong policy support, coordination of planning and investments, and rapid scale up to reach a hydrogen system that can be self-sustaining, on the order of hundreds of tonnes per day by 2040. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Hydrogen fuels, Hydrogen refueling, Fuel consumption, Greenhouse gases, Technology adoption, Trucking, Ports |
| Date: | 2026–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt5fh1v02k |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Suriname is about to experience a significant oil boom. The task ahead needs to be to prepare a robust institutional framework that will harness this new wealth, spend it effectively, and ensure the livelihoods of the population are materially improved by it. Building on important achievements of the completed Fund-supported program, this will require that resources are managed with high levels of governance and a significant portion are saved for the future (particularly given limited capacity to manage and absorb a rapid increase in public spending). A prudent fiscal-monetary mix is and will be essential for safeguarding macroeconomic stability, so it is of concern that these hard-won gains are being eroded. Especially in the first half of 2025, an overly loose fiscal policy and an insufficiently restrictive monetary policy have boosted inflation and depreciated the currency. Despite record gold prices, mining output has weakened and growth is now projected to end the year well below the forecasts that were made when the program concluded. |
| Keywords: | Surinamese authority; cash balance; staff report; bond issuance; staff appraisal; Oil; Monetary base; Caribbean |
| Date: | 2026–02–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2026/037 |
| By: | Jahen F. Rezki (Institute for Economic and Social Research, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia (LPEM FEB UI)); Teuku Riefky (Institute for Economic and Social Research, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia (LPEM FEB UI)); Faradina Alifia Maizar (Institute for Economic and Social Research, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia (LPEM FEB UI)); Difa Fitriani; Mervin Goklas Hamonangan; Hardy Salim; Alif Ihsan A Fahta (Institute for Economic and Social Research, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia (LPEM FEB UI)) |
| Abstract: | Headline inflation continued on its upward trajectory since last May and reached 2.37% (y.o.y) in July 2025. The main contributors of July’s inflation are attributed to supply disruption in various food commodities and demand for gold jewellery. On the external front, the current U.S. inflation and unemployment rate are interpreted by investors as a signal that the Fed rate cut might happen sooner than previously anticipated. As a consequence, Indonesia experienced a considerable capital inflows into bonds and stock market in the last few weeks with the total of USD1.08 billion and appreciated Rupiah by 1.04% (m.t.m) in the last 30 days. However, with the Trump tariffs come into effect, the risk of inflationary pressure in the upcoming months is apparent and any rate cut by Bank Indonesia might exert more inflationary pressure risks. Hence, we view that BI should keep its policy rate steady at 5.25% in the August 2025. |
| Keywords: | gdp — economic — economic outlook — inflation — macroeconomics — interest rate |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lpe:gomeet:202508 |
| By: | Yannis S. Katsoulacos (AUEB - Athens University of Economics and Business); Marc Ivaldi (TSE-R - Toulouse School of Economics - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - Comue de Toulouse - Communauté d'universités et établissements de Toulouse - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Collusion remains a strong undercurrent of business practice despite anti-cartel enforcement being a top priority of competition authorities. Alongside active prosecution of cartels, the study of cartels is a vibrant area of research for economic and legal scholars. A challenge for both practice and scholarship is that cartels evolve, as colluding firms continuously devise new methods to circumvent competition. Cartels Diagnosed presents twelve gripping cartel case studies of collusion from key business sectors such as the airline industry, the gasoline industry, and big pharma. Written by renowned economists, these concise and accessible case studies deliver novel insights into cartel formation, facilitating practices, cartels' modus operandi, and the efficacy of cartels. Assisting in understanding new cartel mechanisms and their effects, developing new policies to deter and destabilize cartels, and measuring harm, this volume on cartel morphology is an invaluable reference for supporting public and private enforcers in detecting and prosecuting cartels. Expands the reader's knowledge of why and how cartels form, better equipping them to predict where cartels will form offers case studies of cartel practices, explaining how to detect collusion and devise policies to make them less effective. Explains how and when cartels are most effective and the harm created by collusion |
| Keywords: | Steel, Price parallelism, Price screens, Imports |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05162653 |
| By: | Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg; Reka Juhasz; Nathan Lane; Giulia Lo Forte; Jeff Thurk; Pinelopi Goldberg |
| Abstract: | The resurgence of subsidies and industrial policies has raised concerns about their potential inefficiency and alignment with multilateral principles. Critics warn that such policies may divert resources to less efficient firms and provoke retaliatory measures from other countries, leading to a wasteful “subsidy race.” However, subsidies for sectors with inherent cross-border externalities can have positive global effects. This paper examines these issues within the semiconductor industry: a key driver of economic growth and innovation with potentially significant learning-by-doing and strategic importance due to its dual-use applications. Our study aims to: (1) document and quantify recent industrial policies in the global semiconductor sector, (2) explore the rationale behind these policies, and (3) evaluate their economic impacts, particularly their cross-border effects, and compatibility with multilateral principles. We employ historical analysis, natural language processing, and a model-based approach to measure government support and its impacts. Our findings indicate that government support has been vital for the industry’s growth, with subsidies being the primary form of support. They also highlight the importance of cross-border technology transfers through FDI, business and research collaborations, and technology licensing. China, despite significant subsidies, does not stand out as an outlier compared to other countries, given its market size. Model estimates suggest the presence of learning-by-doing at the firm-product level as well as economies of scope within a firm and substantial cross-border learning spillovers. These spillovers likely reflect cross-country technology transfers and the role of fabless clients and input suppliers in disseminating knowledge globally through their interactions with foundries. Such cross-border spillovers are not merely accidental but result from deliberate actions by market participants that cannot be taken for granted. Firms may choose to share knowledge across borders or restrict access to frontier technology, thereby excluding certain countries. Future research will use model estimates to simulate the quantitative implications of subsidies and to explore the dynamics of a “subsidy race” in the semiconductor industry. |
| Keywords: | semiconductors, industrial policy, subsidies, learning-by-doing, multilaterism |
| JEL: | F13 F61 L63 N60 O38 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12495 |
| By: | Jahen F. Rezki (Institute for Economic and Social Research, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia (LPEM FEB UI)); Teuku Riefky (Institute for Economic and Social Research, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia (LPEM FEB UI)); Faradina Alifia Maizar (Institute for Economic and Social Research, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia (LPEM FEB UI)); Difa Fitriani; Mervin Goklas Hamonangan; Hardy Salim; Alif Ihsan A Fahta (Institute for Economic and Social Research, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia (LPEM FEB UI)) |
| Abstract: | Indonesia is entering the final quarter of 2025 with rising inflation, renewed external pressures, and growing investor caution. Headline inflation climbed in October as food prices remained elevated due to weather related supply disruptions and robust gold prices continued to push up core components. At the same time, capital outflows intensified despite the Fed’s rate cuts, driven by escalating concerns over fiscal and quasi fiscal risks, particularly following recent policy shifts involving the government’s plan to take over the Whoosh high speed rail debt. These developments weakened Rupiah and heightened the importance of policy credibility. In this environment, maintaining the policy rate at 4.75% in the upcoming Board of Governors meeting would best support Rupiah stability and strengthen confidence in Bank Indonesia's policy stance. |
| Keywords: | gdp — economic — economic outlook — inflation — macroeconomics — interest rate |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lpe:gomeet:202511 |